4/19/2012

ENERGY AUDITS
(OR SURVEYS)
&
ENERGY MANAGEMENT
PROGRAMS
SECTION B

GOALS OF THE ENERGY AUDIT

Clearly identify types and costs of energy use
Understand how energy is being used--and
possibly wasted
Identify and analyze more cost-effective ways of
using energy
- improved operational techniques
- new equipment, new processes or new
technology
Perform an economic analysis on those
alternatives and determine which are cost-
effective for your business or industry.

Section B - 2

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DETERMINING WHICH AUDIT TO CHOOSE

Depends on the funding available for the audit,
the cost and potential of the Energy Conservation
Opportunity, and the required accuracy for the
audit information.
Depends on the type of facility, function of the
facility, and processes within a facility.

Section B - 3

BENCHMARKING AUDIT
This audit includes performing a detailed
preliminary analysis of energy use and
accounting.
Very cost effective when dealing with many
facilities (i.e. where are the major opportunities
for savings, depending on EUI or ECI as
compared to other facilities)

Section B - 4

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TYPE I ENERGY AUDIT

This audit includes performing a walk-thru
inspection of the facility to identify maintenance,
operational, or deficient equipment issues and to
also identify areas which need further
evaluation.

Section B - 5

TYPE II ENERGY AUDIT

This audit includes performing economic
calculations and may include performing
monitoring/metering/testing to identify actual
energy consumption and losses.

ASHRAE level II energy survey and analysis

Section B - 6

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TYPE III ENERGY AUDIT

This audit includes the performance of computer
modeling to determine the actual year round
energy consumption.

ASHRAE level III detailed analysis of Capital

Intensive Modifications

Section B - 7

INVESTMENT GRADE AUDIT

This audit includes weighing risk into the economic
calculations of a type II or III energy audit
audit. This audit
can be utilized to obtain funding for the projects
identified.

Section B - 8

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THE MASTER AUDIT

This energy audit also contains information such
as code compliance, maintenance schedule
development, equipment inventories, etc

Section B - 9

Analysis of Bills

The audit must begin with a detailed analysis of

the energy
e e g bills for
fo the previous
e io s 12 to 36 months.
o ths
This is important because:
The bills show the proportionate use of each different energy
source when compared to the total energy bill.

An examination of where energy is used can

point out previously unknown energy wastes.
The total amount spent on energy puts an
upper limit on the amount of money that can
be saved.

Section B - 10

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Example of Monthly Electric

Consumption - kWh
MonthlykWh

250,000

200,000

150,000

100,000 Kwh

50 000
50,000

Section B - 11

Monthly Electric Peak Demand - kW

MonthlyKW Demand
400

350

300

250

200
KW
150

100

50

Section B - 12

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MONTHLY INDICATED LOAD FACTOR

IndicatedLF
100.0%

95.0%

90.0%

85.0%

80.0%
IndicatedLF

75.0%

70.0%

65.0%

60.0%

Section B - 13

12 MONTH ROLLING SUMMARY

12MonthRollingSummary
kWhannualaverage
210,000

200,000

190,000
kWhAnnualAverage

180,000

170,000

160,000

150,000

Section B - 14

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Additional Energy Bill Analysis

A complete analysis of a facilitys energy bills
requires a detailed knowledge of the rate
structures in effect for the facility.
facility
To determine accurate costs of operating
individual pieces of equipment, separate energy
bills into their components.
E.g. demand charge and energy charges
for the electric bill.
This breakdown also allows more accurate
savings calculations for Energy Management
Opportunities (EMOs) such as high-efficiency
equipment, rescheduling of some on-peak
electrical uses, etc.
Section B - 15

GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION/
DEGREE DAYS/WEATHER DATA
Geographic location of facility and weather
data for that location are important.

Obtain average degree days for heating and

cooling for that location for the past twelve
months from:
- local weather station,
- local utility, or
- state
t t energy office
ffi

Degree-day data is very useful in analyzing

energy needed to heat or cool facility.

