1.

A 240 V, 50 Hz supply feeds a highly inductive load of 50 resistance through a thyristor

bridge that is half-controlled. Calculate load current, power and power factor when the firing
delay angle, = 45.
Formulas:
= 2 180
=
= 180


= (1 + ) =

Solution:
240 2 180 45
= (1 + 45) = 184.4
= 3.69 = 3.2
180
184.4
= = 3.69 = (3.2)2 (50) = 512
50
512
= = 0.667
240 ( 3.2)
Answers:
, = . ( ) = .
=

2. A 240 V, 50 Hz supply feeds a highly inductive load of 50 resistance through a thyristor

bridge that is half-controlled. Calculate load current, power and power factor when the firing
delay angle, = 45.
Formulas: (Full controlled)
= 2 2
= ( )

= =

= 0.9 cos
Solution:
(2)240 2 = (3.05)2 (50) = 466
= (45) = 152.8
= 0.9 cos(45) = 0.636
152.8
= = 3.05
50
Answers:
, = = . ( ) = .
=
3. A DC-to-DC chopper operates in a 48 V battery source with 24 resistance. The chopper
frequency is 250 Hz. When the turn-on time is 1 ms, determine its load power.
Formula: (DC-to-DC Chopper Resistive Load)
= ()( )
=

= 2
=

= ( )( )
Solution:
= (48)(250)(1103 ) = 12 24
= =1
12 24
= = 0.5 = (1)2 (24) = 24
24
= (48)(250)(1103 ) = 24
Answer: =

4. A DC-to-DC chopper operates in a 48 V battery source with 24 resistance. The chopper

frequency is 250 Hz. When the turn-on time is 3 ms, what is the average current?
Solution:
48(250 )(3103 )
= = 3 = 1.73
24
Answer: = .

5. A DC-to-DC chopper has an inductive load of 1 resistance and 10 mH inductance. Source

voltage is 24 V. The frequency of the chopper is set to 100 Hz and the on-time is set to 5 ms.
Determine the average current.
Formula: (DC-to-DC Chopper Inductive Load)
= ()( )
=

Solution:
= (24)(100)(5103 ) = 12
12
= = 12
1
Answer: =

6. A DC-to-DC chopper has an inductive load of 1 resistance and 10 mH inductance. Source

voltage is 24 V. The frequency of the chopper is set to 100 Hz and the on-time is set to 5 ms.
Determine the average, maximum and minimum load currents.
Solution:
= ()( ) = (24)(100)(5103 ) = 12
12
= = = 12
1
During the on period,
() ()
( ) = ( 1 ) +

(1)(5103 )
= = 0.5
10103
At the end of the On period, i(t) = I1
24
1 = ( 1 0.5 ) + 0.5
1
1 = 9.44 + 0.607 ( 1)
During the off period,
()
() = 1

At the end of the OFF period,

(1)(5103 )
= = 0.5 & () =
10103
Hence,
= 1 0.5 = 0.6071 ( 2)
Solving for I1 & Io,
I1 = 14.95 A
Io = 9.07 A
Answer:
Iave = 12 A
I1 (max)= 14.95 A
Io (min)= 9.07 A

7. A thyristor half-wave controlled converter has a supply voltage of 240 V at 50 Hz and a

load resistance of 100 . What are the average values of load voltage and current when the
firing delay angle, = 140?
Formula: (Half-Wave Controlled Converter)

= ; = (1 + cos ) ; = 2
2
Solution:
2402
= (1 + cos 140) = 12.6
2
12.6
= = 126
100
Answer: = = .
8. A thyristor half-wave controlled converter has a supply voltage of 240 V at 50 Hz and a
load resistance of 100 . What are the average values of load voltage and current when the
firing delay angle, = 30?
Solution:
2402
= (1 + cos 30) = 100.8
2
100.8
= = 1.01
100

Answer: = = .

9. An SCR has a linearized gate-cathode characteristic of 25 V/A. A gate current of 200 mA

turns the thyristor on is 16 us. The gate-source voltage is 10 V. The manufacturers average
maximum power for the gate is 400 mW. Pulse firing is used. Calculate for the value of the
gate resistance.
Formula: Linearized Gate-Cathode
() = ()

: () = ; ( =

Solution:
10
() = 25 = 25
200 103
Answer: () = 25

10. From the previous question, what is the gate power dissipation during turn on and the
frequency of the gate pulses?
Solution:
= ( )2 () = (200)2 (25) = 1
(max) 400
= = = 25
(1)(16)
Answer: = 1 = 25

11. What must be the condition to be satisfied on the LED in the circuit below?
Explanation: Since the LED is connected to an Inverting Amplifier, the 16V must win over
the +16 V to forward bias it. To achieve this, the LDR must have a very high resistance, much
higher than Ra. In an LDR, the resistance is inversely proportional to the light intensity (See
LDR Resistance vs. Light Intensity Graph). Therefore, less light must be detected by the LDR
hence the dark resistance.
Answer: LDR must operate in its dark resistance.

