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History
The first reported attempt at cross-stitching was performed by the Corps of
Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station. The Corps performed a study(1)
on strengthening keyed longitudinal joints for airport pavements placed on
low-strength subgrades in 1971. Their report outlines testing of a variety of
joint strengthening methods and concludes that cross-stitching is one of
the best strengthening techniques.
In the study, an 11-inch concrete pavement was placed directly on a low-strength
clay subgrade with a keyed longitudinal construction joint. Amongst other meth-
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American ods, drilling holes at 45 through the joint and epoxying 325-mm (12.75-inch)
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long, 25-mm (1.0-inch) diameter bars into the holes strengthened the keyed joint.
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Concrete
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A 1600 kN (360,000-lb), 12-wheel gear load, simulating one main gear of a C-5A
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Pavement
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aircraft, was used to test the joint. At the end of the test, the cross-stitched joint
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withstood the repeated loading even better than the surrounding pavement. The
report concludes that cross-stitching is viable and effective.
International
Grooving & The first known use of cross-stitching on a US highway was in 1985 by the
Grinding Utah Department of Transportation.(2) Engineers used cross-stitching to
strengthen uncontrolled cracks on a new section of I-70 through the mountains
Association
of central Utah. The pavement was a 225-mm (9-in.) plain jointed concrete
pavement resting on a 100-mm (4-in.) thick lean concrete base. Much of the
SR903-JV 5/21/01 10:20 AM Page 2
Cross-Stitching
Technique
Cross-stitching is a repair
technique for longitudinal
cracks and joints that are
uncontrolled cracking in the pavement in reasonably good condition. The pur-
was reflection cracking in areas where the pose of cross-stitching is to maintain
surface concrete bonded to the lean con- aggregate interlock and provide added
crete subbase. The cracks of major con- reinforcement and strength to the crack
cern were the longitudinal cracks in or or joint. The tie bars used in cross-
near the wheel tracks in the driving lanes. stitching prevent the crack from vertical
At that time, ACPA recommended replac- and horizontal movement or widening.
ing the shattered slabs (slabs with 3 or
Cross-stitching uses deformed tie bars
more cracks) and using cross-stitching
inserted into holes drilled across a crack
only for longitudinal cracks within the
at angles of 35-45 degrees depending
wheel paths. In the spirit of testing the lim-
upon the slab thickness. A 20-mm
its of cross-stitching, the project teams
(0.75-in.) diameter bar is sufficient to
decision was to perform only two methods
hold the joint tightly together to enhance
of repair regardless of the degree of
aggregate interlock. The bars are
uncontrolled cracking:
spaced 600-900 mm (24-36 in.) from
Epoxy non-working joints close to cracks. center to center and alternate from each
side of the crack. A 900 mm (36-in.)
Cross-stitch the longitudinal joints in spacing is adequate to effectively repair
or near the wheel tracks in the select- highways or roadways. Heavy truck traf-
ed areas. fic or airplane traffic requires a 600 mm
A total of 1081 holes were drilled on the (24-in.) bar spacing for added strength.
project, which resulted in about 548 m The process of stitching requires the
(1800 ft) of cross-stitching. following steps and considerations:
A review of the I-70 project in February 1. Drill holes at an angle so that they
2000, after 15 years of service, found intersect the longitudinal crack or
the project to be in generally good con- joint at about mid-depth. (It is impor-
dition, with some faulting across undow- tant to start drilling the hole at a con-
eled transverse contraction joints. The sistent distance from the crack or
performance of cross-stitched cracks joint, in order to consistently cross at
was favorable in most areas. In some mid-depth.)
areas, spalling was noted between the
holes drilled for the cross-stitch tiebars; 2. Select a drill that minimizes damage
cracks also traced from hole-to-hole in to the concrete surface, such as a
these areas. However, the cross-stitch hydraulic powered drill. Select a
cracks performed well overall, prevent- drill diameter no more than 10 mm
ing lane separation and minimizing the (0.375 in.) larger than the tiebar diam-
settlement of the slabs. eter. Choose a gang-mounted drill if
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SR903-JV 5/21/01 10:20 AM Page 3
Cross-Stitching
Process
1. Drilling hole for tiebar along longitudinal crack 2. Simple drill rig that controls the starting location
using frame-mounted drill rigs. of drilling to ensure that hole intersects crack at
about mid-depth.