Section B - 16

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ENERGY MONITORING,
TARGETING AND REPORTING

MT&R is a p powerful management

g technique
q for
analyzing the historical energy performance of
industrial, commercial, and institutional
facilities
setting energy reduction targets
controlling current energy performance
and,
d projecting
j ti future
f t energy budgets.
b d t
Targeting is the identification of levels of energy
consumption towards which it is desirable, as a
management objective, to work.

Section B - 17

Steps in the On-site Energy Audit

1. Identify layout and operating schedule for
facility.
2. Compile an equipment inventory.
3. Determine the pattern of building use to show
annual needs for heating, cooling and lighting
4. Conduct a room-by-room lighting inventory
- light fixtures
- lamp types, sizes and numbers
- levels of illumination
- uses of task lighting

Section B - 18

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Equipment List
Get equipment list for facility and review it
before conducting audit.
Identify
Identify all large pieces of energy-consuming
energy consuming
equipment such as: heaters, A/C units, water
heaters, and specific process-related equipment.
List all major energy consuming equipment,
with annual hours of use and energy ratings or
efficiencies.
The equipment list and data on operational
uses of equipment provide an understanding of
major energy-consuming tasks or equipment at
facility.
Section B - 19

Ten Major Systems To Consider

1. Building Envelope
2 HVAC System
2. S t people
l comfort
f t
3. Electrical Supply System
4. Lighting
5. Boiler and Steam System
6. Hot Water System - domestic
7 Compressed Air System
7.
8. Motors that I can see
9. Special Purpose Process Equipment
10. Water and sewer system

Section B - 20

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Preliminary Identification of Energy

Management Opportunities

Identifying EMOs requires a good knowledge of

energy efficiency technologies available to do the
same job with less energy and cost.
During the on-site audit, take notes on potential
EMOs that are evident.
General rule: Devote the greatest effort to analyzing
and implementing the EMOs that show the greatest
savings, and the least effort to those with the
smallest savings potential.

Section B - 21

The Energy Audit Report

The energy audit report details the final results of

the energy analyses and provides energy cost
saving recommendations
recommendations.
The length and detail of this report will vary
depending on the type of facility audited.
A residential audit may result in a computer
printout from the utility.
An industrial audit should have a detailed
explanation of the EMOs and benefit-cost analyses.

More in the appendix !!!

Section B - 22

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EMISSION FACTORS
IN METRIC TONS

Emissions by Fuel Type Ton CO2 Ton SO2 Ton NOx

1 ton No 6 Oil 3.229600 0.080000 0.004000
1 ton No 2 Oil 3.229600 0.040000 0.004000
3
1 m of Natural Gas 0.001950 0.000000 0.000000
1 kWh of Electricity (assumes
emissions are from a central utility-
owned power station) 0.000775 0.000019 0.000002
1 ton of LPG 3 027000
3.027000 0 000000
0.000000 0 000000
0.000000

Section B - 23

INITIATING AN ENERGY MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

Designate an energy manager/energy
managementt team.
t
Energy managers must have support from top
management to get cooperation from the
maintenance and operating personnel.
Management must provide support for:
1. Funding
F di tto implement
i l t the
th mostt cost-effective
t ff ti
improvement
2. Collecting energy use and cost data

Section B - 24

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DEALING WITH ENERGY COSTS IN OVERHEAD

A difficult problem for an energy manager:
Trying to reduce energy costs for a facility when
these costs are accounted for as part of general
overhead.
Best solution to this problem:
Top management should allocate energy costs
down to "cost centers in the company or the
ac ty
facility.
Managers then have a direct incentive to control
energy costs to improve the overall cost-
effectiveness of the production center.

Section B - 25

ALLOCATION OF ENERGY COSTS FOR

MULTI-TENANT BUILDINGS

Large buildings are often "master

master metered
metered" to
reduce utility fixed charges and reduce rates.

