Week 4

EE-211 Circuit Analysis
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, TOPI 23460
hadeed@giki.edu.pk
October 5, 2017
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 4 Resources October 5, 2017 1 / 30
Overview
1 Theory
Circuits with dependent sources
Examples
Advanced techniques for circuit analysis
Node Voltage method
Example
Node Voltage method for more than two nodes
Example
Node Voltage method with dependent sources
Example
Special cases of node voltage method
The concept of super-node
Example
Circuits with dependent sources
Rule 1
For applying the Kirchhoffs law, treat the dependent sources as if they
were an independent sources.
Rule 2
Write the equation that specifies the relationship of the dependent source
to the controlling parameter
Rule 3
Solve the equations for the unknowns.
Example 2.27
Find Vo in the circuit shown.
Step 1: Apply the KVL
12 + 3kI1 VA + 5kI1 = 0 (1)
Step 2: Write the equation that relates the controlling parameters of the
controlled source. VA =2000I1
Solving these equations, I1 =2mA
Therefore, Vo =10V
Example 2.28
Step 1: Apply the KCL

Vs Vs
10X 103 + + 4mIo = 0 (2)
2k + 4k 3k
Step 2: Write the equation that relates the controlling parameters of the
controlled source. Io = V
3k
s
Solving these equations, Vs =12V

Therefore, using VDR Vo =8V
Example 2.29
Step 1: Apply the KVL
12 + 3kI + 2Vo + 1kI = 0 (3)
Vo = 1kI (4)
12 + 3kI + 2kI + 1kI = 0 (5)
I=2mA and therefore Vo =2V
Example 2.30
Determine an expression for the gain of the amplifier, which is the ratio of
the output voltage to the input voltage.
Step 1: Simplify the circuit. R3 ,R4 and R5 are in parallel and can be
combined as RL . Also apply KVL to the input side
vi (t) = i(t)(R1 + R2 ) (6)
and vg (t)=i1 (t)R2 Solving these equations we get

R2
vg (t) = vi (t) (7)
R1 + R2
Example 2.30
On the output side

vo (t) = gm vg (t)RL (8)
Combining (7) and (8) and vg (t)=i1 (t)R2
gm RL R2 vi (t)
vo (t) = (9)
R1 + R2
Therefore, gain which is the ratio o output voltage to the input voltage is
vo (t) gm RL R2
= (10)
vi (t) R1 + R2
Learning Assessment 2.28
Determine Vo .
Apply KCL at the upper node

Vo Vs Vs
2m + + =0 (11)
2000 6k 3k
Using VDR
Vs 2k
Vo = (12)
1k + 2k
Answer : Vo =8V
Learning Assessment 2.29
Determine Vo .
Apply KVL at the upper node
12 + 10ki + 2Vx + 5ki + 36 + 5ki = 0 (13)
Using Ohms law

Vx = 5ki (14)
vx
i= (15)
k
Answer : VA =-12V
Why advanced circuit analysis methods ?
Reason 1
The structural complexity limits the application of Kirchhoffs and Ohms
law.
Reason 2
Large circuits require analysis methods that are more systematic and
robust.
What are the methods ?

There are two methods that will be discussed.
Node voltage method
Mesh current method
Node voltage method
Essential node is a node that connects 3 or more elements.
Number of essential nodes is always less than or equal to the total number
of nodes in a circuit.
Total nodes = 7
Essential nodes = 4 (b,c,e,g)
Node voltage method
Essential branch is a path that connects two essential nodes without
passing through an essential node.
Number of essential branches is always less than or equal to the total
number of branches in a circuit.
Total branches = 10
Essential branches = 7 (V1 R1 , R2 R3 , V2 R4 , R5 , R6 , R7 and I)
Procedure of Node voltage method
We use essential nodes of a circuit.

Step 1
Clearly mark the essential nodes of a circuit.
Step 2
Select one of the essential nodes as reference node (normally the ground
node). Put a with reference node.
Strep 3
Define the node voltage on circuit diagram. Voltage rise from the
reference node to a non reference node and generate the node voltage
equation (I= VR )
At node 1 three currents exists i1 , i5 and i2

v1 10 v1 v1 v2
+ + =0 (16)
1 5 2
At node 2 three currents exists i2 , i100 and 2A.

v2 v1 v2
+ 2=0 (17)
2 10
Solving these two equations simultaneously to get V2 =10.9V and
V1 =9.09V.
Example 4.1 [Nillsson]
Find i1 , i2 and i3 and P50v .
Only one essential node and hence only one equation is enough
v1 50 v1 v1
+ + 3=0 (18)
5 10 40
v1 = 40V (19)
Unknown currents can be calculated by applying ohms law.
I ia = 5040 40
5 =2A , ib = 10 =4A , ic =
40
40 =1A
I P50v =(50)(-2)=-100W delivering
Find v1 ,v2 ,i1 ,P12A ,P5A .
Answer : v1 =48v, v2 =64v, I1 =-8A, P12A =768W, P5A =-240W
Find V.
Answer : V=15V
Node Voltage method for more than two nodes
Three nodes means three equations.