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Cross-Stitching
Details
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SR903-JV 5/21/01 10:20 AM Page 5
Slot-Stitching
Details
materials from flowing into the area Is Stitching Needed for All Uncon-
between the slabs. trolled Cracks? How do I Know if
the Cracking is too Severe?
3. Place deformed bars into the slot.
Stitching is an excellent non-intrusive
4. Place backfill material into the slot and
procedure to repair uncontrolled longi-
vibrate it so it thoroughly encases the
tudinal cracking. However, in some
bar. Select a backfill material that has
cases it may not be advisable or neces-
very low shrinkage characteristic. (3)
sary. Some cracks can perform well
5. Finish flush with the surface and cure. simply by sealing and maintaining the
crack properly.
Common Questions Both methods of stitching are not
Which Stitching Method Should intended for severely deteriorated
I Choose? cracks. If the cracks are in moderate or
fair condition, stitching is effective.
Either method is effective. However,
Experience on Utahs first-ever highway
cross-stitching generally holds these
cross-stitching project demonstrates
advantages over slot-stitching:
that stitching is not a substitute for slab
Less intrusive to the slab. replacement if the degree of cracking is
too severe.
Less exposed surface area.
The table (next page) provides recom-
Less backfill material.
mended repair procedures for various
Contractors and agencies should evalu- types of cracking, including the appro-
ate the costs and use the method that priate use of stitching.
provides the optimal combination of
Can I Stitch Transverse Cracks?
strength, installation time and cost.
Because more materials are required, Do not stitch transverse cracks.
slot-stitching is generally more expen- Transverse cracks often form active
sive than cross-stitching. boundaries to slabs or segments of
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SR903-JV 5/21/01 10:20 AM Page 6
Recommended Alternate
Recommended Defect Orientation Locationa Description Repair Repair
Repairs of
Cracking in Plastic Shrinkage Any Anywhere Only partially Do nothing Fill with HMWMb
Concrete penetrates depth
Pavement Uncontrolled Transverse Mid-panel Full-depth Saw & seal crack LTRc
Construction Crack (Mid-slab)
Uncontrolled Transverse Relatively parallel Full-depth Saw & seal the FDRd to replace
Crack & within 4.5 ft of crack; Seal joint crack and joint
joint
Uncontrolled Longitudinal Relatively parallel Full-depth Saw & seal the Cross-stitchf or
Crack & within 1 ft. of crack; Epoxy Slot-stitch crack
joint; May cross uncracked joint
or end at longitu-
dinal joint
a 1 ft = 0.3048 m
b HMWM = High molecular weight methacrylate poured over surface and into cracks. Surface is sprinkled with
sand for skid resistance.
c LTR = load-transfer restoration; 3 dowel bars per wheel path grouted into slots sawed across the crack; Slots
must be parallel to each other and the longitudinal joint. Backfill with non-shrink, cement-based mortar (see
reference 3).
d FDR = full-depth repair; 10 ft long by one lane wide. Extend to nearest transverse contraction joint if 10-ft
repair would leave a segment of pavement less than 10 ft long (see ACPA publication TB002P).
e PDR = partial-depth repair; Saw around spall leaving 2 in. between spall and 2-in. deep perimeter saw cuts.
Chip concrete free, then clean and apply bondbreaker to patch area. Place a separating medium along any
abutting joint or crack. Fill area with patching mixture. (see ACPA publication TB003P)
f Cross-stitching; for longitudinal cracks only, drill holes at angle, alternating from each side of joint on 24-36 in.
spacing. Epoxy deformed steel tiebars into holes.
g Slot-stitching; for longitudinal cracks only. Deformed bars grouted into slots sawed across the crack; Backfill
with non-shrink, cement-based mortar.
