International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-4, April- 2016]

Infogain Publication (Infogainpublication.com) ISSN : 2454-1311

Impact of Distributed Generator for Loss

Reduction and Improvement in Reliability of
Distributed System
K Siva Ramudu1, K Mounika2, B Sree Ramulu3

Assistant Professor, Department of EEE, Brindavan Institute of Technology & Science, Kurnool & JNTU Anantapur, AP,
India
UG Student, Department of EEE, Brindavan Institute of Technology & Science, Kurnool & JNTU Anantapur, AP, India
UG Student, Department of EEE, Brindavan Institute of Technology & Science, Kurnool & JNTU Anantapur, AP, India

Abstract Distributed Power generation has gained a lot
of attention in recent times due to constraints associated
with conventional power generation and new
advancements in DG technologies .The need to operate the
power system economically and with optimum levels of
reliability has further led to an increase in interest in
Distributed Generation. By placing distributed generator
on an optimal location lead to improvement in voltages.
This paper investigates the impact of DG unit installation
on electric losses, reliability and voltage profile of
distribution networks. To find optimal distributed
generator allocation for loss reduction subjected to
constraint of voltage regulation in distribution network.
Distributed Generator offers the additional advantage of
increase in reliability levels as suggested by the
improvements in various reliability indices such as SAIFI,
SAIDI, CAIDI, ASAI and ASUI. Comparative studies are
performed and related results are addressed. The
suggested technique is programmed to IEEE-33 bus system
by using MATLAB software. The results clearly indicate
that DG can reduce the electrical line loss while
simultaneously improving the reliability of the system.
Keywords Distributed generation, Distribution load
flows, loss Reduction, DG placement, Reliability.
I. INTRODUCTION
Distribution systems deliver power from bulk power
systems to retail customers. To do this, distribution
substations receive power from sub transmission lines and
step down voltages with power transformers. These
transformers supply primary distribution systems made up
of many distribution feeders. Distribution transformers step
down voltages to utilization levels and supply secondary
mains or service drops [1]. Distribution planning
departments at electric utilities have historically
concentrated on capacity issues, focusing on designs that
supply all customers at peak demand within acceptable
voltage tolerances without violating equipment ratings.
Capacity planning is almost always performed with
rigorous analytical tools such as power flow models.
Reliability, although considered important, has been a
secondary concern usually addressed by adding extra
capacity and feeder ties so that certain loads can be
restored after a fault occurs. Although capacity planning is
important, it is only half of the story. A distribution system
designed purely for capacity (and minimum safety
standards) costs between 40% and 50% of a typical US
overhead design [2]. This minimal system has no
switching, no fuse cutouts, no tie switches, no extra
capacity and no lightning protection. Poles and hardware
are as inexpensive as possible, and feeders protection is
limited to fuses at substations. Any money spent beyond
such a "minimal capacity design" is spent to improve
reliability. Viewed fr m this perspective, about 50% of the
cost of a distribution system is for reliability and 50% for
capacity [3]. To spend distribution reliability dollars as
efficiently as capacity dollars, utilities must transition from
capacity planning to integrated capacity and reliability
planning4. Such a department will keep track of accurate
historical reliability data, utilize predictive reliability
models, engineer systems to specific reliability targets and
optimize spending based on cost per reliability benefit
ratios. The impact of distribution reliability on customers is
even more profound than cost. For a typical residential
customer with 90 minutes of interrupted power per year,
between 70 and 80 minutes will be attributable to problems
occurring on the distribution systems [4]. This is largely
due to the radial nature of most distribution systems, the
large number of components involved, the sparsity of
protection devices and sectionalizing switches and the
proximity of the distribution system to end-use customers.
The main objective is to minimize the total real power
loss of the system. This method is tested for IEEE 33-Bus
standard test system. The tight connection between the
optimal location and size is to be studied by allocating the
optimal size at different buses in the network and by
allocating different DG capacities at the optimal bus
resulted from the proposed method [5].
A basic problem in distribution reliability assessment is
measuring the efficacy of past service. A common solution
consists of condensing the effects of service interruptions
into indices of system performance. Reliability indices are
used by system planners and operators as a tool to improve
the level of service to customers. Planners use them to
determine the requirements for generation, transmission,
and distribution capacity additions. Operators use them to
ensure that the system is robust enough to withstand
possible failures without catastrophic consequences.