12. An IRF power MOSFET has VDD = 20 V with load resistance of 0.5 , gate-to-source
voltage of 8 V, and drain-to-source (ON) resistance of 0.1 . Calculate the power load and
efficiency.

Solution:
20
= = = 33.33
() + 0.5 + 0.1
= ( )2 = (33.33)2 (0.5) = 555.55
0.5
= 100% = 100% = 83.33%
() + 0.5 + 0.1
13. Two 1200V thyristors are series connected and 2kV connected across them. The forward
blocking characteristic of the first thyristor has a slope of 16.7 uA/V and the second thyristor
has a slope of 12.5 uA/V. Determine the voltage drop across each thyristor without the
equalizing resistors.

Solution:
1
1 = 16.7 106 = 856.16 = 856
1 1
6 +
16.7 10 12.5 106
 1
1 = 12.5 106 = 1143.84 = 1144
1 1
+
16.7 106 12.5 106

14. From the previous question, voltage equalizing resistors of 6.8k are now connected
across each thyristor. Calculate the voltage across each thyristor and the power dissipation
in the equalizing resistors.
Solution:
1 1
1 = 6
= 60 ; 2 = 80
16.7 10 12.5 106
60 6.8 80 6.8
1 = = 6.108 ; 2 = = 6.267
60 + 6.8 80 + 6.8
6.108 6.27
1 = (2000) = 987 ; 2 = (2000) = 1013
(6.11 + 6.27) (6.11 + 6.27)
9872 10132
1 = = 143 ; 1 = = 151
6.8 6.8

15. From the previous question, determine the blocking state current.
Solution:
200
= = 162
(6.11 + 6.27)
16. Determine the current at the zener diode on the circuit below.

Solution:
16 10
1. = = = 6
1
2. = = 10
10
3. = = = 8.33
1.2
4. = = 6 8.33 = 2.33 ( !)
Using Thevenins Equivalent:

= ( )
+
If: Vth > Vz, diode will conduct
Vth < Vz, diode will not conduct
1.2
= 16 ( = 8.73
(1 + 1.2)
Since Vth<Vz, it will not conduct.
Answer: Iz = 0 A

17. A differential amplifier has a differential gain of 20,000 and a CMRR of 80 dB. The
common mode gain is given by:
Solution:

= 20 log

20000
80 = 20 log

Answer: = 2

18. A steady voltage of -0.75 V is applied to an op-amp integrator having component values
of R = 200k and C = 25 uF. Assuming that the initial capacitor charge is zero, determine
the value of the output voltage 100 ms after application of the output.
Solution: Op-Amp Integrator
1 1
= = (0.75)
(200)(2.5 )
= (2)(0.75)() = (2)(0.75)(100) = 0.15

19. Determine the bandwidth of the series RLC circuit below.

Solution:
1
= ; = = ()
2 2
1103
= = 31.83
2 (5 )

20. What is the resolution of 1 10-bit DAC?

Solution:

= ; = 1
2
1 1
= 10 =
2 1024

21. How many 16k x 1 1 RAMS are required to achieve a memory having a word capacity of
16K with a word length of 8 bits?
Solution:
= 2 ( )
2 = 16
8 =
22. From the figure, what type of device is shown and what input levels is/are needed to turn
the LED off?

Answer and Explanation:

It is an open collector and gate, and the input levels must be both HIGH in order to
turn the led off.

23. Determine the limiting resistance when the current in the LED is 20 mA. Assume a 1.5V
voltage drop at the LED when forward biased and a Low output stage of 0.1V at the output
stage. (Same circuit as No. 22)
Solution:
5 1.5 0.1
= = 170
20
24. Determine the thi and tlo for the circuit given.

Solution:
= 0.69 ( + ) = 0.69(3.3 + 12)(750 ) = 7.95
= 0.69( ) = 0.69(120(750 ) = 6.24

25. From the previous problem, calculate the duty cycle.

Solution:
+ (3.3 + 12)
= 100 = 100 = 56.04% = 56%
+ 2 (3.3 + 212)

26. From problem No.24, calculate the duty cycle with diode.
Solution:
3.3
(/ ) = 100 = 100 = 21.57%
+ 3.3 + 12

27. Determine the frequency of oscillation of the given circuit.

where: @ 12 V, = 0.6 and C = 0.1 pF

Solution:
 1 1
= = = 218.27
1 1
1 1 ln 1 (50)(0.1 ) ln (
1 0.6)

28. From the previous problem, calculate the voltage to turn on the UJT. Rbb = 5k .
Solution:

1 + 2
= 0.7 + ( )
1 + 2 + 2
1 1
= =
1 + 2
1
0.6 = ; 1 = 3 ; 2 = 2
5
3 + 0.1
= 0.7 + (12 ) ( ) = 8
3 + 2 + 0.1