L7 IFE CYCLE ANALYSIS AND LIFE CYCLE

COSTS

Chapter 7: Life cycle analysis and life cycle costs

Topics covered

7 Life cycle analysis and life cycle ....c..o..s.t.s................................................................ 185

7.1 Life cycle analysis ............................................................................................... 185
7.2 Calculation of lighting energy.......................................................................... 187
Normalized power density ........................................................................ 189
7.3 Economic evaluation of lighting ...................................................................... 190
Costs................................................................................................................ 190
Example of the use of equations ...................................................... 192
Other considerations .................................................................................... 194
Maintenance .................................................................................................... 194
7.4 Examples of life cycle costs .......................................................................... 195
7.5 Long term assessment of costs associagthetding l daylighting techniques .. 199
wiathnd
References .............................................................................................................................. 200

183
184
7 Life cycle analysis and life cycle costs

185
7.1 Life cycle analysis
Life cycle analysis (LCA) gives an overveienwergyof r
antdhe

185
185
cradle to grave. It considers also how saonl gaseous waste and emissions are
mliquucihd did,
generated in each stage of the productsC lif2e0. 09()GDR

Extraction and
processing of
raw materials

Recycling
Recycling and
and
disposal
disposal as
as Manufacturing
waste
waste

Use, reuse and

maintenance of Packaging
the product

Marketing

Figure 7-1A. principle schematic of a life cycle analysis.

185
The scope definition is very crucial in inLeCs dis i
A.whaItt ef
are transports or mining of the raw mdateedr,ialsdoeisncluthe analysis concentrate on a
specifi
life cycle phase, or is the whole T
lifesidecryecdl.e
phase is very important to be defined. Uesunaelrlgyy, tuhsee in operation phase causes
the larg
environmental impacts of the whole life ciyacl weshpeen it comes to energy-using
such as lighting equipment. ley, products,

The LCA is a useful tool in environmenutasllyprocdouncstciodesign. The results of the

LCA
be used to compare products or technologeies, t
resaunltds
ecodesign. The results of an LCA are oftenenvigriovnemn entaasl impact categories or as
the s
called single scale indices. Environmental aimtepga c are for example primary energy,
ocrites
toxicological impacts, global warming potential aciadnidfication potential. These allow
the comparison from the point of view of aof sinegnlveirontympeental impact. Single
scale indices
weigh different environmental impacts and into one score to describe the t
caltchuelmate
environmental performance of a product. Thisthe mackoemsparison of the total
environmental impact of products easier. Single scale indfoicres exaarme ple Ecoindicator'99
and CML2001. The
Ecoindicator'99 concentrates on respiratory climate change, whereas the CML2001
effaencdts emphasizes global warming and 2009) (CML 2001)
acidification.ndi(cEactoor-I

In the following examples the

environmental ofeffedcitfsferent lamp types are compared
on
general level. The comparison is made regirardienngergythe consumption, not in
environmental impact categories of single scale indices. esThitshe maankalysis very simple
and the compariso easy.
In an early study by Gydesen and e
Maimanen
60 W incandescent lamp is compared for
an othne, opproerdauticotin and disposal phases. T
lifetimes were 8000 h for CFL and 1000 eschentforlaminpc, anrdespectively. The energy
used
was also calculated against the light p
searmvpicse
showe
that CFL consumes 17 kWh/Mlmh and klWamhp/Mlmh.
incandesc8en2t

Table 7-1. Energy consumption and emissions during CcFyLcle and incandescent lamp. (Gydesen and
loife Maiman
1991)
15 W CFL 60 W GLS 15 W CFL 60 W GLS
Energy consumption & quantity of light Production and use
1.4 kWh 0.15 kWh 14.4 kg 70.0 kg
Production CO2
120 kWh 60 kWh SO2 0.11 kg 0.53 kg
Use
0 kWh NOx 0.07 kg 0.35 kg
Disposal
121 kWh 60 kWh CH4 0.05 g 0.25 g
Total
fly ash 0.82 kg 4.00 kg
Service 7.2 Mlmh 0.73 Mlmh mercury 1.00 mg 4.86 mg
Energy consumption per Mlmh gaseous/solid split 0.40/0.60 1.94/2.92
Production 0.19 kWh 0.21 kWh Disposal
Use 17 kWh 82 kWh mercury 0.69 mg
Disposal 0 kWh 0 kWh solid waste 0.015 kg 0.042 kg
Total mercury 1.69 mg 4.86 mg
Total 17 kWh 82 kWh Total solid waste 0.83 kg 4.04 kg