Each tenant should receive a bill and pay for

its own energy consumption.

"Master metering"
g pplus submetering
g can be an
attractive approach.

Utility grade submeters are readily available

and cost effective.

Section B - 26

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STARTING AN ENERGY MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

1. Develop the preliminary Energy Strategy
2. Get buy in from Top Management
3 Put
3. P t the
th administrative
d i i t ti and d managementt structure
t t in
i
place.
4. Conduct Energy Cost and Use tracking
5. Conduct an energy audit.
Use your facility people, utility services, or consultant
or ESCO service
6. Identify, Analyze, and Prioritize opportunities
7. Implement energy projects, processes, and training
8. Monitor, Targeting, and Reporting, and REPORTING (yes
we said it twice Its That Important !!!!!)

More in the Appendix !

Section B - 27

WHAT IS ISO 50001?

(ISO INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANIZATION)
A world class energy management standard that
integrates with ISO 9001 and ISO 14001
It was adopted on June 15, 2011

There is now a world class energy management

standard that we can recommend that organizations
adopt.
ISO 50001 is designed to help companies make better
use of their energy-consuming assets, evaluate and
prioritize the implementation
p p of energy-efficient
gy
technology, and promote efficiency throughout the
supply chain.

B - 28

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Technical/Management Interaction
Technical Managerial
PLAN PLAN
Baseline Policy/Goals/Targets
y g
Track Resources
DO DO
Projects Training
Assessments Documentation
Communication

CHECK CHECK
M & V Internal Audits

ACT ACT
Procedures Management Review
Process Control Corrective/Preventive Action
Incentives
CEM Training
5
ANSI/MSE
ANSI/MSE 2000:2008
2000 Module Module

B - 29

SUPERIOR ENERGY PERFORMANCE

ISO 50001 is a foundational tool that any organization
can use to manage energy.
Superior
S i Energy
E P
Performance
f is
i an ANSI/ANAB-
ANSI/ANAB
accredited certification program that builds on ISO
50001 to provide industrial and commercial facilities
with a pathway to continuously improve energy
efficiency while boosting competitiveness.
SEP is facility level conformance to ISO 50001 with
validated
lid t d energy performance
f improvement.
i t

B - 30

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FOR MORE INFORMATION

ISO 50001
www.eere.energy.gov/energymanagement

Superior Energy Performance

www.superiorenergyperformance.net/

Energy Management Demonstrations

www.eere.energy.gov/industry/energymanage
/i d t /
mentdemonstrations/

B - 31

APPENDIX FOR
CONDUCTING AN
ENERGY AUDIT

Section B - 32

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EUI BENCHMARK FROM ARCH WEBSITE

Section B - 33

ENERGY MONITORING,
TARGETING AND REPORTING

MT&R is a p powerful management

g technique
q for
analyzing the historical energy performance of
industrial, commercial, and institutional
facilities
setting energy reduction targets
controlling current energy performance
and,
d projecting
j ti future
f t energy budgets.
b d t
Targeting is the identification of levels of energy
consumption towards which it is desirable, as a
management objective, to work.

Section B - 34

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EXAMPLE USING DEGREE DAYS

Table 1: Sample Energy Data for a School
Month Heating Degree Days Total
Electricity kWh
F b 01
Feb 577 82 800
82,800
Mar 01 613 80,640
Apr 01 490 73,440
May 01 279 43,920
Jun 01 179 33,840
Jul 01 29 18,720
Aug 01 31 10,080
Sep 01 40 11,520
Oct 01 172 26 640
26,640
Nov 01 316 50,400
Dec 01 456 62,640
Jan 02 579 84,240

Section B - 35

USE STRAIGHT LINE LINEAR REGRESSION

Y = mX + b
Y = kWh of electric use per month
X = number of degree days per month
m, b are slope and intercept from analysis
How do you do this?

