INTEGRATION OF FUNCTION

A function F(x) is called an antiderivative of a function f(x) if the derivative of F(x) is f(x). The
process of finding antiderivatives is called integration.

f(x)dx = F(x) + c
d d
[ f(x)dx] = [F(x) + c]
dx dx
f(x) =F(x)

This is known as indefinite integral of f(x) is equal to F(x) + c, where c is a constant.

BASIC RULES OF INTEGRATION

1. dx = 1 dx = x + c
2. k dx = kx + c
3. 0 dx = c
4. k f(x)dx = k f(x)dx
5. [f(x) g(x)]dx = f(x)dx g(x)dx

CAUTION :

1) [f(x)g(x)]dx f(x)dx g(x)dx

2) [f(x)g(x)]dx f(x) g(x)dx

f (x) f ( x )dx
3) dx
g ( x) g ( x) dx

POWER RULES

n +1
x
1) xn dx = +c;n1
n+1
n+ 1
(ax +b) 1|Page
2) (ax + b)n dx = + c, c is a constant ; n 1
a(n+ 1)
[f (x )]n+1
3) f(x)[f(x)]n dx = +c;n1
 RECIPROCAL RULES
1
1) dx = ln |x| + c
x

1 ln|ax +b|
2) dx =
ax+ b a
+c

f '( x )
3) dx = +
f (x )

EXPONENTIAL RULES
1) ex dx = ex + c

eax+ b
2) eax+b dx = +c
a

3) f(x)ef(x) = ef(x) + c

TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

f[g(x)]g(x) dx = f(u) du where u = g(x)

f(u) du = F(u) + c

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 = F[g(x)] + c

Step 1: Substitute u = g(x), du = g(x)dx to obtain the integral f(u)du.

Step 2: Integrate f(u) with respect to u.

Step 3: Replace u by g(x) in the result.

DEFINITE INTEGRALS

(a) Integral Evaluation Theorem

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If f is continuous at every point of the interval [a,b] and if F is any antiderivative of f on [a,b],
then
b

f ( x ) dx=[F (x)]ba = F(b) F(a)

a

(b) The Properties of Definite Integral

If f and g are integrable on closed interval [a,b] and c is any constant, then

1. c dx = [cx ]ba = c [x ]ba = c(b a)

a
b b b

2. [f ( x ) g (x)]dx = f (x)dx g( x ) dx
a a a
b b

3. kf ( x)dx =k f ( x)dx
a a
b k b

4. f (x)dx = f (x) dx + f ( x)dx , for a k b

a a k
a

5. f (x)dx =0
a
b a

6. f (x)dx = f (x)dx
a b
b

7. If f(x) 0 for a x b, then f ( x ) dx 0

a

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 du
x3 9x 2 dx = x(9 u) u
2 x

1 3
= (9 uu 2 ) du
2
QUESTIONS
3
9 2 1 2
1) (a) Using a suitable substitution, integrate =x3 9x u+ with
u respect
) du to x.
2 2

let u = 9x2 3 5
9 u2 u2
du = 1 + +c
= 2 x 3 5
dx 2( ) 2( )
2 2
du
dx = 5
2 x 1 2 3
= u 3 u2 + c
5

5
1 3
= ( 9x 2) 2 3 (9x2 ) 2 +c
5

(b) Hence, evaluate the integration in the interval [0,3].

3 5 3 3
1
x 3 9x 2 2 2
dx = [ (9x ) 2 3( 9x ) 2 ]
5
0 0

243
= 0 ( 81 )
5

= 32.4

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 1
x
2. (a) Evaluate 2 3
dx .
1 ( 4 x + 5)
Let u=4 x2 +5 1
x x du
3
dx = u3 8 x
du 1 ( 4 x 2+ 5 )
= 8x
dx
1
du=8 x dx = 8 u3 du
du
dx=
8x 1
=
8 u3 du

=
1
8 [ ] u2
2

2 1

[ ]
2
= 1 ( 4 x +5 )
8 2 1

[ ]
2 2

=
1 ( 4 ( 1 )2 +5 ) ( 4 (1 )2+ 5 )
8 +
2 2

=
1
8 [ 1
+
1
162 162 ]

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 x ( x5 )
(b) Find integral of ( x 3 )2 dx

Let u=x 3 2
( u+3 )25 (u+3)
x( x3
5 x
)2
dx = 2
du
du u
= 1 dx
dx
u2 +6 u+95 u15
= du
du = dx u2

u2 +u6
= 2
du
u
1
= 1+ u + 6u2 du

6 u1
= u+ln |u| +c
1
= u+ln |u|+6 u1+ c
6
= u+ln |u|+ + c
u
6
= ( x3 ) + ln|x 3|+ +c
x3

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 3
2
3. (a) Evaluate ( x +4 ) dx
1

3 3 1 1

( x +4 ) dx= x ( x + 4 )
1
+4 ( x + 4 ) dx
2 2 2
2
1 1

3
x+ 4 x+ 4 x +16 dx
1

3
x+ 8 x +16 dx
1

3 1
x+ 8 x +16 dx 2

[ ]
3
2 2
x 8x
+ +16 x
2 3
2 1

[ ]
3
2 2
x 16 x
+ +16 x
2 3 1

[ )]
3

32 16 ( 3 ) 2 12 16(1)
+
2 3
+16 ( 3 ) +
2 3
+ 16(1) (
80.212821.8333
58.3795

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 {
2x 2

b) Given f (x) = 3 x 2+1 , show that f ( x ) dx=e 6 13 ln 31

3 e3 x 2

2 0 2

f ( x ) dx = 3 x22x+ 1 dx + 3 e3 x dx
2 2 0

0 2
6x 3x
2
dx +3 e dx
2 3 x +1 0

0 2
1 2x
2 d x+3 e 3 x dx
3 2 3 x +1 0

=
1
3
[
0
ln |3 x 2+ 1|]2 +3
e3 x
3 [ ] 0

1
[ ln ( 3 ( 0 ) +1 ) ln ( 3 (2 ) +1 ) ] +3
3
2 2

3 [
e 3 (2 ) e 3 (0 )

3 ]
e6 1
1
( ln 1ln13 )+3
3

3 3 ( )
1
[ 0ln13 ] + e6 1
3
1
= ln13+ e6 1
3
1
e 6 ln 131 ( shown )
3

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 3 14
x du
6 x4 dx = ux (
6
)
1 2

u+ 4
14 du
= 6
u ( 6 )
2

14
du
= u+4
6u
(
6
)
2

14

= u+4
36 u
du
3 2
x
4) (a) Evaluate 6 x4 dx.
1 1
1
+
36 9
1
= ( )] du
14 u
let u = 6x 4
2

du
=6 1 1
14
dx = [ u+ ln |u|]
36 9 2

du
dx = = 0.6821 0.1326
6

= 0.5495

x = 1, u = 6(1) 4=2

x = 3, u = 6(3) 4=14

u = 6x 4

6x = u 4

u+ 4
x=
6

10 | P a g e