DESIGN OF STEEL FACTORY

CVE 5305
ADVANCED STEEL DESIGN

Bachelor of Civil Engineering (BCEGI)

Faculty of Engineering & Quantity Surveying (FEQS)

August 2016
ABSTRACT

In this project we are presenting a multi Storey steel structure. Our task is to design and analyze
this structure with the help of the program STAAD PRO and provide a detailed report on the
project.

The steel structure we are designing is a 3 Storey factory building with the dimensions 28m x
97m.
Contents
1. INTRODUCTION & THEORY ........................................................................................................... 5

2. TYPES OF STEEL PORTAL FRAME ................................................................................................ 7

2.1 Pitched roof portal (fabricated from UBs) .................................................................................... 7

2.2 Crane portal frame with column brackets ..................................................................................... 8

2.3 Tied portal frame........................................................................................................................... 8

3. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.1 General ........................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.2 Steel grades .................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.3 Cross-section restrictions ............................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.4 Frame dimensions .......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.5 Base plates and foundation ............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.6 Bracing ........................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.7 Connections.................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

4. LOADING ............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.1 Dead loads...................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.2 Service loads .................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.3 Imposed roof loads ......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

5. FRAME ANALYSIS AT ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE ........................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.1 General ........................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.2 Plastic analysis ............................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.2.1 The graphical method............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.2.2 Virtual work - rigid plastic mechanism method .................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.2.3 Elastic-plastic analysis ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.3 Elastic analysis ............................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

 5.4 Design summary ............................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

6. RAFTER DESIGN AND STABILITY ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.1 General ........................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.2 Rafter restraint by purlins .............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

7. COLUMN DESIGN AND STABILITY ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.1 General ........................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.1.1 Combined bending and axial load. ......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.1.2 Shear. ..................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.1.3 Web bearing and buckling. .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Appendix 1 _ Staad Pro Analysis & Design

Appendix 2 _ Manual Calculations

Appendix 3 _ AutoCad Drawings

1. INTRODUCTION & THEORY

Steel is a material which has high strength per unit mass. Structural steel is used for a variety of
types of structures, ranging from residential buildings to industrial plants, from mill buildings to
cranes from transmission towers to silos. No single approach could possibly be expected to cover
all applications. In any instance the structural scheme will largely depend on the purpose of
construction. The most common type of steel structures is multi Storey building and the single
storey industrial building
A multi-storey building can be represented in its simplest form by a series of floor systems
bearing upon columns. The aim is analyzing the effects of external loads on the structure then
classifying them according to the type of internal action that the load itself creates in the various
parts of the structure.
The design of multi-storey buildings is increasingly dependent on aspects of sustainability. In
terms of sustainability, sustainable construction must address 3 goals, they are:
- Environmental criteria, Economic criteria, Social criteria
These three criteria are met by construction in steel. Steel is one of the most recycled and
recovered material with no loss of strength or quality. This addresses the environment criteria.
Steel construction brings together various elements of a structure in an integrated design.
Furthermore, the high proportion of offsite fabrication in steel buildings means that working
conditions are safer, controlled and protected from the weather This addresses economic and
social criteria.
Benefits of Steel Construction:
Speed of construction
Flexibility and adaptability
Service integration
Quality
Safer construction
Environmental Benefits
The amendment of BS 5950-1 from the 1990 version to the 2000 version gave rise to some
technical changes that affect the design of portal frames. Also, clauses were renumbered in the
2000 version. The main changes that affect detailed design of portal frames are as follows:
Section classification
Lateral-torsional buckling
Equivalent uniform moment factors for buckling checks
Sway stability.
TYPES OF STEEL PORTAL FRAME

Portal frames are generally low-rise structures, comprising columns and horizontal or pitched
rafters, connected by moment-resisting connections (Figure 2.1). The frame relies on the bending
resistance of the connections, which are stiffened by a suitable haunch or deepening of the rafter
sections. This form of rigid frame structure is stable in its plan and provides a clear span that is
unobstructed by bracing.

A number of types of structure can be classified broadly a portal frame. These are described
briefly in Sections 2.1 to 2.12, but the subsequent Sections of this publication concentrate on the
design of single-span symmetric portal frames. All the frame types described can be designed for
a range of base fixity; selection of appropriate fixity is an important design decision. Nominally
pinned base is the most common for convenience of foundation design and construction. It may
not give the most economic total solution to foundation and structure because even modest base
stiffness often gives major improvements in frame stability.

2.1 Pitched roof portal (fabricated from UBs)

A single-span symmetrical pitched roof portal frame will typically have:
A span between 15 m and 50 m
An eaves height between 5 and 10 m
A roof pitch between 5E and 10E (6E is commonly adopted)
 A frame spacing between 5 m and 8 m (the greater spacing being associated with the
longer span portal frames)
Haunches in the rafters at the eaves and apex.

2.2 Crane portal frame with column brackets

Where a travelling crane of relatively low capacity (up to say 20 tons) is required,
brackets can be fixed to the columns to support the crane rails (Figure 2.4). Use of a tie member
or nominally rigid column bases may be necessary to reduce the eaves deflection.

The spread of the frame at crane rail level may be of critical importance to the functioning of the
crane. It is advisable to check the requirements with the client and with manufacturer of the
crane.
The spread can be reduced by a number of approaches, including:
Selecting stiffer members for column and rafters.
Reducing the pitch of the roof.
Introducing ties at eaves level (if these do not clash with the crane).
Using nominally rigid column bases.

2.3 Tied portal frame

In a tied portal frame (Figure 2.7), the horizontal movement of the eaves and the moments in
the columns are reduced. This can be useful when a crane is designed to span across the structure
below the tie level. The disadvantage is that the available headroom is also reduced. For roof
slopes of less than 15o, very large forces will develop in the rafters and the tie. These large
forces reduce the stability of the frame, so the design and analysis should be undertaken with
special caution.

The tie connection at the eaves is relatively expensive. Such connections must be sufficiently
stiff and free from movement to prevent deflections not included in the design calculations.

For conventional tied portal frames, it is recommended that the ties should be sized to remain
elastic (i.e. tensile force less than planet) at the ultimate limit state to ensure that the analysis
reflects the behavior of the structure. It is also recommended that the end connections should
include adjustment to allow for fabrication and erection tolerances.