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considered as key 5G cellular technologies for increasing the
ABSTRACT reliability of multiple terminal transmissions. Each terminal
is equipped with multiple antennas and encode its transmitted
The transmission of information from the transmitter bits by using the SM technique. With SM, the information bits
terminals to a base station that is recipient terminals about the of each terminal is split into two bits blocks. The first block is
condition of definitive foundation, for example, Smart Grid used to select the transmit antenna while the second block is
requires high unwavering quality and low dormancy. The mix encoded as a modulated symbol, drawn from a standard
of spatial modulation (SM) systems and Massive constellation diagram such as M-QAM schemes [1]. By
Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (M-MIMO), alluded to as splitting the encoding process for the information bits into
Massive SM-MIMO systems, has been proposed in two blocks, the modulated symbol rate used by the second
communication systems to help these transmissions. Every block can be reduced, leading to an improvement in signal-
terminal is furnished with different antennas and encode its interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) due to an increase in the
transmitted bits by utilizing the Spatial modulation system. distance between constellation points. Signals transmitted
With SM, the data bits of every terminal is part into two bits from different terminals are then received simultaneously at
squares. Building up a pragmatic Massive SM-MIMO system base station (BS) antennas, equipped with a large number of
is trying because of the multifaceted nature and dormancy of antennas. The data detection at the BS for the massive SM-
Base Station location plans. In this, develop low complexity, MIMO system is performed by using maximum likelihood
low latency SM-MIMO detection schemes these demonstrate detection (MLD) schemes [2], [3]. As a consequence, the
noteworthy out exhibitions in signal interference noise ratio computational complexity in detection increase exponentially
(SINR). The advantage of utilizing Massive SM-MIMO with the number of antennas which increases the latency of
systems to expand the unwavering quality and to decrease the systems. In [4], a message passing technique is used to
delay in transmissions in similar frequency bands. reduce the detection complexity, however the scheme requires
BS to send an extra information about the number of antennas
Key words: Spatial modulation, MIMO, Detection Scheme, used to the terminals.
In this paper, we investigate low-complexity detection
1. INTRODUCTION schemes for massive SM-MIMO system, Sevral SM-MIMO
transmitter system used as terminal. Each terminal encodes
Currently, allotted spectrum for operators is dissected into its information bits by using the SM technique that selects the
disjoint frequency bands, each of which possesses different transmit antenna and modulation symbol. Multiple symbols
radio networks with different propagation characteristics and from each terminal are then transmitted to the BS by using an
building penetration losses. This means that base station orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing (OFDM)
designs must service many different bands with different cell waveform. The massive MIMO receiver at the BS is
sites, where each site has multiple base stations (one for each constructed by synchronizing terminals, each equipped with
frequency or technology usage e.g. third generation (3G), four antennas, connected with a daisy chain formation . [5]
fourth generation (4G), and Long-Term Evolution - To reduce the detection complexity in a massive antenna
Advanced (LTE-A)). To procure new spectrum, it can take a system at the BS, instead of using MLD schemes, we
decade of administration through regulatory bodies such as investigate two linear detection methods, referred to as zero
the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the forcing (ZF) and maximum-ratio-combining-zero-forcing
U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC). When (MRC-ZF) detection schemes. In the ZF symbol detection
spectrum is finally licensed, incumbent users must be moved scheme, we apply a pseudo-inverse operation to a channel
off the spectrum, causing further delays and increasing costs. matrix, constructed by using channel state information (CSI)
Recently, the combination of massive multiple-input- between all terminals and BS antennas. In the MRC-ZF
multiple-output (M-MIMO) and spatial modulation (SM) detection scheme, we split the detection processes into two. In
systems, referred to as massive SM-MIMO systems, has been the first process, we apply a MRC operation to detect the
transmit antenna for each terminal.
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Kishore Odugu et al., International Journal of Wireless Communications and Network Technologies, 6(5), August September 2017, 47 - 50
We then apply the ZF symbol detection scheme with a cvs,i is channel state response between transmit antenna i of
channel matrix, constructed only from the CSIs of detected
transmit antennas. The matrix reduction leads to a lower terminal S and receive antenna v at the BS where
detection latency as compared to the ZF detection scheme. s 1, 2......S , v 1, 2.....Rn and i 1, 2......Tn . The
Our experimental results indicate that 20 times reduction in received signal after applying OFDM demodulator can then
detection latency and a significantly closer real-time SINR be expressed as
performance to the MLD schemes (e.g. within 3dB from the y CX n (3)
theoretical performance) as compared to existing schemes in
T
the literature [2] , [3] and [6] can be achieved. In this paper, Here y y1 , y2 ....... y Rn
, C C1 , C2 ........Cs and
developed a low complexity detection schemes for the
T
proposed SM-MIMO systems by using a combination of MRC X x1 , x2 .......xk are Rn STn and STn 1
and ZF schemes to ensure system scalability with an
matrices. yv represents the received signal at BS antenna
increasing number of BS antennas. [5]
T
v while n n1 , n2 ......nRn is independent and
2. SM-MIMO SYSTEM
identically distributed (IID) additive white Gaussian noise
We contemplate a massive SM-MIMO system where a BS, (AWGN) vector with zero mean and variance of 2.
furnished with Tn antennas, receives symbols from
3. DETECTION SCHEMES FOR SM-MIMO SYSTEM
S terminals, furnished with Rn antennas, and SRn Tn .