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concrete and undergo thermal expan- stitching may be better suited than
sive and contraction movements (open- cross-stitching for a crack in a panel
ing and closing). Cross-stitching pre- tied to three or more lanes, because it
vents opening or closing of joints and has a longer length of embedded steel
cracks. If joint movement is restrained, to distribute tensile stresses. However,
stresses can build within the slab and there are no field experiences to sub-
result in spalling and cracking near the stantiate this theoretical advantage and
ends of the bars. These effects have cross-stitching has performed well on
been observed on highway applications multi-lane cross sections.
where stitching was tried on transverse
What are the Backfill Material
working cracks.
Requirements for Slot Stitching?
Should I Move Drifted Slabs
Backfill materials for slot stitching
Together Before Stitching?
should have little or no shrinkage,
Do not attempt to move drifted slabs should gain sufficient strength in the
back into position against adjacent period before loading, and should have
slabs. First, there is usually no real con- a Coefficient of Thermal Expansion simi-
cern or maintenance expense if slabs lar to the surrounding concrete. General
drift apart. Therefore moving the slabs requirements for rapid set materials for
may be a waste of resources. Second, use in slot-stitching are found in ACPA
the mechanical energy required to push publication JP001P "Guidelines for Load
the slabs would make this impractical in Transfer Restoration."
most cases.
How Do I Treat the Joint
How Do I Connect Drifted Slabs? Adjacent to a Stitched Crack?
Of primary concern in connecting slabs After stitching a longitudinal crack, it
that have drifted apart is preventing the may be necessary to treat a nearby lon-
backfill (either epoxy or grout) from gitudinal joint. The primary concern is
flowing into the space between slabs. whether a crack has formed below the
To prevent this, clean and fill the space saw cut for the longitudinal joint. If a
between the slabs before stitching. A crack has occurred and the joint func-
sand-cement grout is a suitable backfill tions properly, then no treatment other
for this purpose. However, due to con- than joint sealing is warranted. However,
cern over FOD (Foreign Object if there is no crack extending below the
Damage) we would not recommend this joint cut, then it is advantageous to fill
at airport facilities. the saw cut with epoxy to strengthen the
slab at this location (see figure). If the
Can I Use Cross-Stitching to Tie
joint is not functioning, but a joint sealant
New Lanes?
has already been installed, then no fur-
Do not use cross-stitching to tie a new ther action is recommended.
lane to an existing lane. Wherever pos-
A careful review of the joint is necessary
sible, it is advantageous to drill laterally
to render a decision on whether epoxy
into the side of an existing lane and
treatment is necessary. Several cores
then epoxy tiebars into the holes, rather
should be taken along the joint to deter-
than to use a diagonal configuration as
mine the prevailing condition (cracked
in cross-stitching.
or un-cracked). If the joint warrants
Is Slot Stitching Better Suited epoxy filling, then the following process
for Multi-Lane Cross-Sections? obtains best results:
There is no evidence that either stitching Clean the saw cut with water. Allow
alternate is better when applied within a reservoir to dry.
multi-lane cross- section. By theory slot
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Drill plug holes at any location where the crack crosses the non-func-
tioning joint to a depth below the saw cut.
Place compression plugs or cement grout plugs into plug holes.
Pour epoxy into saw cut using properly sized nozzle. (Do not overfill.)
References
1. Burns, C.D., R.L. Hutchinson, "Multiple-Wheeled Heavy Gear Load Pavement Tests,
Design, Construction, & Behavior Under Traffic," (WES-TR-5-71-17, Waterways
Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS, Nov. 1971. N CONC
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3. Guide for Load Transfer Restoration, JP001P, American Concrete Pavement Association, EN
T ASSOC
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Skokie, IL, 1998.
5420 Old Orchard Road
4. Voigt, G.F., "Specification Synthesis and Recommendations for Repairing Uncontrolled Suite A100
Cracks that Occur During Concrete Pavement Construction," Volume 2, Proceedings, Skokie, IL 60077-1059
Sixth International Purdue Conference on Concrete Pavement Design and Materials for 847-966-2272
High Performance, Indianapolis, IN, 1997, pp.13-28. 847-966-9970 fax
www.pavement.com