The mercury content in operation was achiseuvmeding the electricity is produced with
bythaats coal power plant. The amount of mercury electricity generation depend on
miasnsdionsothferrome
the electricity generation system that bcyouncountry.
diftfreyrs

The European Lamp Companies Federation

has d puebnlviisrhoenmental impact assessment
of
lamps on their webpage. According to that e 90en isth consumed during the operation
%ergyof
phase. In other phases, energy is arsesofuo 4%, production 5% and transport
consumweds: rlcleo
3%, and disposal releases 2% (ELC 2009).

100 %

80 %
90 %
60 %

40 %

20 % 5 %
4 % 3 % -2 %
0 %
Resource Production Transport Use Disposal
-20 %

Figure 7-2L.amp energy consumption during life cycle actocordEiunrgopean Lamp Companies Federation
(ELC
2009).
Preliminary data of Osram on LEDs life mcye sahsos t
cnlte wess
consumed by LED based lamps is used intionth. eir(LEpDrosducMagazine 2009)

186
 L7 IFE CYCLE ANALYSIS AND LIFE CYCLE
COSTS

In the life cycle analysis of light eimnvpacts are assessed in raw

souircoensmenthtael material
production, manufacturing, distribution, use u/ and disposal through fifteen
mptcions
environmental indicators. One of the inditchaetorsGloisbal Warming Potential (GWP), which
is measured in kilograms of carbon diox2)ideequ(CivOalents. In the use phase the GWsP
indicato
measured by the power consumption. In the thfoellowpeirncgentage is the GWP impact
of the
calculated over the total GWP impact folrightdiffseoruenrcte systems. (DEFRA
2009).
integrally ballasted LED lamp, 93.3%
dedicated LED luminaire system, 97.3%
ceramic metal halide luminaire system, 98.7%
T5 luminaire system, 97.7%
integrally ballasted compact fluorescent lam%p, 97.7
general service incandescent lamp, 99.7%.

7.2 Calculation of lighting energy

The total lighting energy used by a lightindgepensdys,temin addition to the used
equipmen
(lamps, ballasts and luminaires), on the eslighntingan the room itself. The efficiency of
dd
lamps can be defined as luminous efficacyhe T
(lmb/aWlla)s. t
ballast and luminaire output ratio (LOR) e
lighting desig
has an effect on the position of the llautmedina (tr working desk), the illuminance,
ier.egs. oe
illuminance distribution and maintenance. Arlos om thehas an effect on the illuminance, since
p of the light comes to the working deskectitohnrosu. ghAnrefel xtreme example of this is
indire lighting in which all the light is reflhectecdeilinthgrouagnd walls to horizontal
surfacpese. The sh
of the room, height (luminaire distance fnrotaml and the surface reflectances (related
phloarniez)o
to colors) together with the luminous luminaire affect the illuminance and
diosftributhtieon illuminance distribution in the room.
Figure 7-3 shows the factors affecting gthhteingtotal
li
 k
c e
MF
ffol
fp
consumption
in a room.
The efficiency
of luminaire
(light output
ratio) is
representeed
by th
 fd symbol LOR. The describes the amount of
LOR
va
utilanUce
s
w luminous flux reaching the task area divided by
luminous flux of the luminaires. The is utilance
mh
height

affected by the luminous intensity distributhtieon

of luminaire, reflectances of the room sucr,facwe, s f),(
ffck width w() and lenglth) o(f the room and the
fs distance
 fs b
U

leh n
tg l
length
the lumhimn)a.iresThe(
lumen maintenance fact(oMr F)
includes the lumen
depreciation of the lamps and
the depreceiadtion caus by
contamination of luminaire and
the roo.m surface
 l
The energy consumption can be reduced by dimmin
f
the lights according to Li(ghts can be
dayfldi)g. ht
controlled also by an occupancy fos)e, s(witch
width w
(fs) or a dimmer (fc) in the r nsoar
Figure 7-3F. actors affecting the total energy usage g. of lightin