Many calculators can do this

Spreadsheet programs like Excel, Lotus,
Statistical
St ti ti l packages
k g ffor PC
PCs

Section B - 36

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SCHOOL BUILDING
90,000

80,000
y = 124.54x + 9206.7
70,000 2
R = 0.9848
60,000
Electricity (kWh)

50,000

40,000

30,000

20,000

10 000
10,000

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
HDD (n/a)

Section B - 37

DEGREE-DAYS
Heating degree-days (HDD) and cooling
degree-days (CDD) are separate values and
are specific to a particular geographic
location.
The degree-day concept assumes:
1. The average building has a desired indoor
temperature of 21.1o C.
2
2. 2.8
2 8o C of this is supplied by internal heat sources
such as lights, appliances, equipment, and people.
3. The base for computing degree-days is 18.3o C.

Section B - 38

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EXAMPLE

Assume a period of three days when the outside

temperature averaged 10C each day

The number of HDD for this three day period would be:

HDD = (18.33 10) 3 days

= 25 degree C days.
The units of degree
g days
y are:
degrees C x days/year

Section B - 39

ENERGY AUDIT REPORT FORMAT

1. Executive Summary
Provides a brief summary of recommendations
and cost savings.

2. Table of Contents

3. Introduction
Describes the purpose of an energy audit.
Emphasizes the need for a continuing energy
cost control program.

Section B - 40

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REPORT FORMAT (CONT.)

4. Facility Description

Product or service,
service and materials flowflow.
Size, construction facility layout, and hours of
operation.
Equipment list, with specifications.

5. Energy bill analysis

Utility rate structures.

Tables/graphs of energy consumptions.
Discussion of energy costs and energy bills.

Section B - 41

REPORT FORMAT (CONT.)

6. Energy Management Opportunities

Listing of potential EMOs
Cost and savings
v g analysis
y
7. Energy Action Plan
Recommended EMOs and an implementation schedule
Designation of an energy monitor and ongoing program

8. Conclusion
Additional comments not otherwise and
determine which are cost-effective for your
business or industry.

Section B - 42

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ENERGY BALANCE FOR FACILITY

Electricity Natural Gas
2,597,700 kWh 329,863 GJ

Lighting Boiler
130,560 kWh 329,863 GJ
Facility
Motors Electric
1,516,619 kWh Heaters 100,100
kWh

HVAC Miscellaneous
Compressors 34,286 kWh 260,000 kWh
116,379 kWh Chillers
274,560 kWh

Section B - 43

DEMAND BALANCE FOR A FACILITY

Electricity
345-378 kW
Lighting
18 kW
Facility

Motors Electric Heaters

197.1 kW HVAC Miscellaneous 13 kW
17.1 kW 35 kW
Air Compressors
Chillers
14.9 kW
34.3 kW
Total: 329.4 kW

Section B - 44

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Section B - 45

COMPONENTS OF AN ENERGY
MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

Company Energy Strategy

Energy Cost and Use Tracking, Profiling

Energy Audits of Facility

Analysis of O&M

Energy Economics Analysis

Implementing Energy Projects

Monitoring
M it i E Energy C
Conservation
ti Measures
M
Company Training

Section B - 46

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Company Energy Strategy

Utility Cost Energy

Tracking Economics

Energy Energy
Audits Projects

Analysis Company
of O&M Training

M&V
Section B - 47

COMPANY ENERGY STRATEGY

Having the companys management commitment
and support is vital to the success or failure of
the strategy.

Get the highest person available from

management to give approval.

Establish a set of guidelines that the company

will endorse for improvements or investments in
energy efficiency.