The terminals create an OFDM waveform which is done by 3.1 Maximum Likelihood Detector (MLD)
transmitting symbols in multiple sub-carriers. The system
models are depicted in [5], For each OFDM sub-carrier, we Maximum Likelihood Detector (MLD) is considered as the
assume each terminal S has p bits to be transmitted, optimum detector for a MIMO system given by Equation. The
which are collected as a vector PS . At every terminal S transmitted signal could be effectively recovered at the
receiver based on the following minimum distance criterion
uses SM rules to map PS to another transmit vector X s of
x arg min y CxS (4)
size Tn that contains only one non-zero element that xk x1 , x2 ,........ xN
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Kishore Odugu et al., International Journal of Wireless Communications and Network Technologies, 6(5), August September 2017, 47 - 50
The CSIs of the detected antennas are then used to form a new
Is arg max y i , s (12)
Reduced C matrix , CM C1, I , C1, I .......CS , I where i 1,2,......Tn
1 2 S
The transmitted symbols for each terminal can then be
CS , J denotes a vector with CSIs between BS Rn antennas estimated by using the received signal that correspond the
and the transmit antenna I of terminal S as its entries . We
S
chosen transmit antenna Is , s 1, 2,........S as follows
then apply a pseudo inverse operation x Q y Is , S (13)
* 1
DM CM * CM CM T
(7)
Where Q . is the constellation quantization function
Then received signal at BS is then given as
which
maps the closest signal point from M ary QAM/PSK symbols
y M DM y X n2 (8)
T using Euclidean distance [11]. By using (12) and (13) we can
Where y M y M , y M ...... y M
1 2 S
denotes the detected detect the first log 2 Tn bits of p and the remaining bits,
symbol vector from S terminal and n 2 is the noise element. respectively. We repeat the above detection process for each
The transmitted symbols for each terminal can then be OFDM sub-carriers to recover the data transmitted by the
estimated by using the received signal that correspond the terminals.
chosen transmit antenna Is , s 1, 2,........S as follows
4. R ESULT ANALYSIS
x Q y MS n (9)
The performance of each detection schemes for SM-MIMO
Where Q . is the constellation quantization function systems can evaluated using Signal to Interference Noise
which Ratio (SINR). To calculate the SINR performance of each
terminals in the massive SM-MIMO prototype, we will first
maps the closest signal point from M ary QAM/PSK symbols
calculate the Error Vector Magnitude (EV) [12].
using Euclidean distance [11]. By using (6) and (9) we can
detect the first log 2 Tn bits of p and the remaining bits, 1 N 2
3.3 Zero Forcing (ZF) Detection Scheme where N is the number of symbols over which the value of EV
is measured, x n is the n th non-zero transmitted symbol
Implement the ZF detection scheme, we apply a pseudo
inverse operation to C which can be expressed as and
y Is , S n is detected n th symbol from transmit antenna
Is ,the relationship between EV and SINRS for each
1
DZF C * C T C * (10)
By applying (10) to (3), the detected signal terminal,
y y , y .......... y for each sub-carrier can be s 1
1,1 2,1 Tn , S EVRMS (15)
SINRS
written as
y D y D CX D n X n Performance Evaluation of each detection schemes by
ZF ZF ZF (11)
calculation SINRS . First calculate SINR for two terminals
system with number receive antenna increase at each terminal
Where
y i , s denotes the detected symbol from transmit
antenna i of terminal S , i 1, 2,......Tn , In Fig 1, it shows that as number of receive antenna at each
Base station (BS) terminal it will increase SINR in DB, in
s 1, 2,........S , n is the noise element after the ZF contrast it will also increases complexity of detections systems
detection. The transmit antenna detection for each terminal and delay in the system. It also shows that MLD detection
S is performed by choosing the location of the maximum of scheme giving highest SINR performance among all other
the absolute value of
y i , s , i 1, 2,......Tn as follows schemes even with less number of receive antennas
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Kishore Odugu et al., International Journal of Wireless Communications and Network Technologies, 6(5), August September 2017, 47 - 50