Reducing the installed power of a lightinegpreseynstsem onrly one part of the lighting
energ saving opportunity. Lighting energy consumptionalsocan be decreased by reducing the
use
power by using lighting control systems. eThidsonecanb the application of occupancy sensor
yb

187
 L7 IFE CYCLE ANALYSIS AND LIFE CYCLE
COSTS

and automatic switching and dimming accordeing avatoilabitlhity of daylight. The total
energy
consumption can be calculated, if the etodtal poiwnsetrall is
known.
W
(7-1)
Ptf
where
W energy consumption, kWh
P installed power, W
t annual burning hours, h
f control factor, which takes into tahned switch off periods.
accoundtimmbointhg

The average illuminance is luminous flux npaet ilalure Part of the luminous flux of
erd ma.i
lamps is blocked by the luminaire while lpuamrtin t
from the room surfaces. ooufs

The average illuminance of the room is

 N
E MF
A (7-2)
where
E average illuminance, lx
MF maintenance factor (product of lamp lumetnion deapnrdeciacontamination of
the luminaire and room surfaces)
utilization factor (product of luminaireputlighrat tiooutand utilance of the
room).
N number of the luminaires
luminous flux of the lamps in one luminaire, lm
2
A area of the ro om, m

The total luminous flux of the th(e product of system )effaicnadcy (

luNmi)nairiess luminous
installed powerP) ( i.e = P. Inserting this in Equation (7-2) leads to:
N.
P E
PA
A MF (7-3)
where
2
PA lighting power density in a r oom, W/m
system luminous efficacy (lamp luminous ibnallast losses), lm/W
efcfliucdaicnyg

Equation (7-3) is used to calculate power asdenasitifeusnction of light source luminous

efficac
Figure 7-4. With T5 lamps the luminous theefficascyys i
temof
 2
reached with installed power density of . 1
2
27 W/m .
be ab
188
 L7 IFE CYCLE ANALYSIS AND LIFE CYCLE
COSTS

Inc.
100
90
CFL T5
80
70 100 lx
60
density

300 lx
50 500 lx
40 750 lx
Power
W2/m

30 1000 lx
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Luminous efficacy lm/W

2
Figure 7-4P. ower density (W )/m as a function of light source luminolmus/W)effiactacy (
different illuminance levels (lx), Mfa = 0.75 and utilization = fa0c.5to. r
maintenanocre Fct

Figure 7-5 shows the effects of afnadctorutilization factoor n power density.

maintenaMncFe the calculations illuminance has In luamndinoulas efficacy 80 lm/W. It is
been 500 mplx possible
achieve the desired illuminance level of h500powl wdietnsities of less 1w0 /mthe
2
xer than , heWn
maintenance factor is higher than 0.90 aiznadtionthe facuttoilr is higher than 0.80.

45
40

35
30
density

0.50
25
0.75
20
0.90
Power
W2 /m

15
10

5
0
0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
Utilization factor

2
Figure 7-5P. ower density (W )/m as a function of utilization factor maatintednifafenrceent factor values (MF =
0.50,
0.75, 0.90), calculated for illuminance E an=d s5y0s0temlx luminous efficacy .lm/W
= 80

Normalized power density

Hanselaer et al. (2007) defined the normalized power density btyhe installed power
divNidPiDng
by the maintained luminous flux on the n tausknitsareoaf
 L7 IFE CYCLE ANALYSIS AND LIFE CYCLE
2
(1i00 lm or )10a0s: lx, m COSTS