Section B - 48

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Energy Policy has to be supported by upper

management If not supported, it will not succeed
National Account Energy Manager, January 1999

Section B - 49

QUICK CHECK FOR COMMITMENT

Have the approving person perform some of the
work or allocate some initial funds

Have approving person sign an Energy

Management Policy

Section B - 50

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SAMPLE ENERGY MANAGEMENT POLICY

Recognizing our responsibility of the XXXXX company, we believe that every effort should be
made to conserve energy and natural resources. As a result, we are establishing this Energy
Management Policy which shall be implemented within all of our facilities. We believe that
this policy will be beneficial for our employees and customers in the prudent management of
our financial and energy resources.

The fulfillment of this policy shall be the joint responsibility of all employees. The success of this
policy is dependent upon the cooperation at all levels of the organization.

The Company will designate an Energy Manager to coordinate and implement the overall Energy
Policy. The Energy Manager will also maintain accurate records of energy consumption and
cost of energy on a monthly basis. Energy audits will be conducted annually at each campus
and recommendations will be made for updating the energy program. Energy conservation
guidelines and procedures will be reviewed and accepted or rejected by the designated energy
management committee . In addition, the procedures required for implementation of the
program and the results achieved from its administration will be published for employee
information.
information

Adopted this_____ day of ______________ 2010

__________________________
President, XXXXX Company

Section B - 51

ENERGY STRATEGY GUIDELINES

Make it simple and easy to understand
Be there for explanations and questions

Enforce the strategy

Get everyone onboard

Reporting and documenting - saving, results,

problems, inputs
Be assertive,, not aggressive
gg

Section B - 52

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ESTABLISHING THE GUIDELINES

Determine objectives for the energy management
plan. Also designate:
Training dollars

Maintenance dollars

Annual investment dollars

Projected energy cost and usage reduction

Dollars from energy

gy savings
g for re-investment

Section B - 53

SAMPLE ENERGY MANAGEMENT PLAN

Years 1 and 2
Goal: conserve 10 - 15% of annual energy
Action Items:
Utilizing facility profiles and energy audits, determine when,
where, and how energy is consumed
Operate systems only when required
Establish and follow a scheduled maintenance system
Perform maintenance to bring systems to peak efficiency
Invest in low-cost
low cost or no-cost
no cost modifications
Cost to Implement:
25% of the expected annual savings
Cost to Maintain:
10% of expected annual savings

Section B - 54

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Years 3 through 5
Goal: conserve 10 - 40% of annual energy
Action Items:
Purchase energy efficient equipment
Plan and perform energy conservation projects with paybacks within
four years
Research operations to ensure minimum energy usage
Research how energy price fluctuations and availability will affect
the facility
Cost to Implement:
50 - 400% of the expected annual savings
Cost to Maintain:
15 - 30% of expected annual savings

Section B - 55

Years 6 - ?
Goal: conserve 35 - 50% of annual energy
Action Items:
Purchase energy efficient equipment

Plan and perform energy
energ conservation
conser ation projects with
ith paybacks
pa backs with
ith five
fi e
years or longer
Research energy usage that is not directly involved with the facility
Research the opportunities for renewable energy sources within the
facility
Cost to Implement:
400 - 600% of the expected annual savings
Cost to Maintain:
15 - 30% of expected annual savings
This sample plan represents the experience of over 500 energy managers in business and industry

Section B - 56

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SOME REASONS ITS ALL UPHILL UNTIL

YOUR FIRST SUCCESSFUL ENERGY
CONSERVATION MEASURE

Recommendations may require training or additional

personnel
Capital cost may be difficult to budget

Changes recommended may be difficult to convey to

management
Energy is not the primary concern in some
departments
May create resentment between departments

Section B - 57

Section B - 58

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EFFECTIVE ENERGY MANAGEMENT

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

President

Vice President Vice President Vice President

Energy Manager

Inspectors/Auditors

Section B - 59

ORGANIZATION GUIDELINES
Information must flow freely through the
organization

Energy Manager must have input at all steps of

production. (design, construction, operation and
maintenance). Must be high enough in the
organization to make this happen!

Organization must operate has a Team

Section B - 60

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END OF SECTION B

Section B - 61

31