All the equations are written in the same way like before.
Solution requires matrix operation. Av=B
Example 4.2-3 [Dorf]
Find Va ,Vb and Vc .
At node A

va vc va vc va vb
+ + 12=0 (20)
5 2 5

1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + va vb + vc = 3 (21)
5 2 5 5 2 5
At node B

vb va vb vc vb
+ + 3+2=0 (22)
5 10 4

1 1 1 1 1
va + + + vb vc = 1 (23)
5 10 4 5 10
Example 4.2-3 [Dorf] (continued)
Find Va ,Vb and Vc .
At node C

vc va vc va vcvc vb
+ + + +1=0 (24)
5 2 2 10

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
va vb + + + + vc = 1 (25)
5 2 10 2 5 10 2
Example 4.2-3 [Dorf] (continued)
In matrices, we can write eq.(21),(23) and (25) as Av=b

0.9 0.2 0.7 va 3
0.2 0.55 0.1 vb = 1 (26)
0.7 0.1 1.3 vc 1
Apply the Cramers rule to get the answer (va =7.1579V,vb =5.0526V,
vc =3.4737V)
We follow all steps as discussed.

We relate the controlling factor with the dependent sources.
Substitute that into the equation.
Solve the equations.
Example
Find the power in 5 resistance.
At node 1
v1 20 v1 v1 v2
+ + =0 (27)
2 20 5
At node 2

v2 v2 v1 v2 8i
+ + =0 (28)
10 5 2
The current i is given by
v1 v2
i = (29)
5
Example
Find the power in 5 resistance.
Substitute eq.(29) in (28) to get
v1 + 1.6v2 = 0 (30)
Use eq.(27) and (30) to get

I v1 =16V
I v2 =10V
I i = 1610
5 =1.2A
Power of 5 =I 2 R=7.2W
If a voltage source is connected between two essential nodes the solution is

very simple.
The resistance between node 1 and 100V source is zero. The equation
V1 100
0 yields infinity, which is wrong.
Instead 100V appear at node 1 because no voltage drop.
This makes only one equation to solve and thats node 2. V2 =125V
Concept of Super-node
A super-node consists of two nodes connected by an independent or a
dependent voltage source.
vs is known. va vs = vb , va vb = vs
We consider a and b as one supernode. Apply KCL at supernode.
va vb
+ = is (31)
R1 R2
vs + vb vb
+ = is (32)
R1 R2
R1 R2 is R2 vs
vb = (33)
R1 + R2
Example 4.3-2 [Dorf 9th ed.]
Apply KCL at node a and b. We assume current i from 12V.
va vb = 12 (34)
vb = va + 12 (35)
At node a
va
= 1.5 + i (36)
6
At node b
vb
+ 3.5 + i = 0 (37)
3.5
Therefore,
va vb
+ = 2 (38)
6 3.5
Example 4.3-2 [Dorf 9th ed.]
Apply supernode at node a and b We dont assume current i from 12V.

va vb
1.5 =
+ + 3.5 (39)
6 3.5
va vb
+ = 2 (40)
6 3.5
Hence, by making a supernode we made shortcut. No need of labeling
current i from voltage source. Applying KCL at both nodes of voltage
source. Eliminating I from the equations.

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EE-211 Circuit Analysis

Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher

Step 1: Apply the KVL

12 + 3kI1 VA + 5kI1 = 0 (1)

Step 1: Apply the KCL

Solving these equations, Vs =12V

Step 1: Apply the KVL

12 + 3kI + 2Vo + 1kI = 0 (3)

vi (t) = i(t)(R1 + R2 ) (6)

and vg (t)=i1 (t)R2 Solving these equations we get

On the output side

Apply KCL at the upper node

Apply KVL at the upper node

12 + 10ki + 2Vx + 5ki + 36 + 5ki = 0 (13)

Using Ohms law

What are the methods ?

We use essential nodes of a circuit.

At node 1 three currents exists i1 , i5 and i2

Answer : v1 =48v, v2 =64v, I1 =-8A, P12A =768W, P5A =-240W

Three nodes means three equations.

In matrices, we can write eq.(21),(23) and (25) as Av=b

We follow all steps as discussed.

Substitute eq.(29) in (28) to get

Use eq.(27) and (30) to get

If a voltage source is connected between two essential nodes the solution is

Apply supernode at node a and b We dont assume current i from 12V.

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