189
 L7 IFE CYCLE ANALYSIS AND LIFE CYCLE
COSTS

Psys 100
NPD fin
W / m 2 100lx
MF U LOR lamp gear
TA (7-4)
Where
2
NPD normalised power den s,ity1, 00W/l(xm)
Psys total system power, lamps, ballasts, etc., W
fi
TA maintained luminous flux on the task area, lm
MF maintenance factor, ratio of the iltlhue working plane after a
naanvceeragoen mi
certain period of use of lighting atverage illuminance
instahlelatioinnitiatlo
U tuhteilanlcuem, inoreulsatesflux from the luminaires to
usthefluxlumoino the target area
LOR Light Output Ratio or the efficiineanicrey of the lum
lamp initial luminous efficacy of the lamp, lm/W
gear efficiency of the control gear

According to al(.2007) the target values for efficient ltiaglhlattiinogns inasre gear
Hanselaeet r >
0.84, lamp > 70 > > > 2/(1+0A.n5T(A/ATA)). ATA is the task area
lmL/OWR, 0.7M5F, 0.7U5, and
AnTA the total non-task area. In defining uistilasnucpep, osed that the mean initial
thiet illumina
on the non-task area is lower than tmheinanincietialonilluthe task area.
7.3 Economic evaluation of lighting
For economic evaluation of different s
lightiionngs, This means, that all cost categories
incialul dinagnd
invitariable costs must be considered over
lifetime of the whole lighting installatilon.cosItnsitiaare e.g. costs for the
lightinhgtingdesign, lig
equipment, wiring and control devices, andur l
thfeor
costs may include replacement of the (oreultamlpaimngp), cleaning, energy,
burnst replacement of
other parts (reflectors, lenses, louvers, baeltlca.)sts,or any other costs that will be
incurred.
Usually, only the installation costs are P
takaecncounint.to
costs. In commercial buildings the coofs apaid by others who rent the
variablree tetsn apartm
and the initial costs are usually paid tboyr i
wthheo
energ
costs of a lighting installation during wcyhc a
tihfe costs. olele
Costs
Initial costs
The initial costs are the investment costasn, wbehichconvcerted to annual costs by
multiplyin them by the capital recovery factor.

i(1 i) n
CI I
(1 i) n 1 (7-5)

where
CI annual costs of the initial investment,
I investment cost (initial costs of equipmn,enti,nstdaellsaitgion, etc.),
i interest rate (i = p/100, where p isin inpteerrecsetntargaete)
n number of years (service life of installa
ligthitoin)g.

190
 L7 IFE CYCLE ANALYSIS AND LIFE CYCLE
COSTS

Variable costs
The variable costs consist of maintenance csoesrtvs iceandcosts. The maintenance costs
include
energy costs and lamp replacement costs. eThecosstserviccan include, for instance, the
cleaning and reparation of luminaires. costs

Energy costsCe
Energy costs are calculated by
multiplyingl burning hours and the price of tphoewertotaof the lighting installation by
electricity. annu
5
Ce n lu c e tP10
(7-6)

where
Ce energy costs,
nlu number of the luminaires
ce price of electricity c/kWh
t annual burning hours, h
P power of the luminaire, lamp and ballast, W.

Lamp costsCL
The annual lamp costs are calculated by mtuhletipllyaimngp price by the quotient of
the a burning hours and lamp t/tLlLif)e. I(nstead of the quotient also the
caypitaflactroercovcearn be
used. This is reasonabtl/etLL if is small, i.e. either the burning ath slam life is
houorsr re mapll
long.

