chapter one

1-1 Introduction

Najaf Cement Factory is located in Najaf province - Kufa district - Brakia.

Established in 1977. The cost of construction is 63233500.216 JD. The executing
company of the Danish F.L.S project. The plant produces 1781,000 tons / year of
cement. Method of manufacturing: Wet method. Capacity of the design kilns:
1728000 tons of clinker annually. The factory obtained the Iraqi quality certificate
on 19/8/2010.

1-2 Cement Plant Sections

Administration and Human Resources
Planning and control of production
Center of Systems and Information
Quality Management
Industrial Management
Marketing
Investment
research and development
Quality control
Business Affairs
Legal Affairs
Central maintenance
 chapter two

Resistors
types electric resistors
1- Fixed resistors (CARBON FILM RESISTORS): a resistance that has a fixed value
that does not change, and this value is written directly (numbers) or
indirectly (colors)
2- Variable Resistors: The value of this resistance changes mechanically by
means of a moving (sliding), optical (optical) or thermal (thermal)
3- LDR: It converts light into resistance. These resistors are made of cadmium
sulfide (CDS) whose ohmic value decreases when the intensity of light
increases and its value increases when the light decreases. Its maximum
value in the dark reaches (2M ohm) .In the bright light of up to (100 ohm) .
4- Thermistor: It is an electronic element that convert heat into a resistance
that changes its value according to temperature. value of This element
decreases as the temperature increases.
Figure (2-1) fixed resistors figure (2-2) Variable Resistors

Figure (2-3) LDR figure (2-4) Thermistor

Method of measurement of electrical resistance

Measurement of the value of resistance depends on its type if it is variable or
constant. If the resistance is constant, its value is measured in two ways:
measuring the resistance value through colors and having special scales so that
each color has a value. Measurement of the value of the resistance by The Ameter.
If the resistance is variable, its value is measured by The Ameter. The variable
resistance on three legs between the first and the second consists of static
resistance measured by The Ameter , and between the first and third variable
resistance changes when moving the resistance arm.

Inductors of electricity
1- inductors with pneumatic heart: These are the coils that occupy the air
inside and the self-induction of such files is small
2- Inductors with an iron heart: If an iron heart is placed inside the coil, the
magnetic field is centered inside and around the coil and does not move
much outside it, thus increasing the self-induction of such files.
However, this inductors is disadvantage that currents generated by self-induction
within the iron heart are called eddy currents, moving in random directions within
the heart, causing magnetic heart temperature and energy loss. The iron heart is
then divided into isolated segments to reduce eddy currents.

3- Inductor with a heart of iron powder: These are the files in which iron
powder is placed in the heart, where the iron powder is mixed with a
dielectric material and pressed to give a magnetic heart with high electrical
resistance, thus reducing the eddy currents to a large extent.
4- Inductor with a heart of Ferrite material: These are the files that are placed
in the heart of Ferrite material, and the material of the magnetic material
Ferrite resistance is very high, and thus ensure that the eddy currents do not
generate inside.
Types of capacitors
The capacitors are divided into electrostatic and electrolytic. Electrostatic
capacitors can have Some solid insulation materials are made of plastic,
ceramic, glass or mica. On the other hand, electrolytic capacitors are classified
as aluminum or tantalum, because these metals are electrolytic insulators with
an electrochemical . Anode can be made of a wet wafer, a wet mass, or a dry
mass.
Electrostatic Capacitor

1- Film Capacitors:
It is a very famous condensate and has different types of withdrawal type of
insulation used in the manufacture of condenser, we find, for example:

Plastic Capacitors
Polyester Capacitors
Capacitors polypropylene
Polycarbonate Capacitors
These capacitors come in various forms and sizes, but there are two popular
forms of capacitors:
Capacitors of the country type Radial Lead Type
Axial Lead Type Capacitors
It has a wide range of values ranging from 5pF to 100uF
2- Mica Capacitors
 These capacitors (Mica Capacitors) are thin rectangular insulators made of
mica sheets, which is a natural Metal.
Electrodes consist of either mica sheets or silver membranes. Silver mica
capacitors are more mechanically stable capacitors and offer more uniform
properties of mic and chip capacitors.

3- Ceramic Capacitors
The ceramic capacitor sheets are made of precious metal inks and are
characterized by their small size and distinctive shape. They are highly stable
at high frequencies.

Electrolytic Capacitors :
are characterized by the required high value and lowest available space
(high volumetric efficiency). However, the leakage of current in the
electrolytic capacitors is greater than in the electrostatic capacitors, due to
the presence of a bug.
Capacitor capacitor + and -
The electrolytic material is used to work the insulating material
The low voltage is about 15 volts
But it has a high capacity of 1000F
Electrolytic capacitors are classified into two basic types:
Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors
Tantalum Electrolytic Capacitors

Transistor types
1. Bipolar Junction Transistor or BJT: It is two types
NPN
PNP
2. FET Transistor :Is a shortcut to the concept of field effect transistor. It
consists of three limbs "Source" "Gate" "Drain. It is two types
 junction field effective transistor
metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor
3. Phototransistor - Phototransistor
Transistor function
The transistor is used as an active electrical element as a amplifier or switch

Electric station
Fuel tanks for power station.
The fuel processing unit consists of:
Separator : Used to pull fuel from fuel tanks
Transfer: Used to pull fuel from Separator and feed the equipment
Feeder unit : Fuel Filtering
This machine, especially the transfer of fat

The electrical station consists of generators. Six generators are working continuously, while the seventh
is in reserve. The seventh generator is used when one of the six generators is disabled or the seventh
generator is used or I used to rest one of this generator .each generators Generate a capacity of 5mW.
Each generator contains 6 lines 3 of which go to the transformer and the other 3 go to (m.v)

The converted contains 18 poles each 3 of the pole go to each generator

Maintenance of the generator is different from motor maintenance for time. If the motor maintenance
is 11 hours, maintenance of the generator is equal to this equation:

Generator maintenance = 20 * N + motor maintenance

N: Operation time of the generator

The chamber where these generators are placed contains two Vicious, one at the top of the chamber
and the other on the side of the chamber. The Vicious side of the chamber is used to cool the generators
in the chamber. As for the Vicious at the top of the chamber used to pull the fumes and smoke produced
by the generator.
A synchronous operation is used during the switching of a generator that operates continuously to rest
one the generator or in case of malfunction. By running the generator reserve and pressing the
synchronous key continuously until Frequency and phase match.

Small fuel generators are used to operate generator motors in primitive operation. After completing the
primitive operation the motors are Re-feed from the generators.
Key area: This area is transferred to the voltage generated from the electric station value 35. This area,
which contains the Transformer converters, reduces the voltage to 6.6kv In order to facilitate their
transport within the laboratory with less losses and less dangerous .
Calorimeter Thermal: Contains a nozzle to get the air out and pipes to transfer hot water to the engine.
Color tanks

Yellow is used to store fat

Orange is used to store the Dustin

Silver is used to store black oil

Tree hating: The tube is used to heat the black oil

Used motors used to transport oil, oil, and Dustin from tanks to generators. This distance is great
between tanks and generators. In order to reduce pressure on motors, pipes are placed squarely
The distance between the transmission wires depends on the amount of power with which each 1kv
equals 1cm