CL n L c L t / t LL (1 k )
(7-7)

where
CL annual lamp costs including the spot re
lamplasmpfionrg,
nL number of the lamps
cL price of a lamp,
t burning hours, h
tLL lamp life, h
k average mortality during lamp group replaricoedm,%en. t pe

Group replacement coCstGs

If lamps are changed by group replacemenatc, rpeeprliod can be chosen based
emtehnet for
example on 30% decrease of illuminance due detporecliuamtioen and lamp mortality.
Fluorescent lamps contain mercury and therefore the replcaocsetms enht ave to include also
the disposal of old lamps.
CG n L cG / (7-8)
T
where
GC annual group replacement cost,
nL number of the lamps
cG group replacement costs per lamp in groupnt reipnlcalcuedmineg lamp disposal,

 L7 IFE CYCLE ANALYSIS AND LIFE CYCLE
T group replacement period in years, a.COSTS

191
 L7 IFE CYCLE ANALYSIS AND LIFE CYCLE
COSTS

Spot replacement coCstSs

CS nL cS k / T
(7-9)

where
CS annual spot replacement costs,
nL number of the lamps
cS spot replacement costs per lamp in irnecplluadcienmgenlamp disposal,
spott
k average mortality during lamp group replaricoedm,%ent pe
T group replacement period in years, a

the cleaning and/or painting of room coSste are very dependent on the
surfiaccees. srv
circumstances. If the lamps and luminairesnedareon r
cleaa
with the group replacement, then the anngual cocsltesanicnan be calculated by dividing
the w and material costs by the cleaning period.

CC n L cC cm / tC (7-10)
where
CC annual cleaning costs,
nL number of the lamps
cC work costs of cleaning per lamp,
cm material costs of cleaning per lamp,
tC cleaning period in years, a.

Example of the use of equations

In the following the energy coasn Clamp coLsts usCing different lamps
e are calculated.
tsd The
lamps are incandescent (Inc.), compact flu(oCreFsLce) nt and LED lamps.
Since the price
of
lamps is quite different, the lamp costs cahlcauvleatedbeebny using the capital recovery
factor,
Equation (7-5). The service life oif yoen year for incandescent, three years
(numbenr) s aers
CFL1 and five years for CFL2, LED1 and TLhEeD2 actluaaml ps.service life of, for
example,
LED2 is much longer than five years, taukainl g buthrneingannhours of 2000 h and
lamp life
50 000 hours. The service life of LED2 yweoa anb t2h5e initial costs only
rusld de 3.55
However, due to service life of five c
yethaers
ar
11.55 . Table 7-2 shows the initial vraluceaslcuulasteiodns.fo With incandescent lamp,
another
lamp costs of 1.05 has been added s
hours.
burnin
192

Service cost
Service costs result from the cleaning aonnd oref palruamti in dirty conditions also fr
inaires and
 L7 IFE CYCLE ANALYSIS AND LIFE CYCLE
COSTS

Table 7-2I.nitial values for calculation of lacmo coasntds and

energy spts
the results of the calculations for lamp
diffetyrpenest .

Initial Values GLS CFL1 CFL2 LED1 LED2

ce price of the electricity, 15 15 15 15 15
P power of the lamp, W 60 15 15 15 10
cL price of the lamp, 0.5 5 10 20 50
tLL lamp life, h 1000 6000 12000 20000 50000
t annual burning hours 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000
k mortality, % 0 0 0 0 0
i interest rate 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
n service life (number of ye1ars 3 5 5 5
Calculated values )
CI Initial costs, 0.53 1.84 2.31 4.62 11.55
Ce Energy costs, 18.00 4.5 4.5 4.5 3.00
CL Lamp costs, 1.05 1.84 2.31 4.62 11.55

Figure 7-6 shows the effect of annual burnoinng thheourlsamp and energy costs. When
using
service lives of 3 years and 5 years,ts t
thfeor
incandescent lamp 9.50 with 1000 annuoaul rs.burning h

40.00

cos
30.00 Inc.

energy
CFL1
and 20.00 CFL2
LED1
10.00
LED2
Lamp

0.00
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Burning hours

Figure 7-6C. ombined lamp and energy costs as a funucatlionburonfingannhours for different lamp types.
Figure 7-7 shows the distribution of lamp ecnoes a
rgtsy
of the incandescent lamp, two lamps are d
ustehdis
and lamp costs are almost equal, 4.50 pr4ic. o . the LED1 lamp is 20
Thaend 6e2 f
service life is five years. The price y of is ele1c5triccit/kWh and the power of the lamp
is
With CFL and Incandescent lamps the eneregy docmosintsatinagr.

193
 L7 IFE CYCLE ANALYSIS AND LIFE CYCLE
COSTS

20,00

15,00

Lamp
10,00
Energy
5,00

0,00
GLS CFL1 CFL2 LED1 LED2
Lamp type

Figure 7-.7 Lamp and energy costs of different lahmp 20t0y0pesanwnuital burning hours.

Other considerations
The electric energy for lighting
an t is ihnea a room. In
integrani
nal
winter peaking regions (cold areas) it bfe uhtielai ting, but in
czaend or
other regions and in summer time it whilel cooling
innecerdeasefor t energy.
If the lighting is dimmed, for instance o t this will
accdoarydliin
gght,
decrease the energy consumption. With fluoarmespcsent evlen if the
luminous flux is on the minimum level (1e styostem5%)enetrhgy
%
consumption is still about 20%.
Lighting control strategies can help to enfleurogryescent lamps
s.aveIf
are switched off regularly, this will enitergwy,ill shorten the
savbeut
lamp life and thus increase the lamp andt
creopsltas.cemCeanlculations show that generally it is economical
to flusowreitscchent offlamps when the switch off time is 15
minutes or longer.

Maintenance
All system components age by time and abt cerertpalian periods (before dropping
mceudst e out).
Lamp performance decreases over time before (Ffiagiu 7-8), and dirt accumulations on
lurree
luminaires and room surfaces decreases utiflaicztaotrs. The lack of maintenance
thieon has
negative effect on visual perception, task ncpee, rfosramfeaty and security, and it wastes
energy
well. Both aging and dirt accumulation chane o
ereffdiuccieencyt

50% or even more, depending on the appleiqcautiipomnentandused. The following

/
measures should be defined by a regular maintenanc:e schedule

costs
Cleaning of luminaires, daylighting devices masnd(dirrot o depreciation)
Replacement of burned out lamps
Replacement of other parts (e.g. corrodeds) reflector

energy
Renovation and retrofitting of antiquated snydstemcosmpaonents.

and
Lamp

194
 L7 IFE CYCLE ANALYSIS AND LIFE CYCLE
COSTS

Figure 7-8. Lamp luminous flux depreciation during prlinfecipatilmeske(tch).

7.4 Examples of life cycle costs

A simple appraisal with very common paramumetpetrisons()assfor two lighting examples
(shop
lighting and office lighting) shows the dimensi
LCoCns.

The following terminologies are used in ths: example

E average illuminace, lx e
MF maintenance factor, including lamp lumen iondepraencdiat accumulation on luminaires
and on room surfaces dirt
utilization factor (product of luminaireputlighrat utilance of the room)
luminous flux of the lamps tiooutand
in one luminaire, lm
2
A area of the ro om, m
W energy consumption, kWh
P installed power, W
t annual burning hours, h

Shop lighting

Required illuminance E= 1000 lx

Dimensions A = 4m x 5m = 20 m
0,6
MF 0.67 (acc. to DIN12464)
t 3000 h 5m
lamp type HCI-T 3355W00 lm
power (per luminaire) 87W.5 lm/W
40

4m
L7 IFE CYCLE ANALYSIS AND LIFE CYCLE
COSTS
195
 L7 IFE CYCLE ANALYSIS AND LIFE CYCLE
COSTS

Simple calculation without maintenance and grelacmopstisn

= E . A. F() = 49.8 klm

M/
for t =3000 149 Mlmh
h
P = 49.8 klm / 87.5 lm/W =28 56W9 /mW
for t=3000 h W = 1700 kW8h5 kWh/m,a

Installation costs 2
100 /m
Energy consumption 2
,a 85 kWh/m
Costs for electricity (0.15/kWh price) 2
1,a2.75
Costs for electricity for 10 years 2
/m /m 127
Present value of a growing annuity
Present value of an annuity is a seriesymeonf ts
r
eqoural
intervals that occur at the end of p
eacthhe
(PVGA
there is a rate of growth of the annsuityth. e in the first period.
Apnanyumityent i

a 1 g p
n
PV (a) 1
i g 1 i

where
PV(a) value of the annuity at time = 0
a value of the individual payments in pceormiopdound
eiancgh
i interest rate that would be compounderdiodforof eatcimh e p
np number of payment periods
g increase in payments, each payment boyf (a1+gf)a.c
growtosr

We can consider the previous example ofngshowpith following assumptions.

ligthhtei

Total life cycle 24 years

Maintenance interval 3 yepars =
(n8) (cleaning and relamping)
2
Maintenance costs 2 /m
Interest rate 6%
2
Electricity cost 12.75 year = 24)
/m(pn Electricity price increase 1% /
5%

Present values of the total life cycle costs are

Installation /m
2
100
2
Electricity 175 annual increase)
(1%/m annual increase)
2
Electricity 259
(5%/m
2
Maintenance 137 (no/m annual increase)

Figure 7-9 shows the share of energy icfoests thceostsl. The calculation is done
cycinle over
years. Figure shows two examples of the one with 1% annual increase in
itnhcereaspericeosf
electricity price and the other with 5% eaasnenuainl electricity price.
itnhcer

196
 L7 IFE CYCLE ANALYSIS AND LIFE CYCLE
COSTS

20 %
24 %
28 %
33 %

1 % increas 5 % increase
e in electricity 43 % in electricity 52 %

Ins tallation Electricity Ins tallation Electricity Maintenance

Maintenance
2
Figure 7-9D. istribution of ][f/omr shop lighting during life aotifon an(24insytaelalrs).
costs cycle
Increase of 1% (left) or 5% (right) of etlhecetricpirtiy been considered.
ce haosf

Office-lighting

Energy efficient office low power density

Required luminance 500 lx
Dimensions: A = 4m x 5m = 20 m
0.7 5m
MF 0.67 (acc. to DIN12464)
t 2000 h
lamp type LFL lm
power (per luminaire) 5 54445W0
8 W77
lm/W
4m
Simple calculation without maintenance and grelacmopstisn
= E Ax M( F) = 21 klm
x /
for t =200 42 Mlmh
0h
P= 21000 lm / 77 lm/W = 1237 W2 /m
.50
for t=2000 h W = 540 kW2h7 kWh2/ m

Installation costs 2
31 /m

Energy consumption kWh/m

2
27 ,a
2
Costs for electricity (0.15 /kWh price ),a 4.05 /m
2
Costs for electricity for 10 years 40 /m

Life cycle costs with maintenance costs

Total life cycle 24 years
Maintenance interval 6 yepars = (n4)
(cleaning and relamping)
Maintenance costs /m
2
5
Interest rate 6%
 L7 IFE CYCLE ANALYSIS AND LIFE CYCLE
2
Electricity cost 4.05 ,a (pn/m= COSTS
24) Electricity price increase 1% / 5%

Present values of the total life cycle costs are

197
 L7 IFE CYCLE ANALYSIS AND LIFE CYCLE
COSTS

Installation /m
2
31
2
Electricity 56 annual increase)
(1%/m annual increase)
2
Electricity 8
(5%/m
2
Maintenance 20 (no/m annual increase)

Figure 7-10 shows the share of energy incosltis in office lighting. The calculation
cocsytcsle fe
done over 24 years. The figure shows twof e
on
with 1% annual increase in electricity, earnd 5o annual increase in electricity price.
wtihthe %th

15 %
19 %
23 %
29 %

1 % increase 5 % increase
52 %
62 %
in electrici in electricity
Ins tallation Electricity Ins tallation Electricity Maintenance
Maintenance

Figure 7-10D. istribution of 2

][f/omr office lighting during life cyclellaotifon an(24insytaears).
costs
Increase of 1% (left) or 5% (right) of etlhecetricpirtiy been considered.
ce haosf
The standard EN 15193 defines limits for l
lighting th
 2
recommended power density is 15 - 2, raWng/imng from basic requirements toW/m
2
5 ( 1) 5
2
comprehensive requirements (25 W). /mIn the following, costs for cliaglchutilnagted are
office
2 2
with power density of 2 5, aWnd/m presented in Figure 7-11. The insststallatrieon 50co .
/m

Total life cycle 24 years

Maintenance interval 6 yepars =
(n4) (cleaning and relamping)
2
Maintenance costs 5 /m
maintenance costs increase 1%
Interest rate 6%
2 2
Energy consumption 25 xW/2m000 h = 50 ykeWar h/m
2
Electricity cost 7.5 year = 24)
/m(pn
Electricity price increase 1% / 5%

Present values of the total life cycle costs are

Installation /m
2
50
2
Electricity 103 annual increase)
(1%/m annual increase)
2
Electricity 153
(5%/m
2
Maintenance 20 (no/m annual increase)

The increasing of the lighting power Wu/p to(maximum power density for office-
den2s5ity m
rooms according to EN 15193) increases thoests enseirggnyificcantly compared to the
installation
costs, Figure 7-11. When compared to Figudre re7la- acnalculations, the electricity costs
1te0d increased by about 85%. are

198
 L7 IFE CYCLE ANALYSIS AND LIFE CYCLE
COSTS

11 %
9 %
22 %
29 %

69 %
1 % increase 60 % 5 % increase
in electricity in electricity
Ins tallation Electricity Ins tallation Electricity Maintenance
Maintenance

Figure 7-11D. istribution of 2

][f/omr office lighting during life cyclellaotifon an(24insytaears).
costs
Increase of 1% (left) or 5% (right) of etlhecetricpirtiy been considered.
ce haosf
The lighting power density 25 W/m
2
i s.

Conclusions
There is lack of awareness of the (voapreration costs), ythe energ
facitabltehatcosthtse especially
costs of a lighting installation during wcyhcolele, al re mostly the largest part of
tihfe the
costs, and that proper maintenance plans saov enaergy during the operating phase
calnot f e of
installation. Due to this lack of awarenesson in pracotimcem, life cycle costs (LCC)
and maintenance plans are very seldom put in.to Thperactciacleculations show that the
management o
LCC in the design phase can change thef edviaflfue lioghting solutions significantly. This
aretinotn
adds weight to the energy aspects and t
tihnugs energy efficient lighting solutions.
7.5 Long term assessment of costs associated i
Fontoynont (2009) has studied financial t
dagta
daylighting and lighting techniques over e The techniques are compared on the
lopnegriodtsim.
basis of illumination delivered on the ypelar Tphe selected daylighting techniques
woerrk n.e
were: roof monitors, faade windows, borrowedwinldigohwts, light wells, daylight
guidance
systems, as well as off-grid lighting based poonwereLdEDsby photovoltaics. These
solutions
were compared with electric lighting instcaollnast iostnisng of various sources: fluorescent
lamps,
tungsten halogen lamps and LEDs. Figure 7- sahnonwusal costs for various
1th2e options
(/Mlmh).

199
 L7 IFE CYCLE ANALYSIS AND LIFE CYCLE
COSTS

Figure 7-12A. nnual costs for various lighting and t(Fontoynont 2009).
daeyclhingihqtuinegs

General results of the study were:

Apertures in the envelope of the coin directing
buildinegffecatrieve st
light in the peripherical spaces of a thme are durable
bnulyildinigf , and require little maintenance. ayi
Daylighting systems aimed at bringing daylliyght intdoeepa building
are
generally not cost effective, unless they - reainddyustrial
umsae
de
products with high optical performance and telnoawnce,maaind
collect daylight directly from the building envelope.
Tungsten halogen lamps, when used continuoluigslhytingf,or are
very expensive and need to be replaced by fmluposrescoernt
LElaDs.
Depending on the evolution of performance cLoEstDs s
anodf and
photovoltaic panels, there could also be opgtieonnesraliztoe
lighting based on LEDs and possibly to supply
thetmricitywithgeneerlaetced directly from photovoltaic panels.

References

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COSTS
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 L7 IFE CYCLE ANALYSIS AND LIFE CYCLE
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COSTS

202