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Reliability indices are considered to be reasonable and
logic way to judge the performance of an electrical power
system [6]. Reliability indices used for the purpose of
analysis in power system. The proposed methodology is
tested on a standard IEEE-33 bus radial distribution system
and the scenarios yields efficiency in improvement of
voltage profile and reduction of power loss, it also permits
an increase in reliability of the system.
II. LOADFLOWS
In this paper, a modified load-flow technique is considered
for solving radial distribution networks. The proposed
method involves only the evaluation of a simple algebraic
expression of receiving-end voltages also node and line
identification utilized [7] in load flow has been proposed.
The proposed method is very efficient. It is also observed
that the proposed method has good and fast convergence
characteristics. The proposed method uses the simple
voltage equation. The proposed method takes the zero
initial loss for computation of voltage of each node and
considers flat voltage start to incorporate voltage
convergence.
A. Assumptions
It is assumed that three-phase radial distribution networks
are balanced and represented by their single-line diagrams
and charging capacitances are neglected at the distribution
voltage levels.
B. Solution methodology
The load flow method of radial distribution network can be
[Vol-2, Issue-4, April-
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Fig 4.1: Single line diagram of two buses of a distribution
system.
Where R and X are resistance and reactance of the
branch. PLk and QLk are the active and reactive powers of
node k. ILi is the current flowing in the line. Subscript L
in PLS and QLS refers to the load connected
Initially, a flat voltage (1 p.u) of all the nodes is assumed
and load currents and charging currents of all the loads are
computed using Eqs. (3.1) and (3.2) respectively.
The load current of node k is
PLk ( k ) jQ Lk ( k )
I Lk ( k ) =
V * (k ) (2.1)
for k = 2, 3,. nb
Where PLk(k) and QLk(k) are active and reactive power
of load connected to node k, respectively.
The charging current at node k is
I Ck ( k ) = y 0 ( k ) * V ( k ) (2.2)
for k = 2, 3 nb
Here shunt admittance yo is considered as small.
D. Branch current
Branch Current I(n) is equal to the sum of the load
currents of all the nodes beyond that branch n plus the sum
of the charging currents of all the nodes beyond that branch
n i.e.,
nb nb

solved in three sets of equations. I (n) = I Lk ( k ) + I Ck ( k )

1. Identification of the nodes beyond all the k = n +1 i = n +1
(2.3)
branches. Where branch impedance is Z = R + j X
2. Determination of branch currents. Therefore, if it is possible to identify the nodes beyond
3. Determine the nodal voltages. all the branches, it is possible to compute all the branch
C. Procedure to determine the voltage at each bus currents.
The distribution load flow method is used to calculate the E. Voltage at buses
voltage at each bus and total real and reactive power losses. A generalized equation of receiving-end voltage,
Before proceeding to the fundamentals of power system sending-end voltage, branch current and branch impedance
control and stability limits, some factors influencing active is
and reactive power flows on the power system are needed V (a2) = V (a1) - I (i) * Z (i) (2.4)
to be discussed. The power transfer between two buses is
related to some parameters: Where i is the branch number and a1 and a2 are
Sending and receiving bus voltages a1 = RE (i)
Power angles between two buses a2 = SE (i)
Series impedances of the transmission line connecting Where RE (i) is the receiving end and SE (i) is the
the two buses. sending end of branch i.
Consider a single line diagram of two buses of a radial F. Power losses
distribution system as shown in Fig.4.1, the number of The real and reactive power loss of branch i are
branches nb and the number of buses t are related through given
t = nb+1. at Sth bus. Lreal (i) = |I (i) |2 * R (i) (2.5)
Vk VS Lreactive (i) = |I (i) |2 * X (i) (2.6)
Where Lreal (i) and Lreactive (i) are the active and reactive
power losses at branch i.
Algorithm : Identification of nodes beyond a branch
ILi Step 1. Read the system data.
PLk+jQLk PLS+jQLS Step 2. i =1
Step 3. k = i + 1, set ip = 0
Step 4. nc = 0

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 International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-4, April-
2016]
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1311
if {RE (i) = SE(k)} and {ip = 0} go to n
step 10
Otherwise go to step 12
PLr= I i =1
2
ri Ri (3.3)

Step 5. if {ip = 0} go to step 10 Where Iai and Iri are the active and reactive components of
Otherwise go to step 6 current of branch i.For a given configuration of a single-
Step 6. it = 1 source radial network, the loss associated with the active
Step 7. if {RE(i) = ie(i, ip+1)}then nc = 1 component of branch currents (PL-*a) can be minimized by
Otherwise go to step 8 placing DG units, and the loss associated with the reactive
Step 8. it = it +1 component of branch currents (PLr) can be minimized by
If {it ip} go to step 7 supplying part of the reactive power demand locally [9].
Otherwise go to step 9 For formulating new real power and losses following
Step 9. if {nc = 1} go to step 12 formulae are derived
Otherwise go to step 11 Pnew=Pp.u-DG Where DG is varied upto 5MW
Step 10. ie (i, ip + 1) = RE(i) New Spu is given by
Step 11. ip = ip +1 Spu=Pnew+jQpu (3.4)
IN(ip) =1 Corresponding current values is calculated as
ie(i, ip + 1) = RE(i) Inew=(Spu)*/(V1)*
N(i) = ip + 1, The loss associated with the active and reactive
Step 12. s=s+1 components of branch currents can be written as
If {s nb} go to step 6 n
Otherwise go to step 13 PL a = 2
I newai Ri (3.5)
Step 13. if {iP =0} go to step 14 i =1
Otherwise go to step 15 n
Step 14. ie(i, ip + 1) = RE(i)
N(i) = ip + 1, go to step 15
PLr= I i =1
2
newri Ri (3.6)

Step 15. i=i+1 Where Inewai and Inewri are the active and reactive
If {i nb-1}go to step 3 components of current of branch i.
Otherwise go to step 16 B. Algorithm for DG Placement
Step 16. ie(nb, 1) = RE(nb) Step 1: Read system data and conduct load flow analysis
N(nb) = 1 for the original system.
Step 17. Stop Step 2: Initialize DG=0.25
By using this algorithm we can find the identification of Step 3: Pnew =Ppu
nodes beyond all branches. Step 4: i=1
Step 5: At bus i Pnew (i)=Ppu(i)-DG
Step 6: Conduct load flow, find the losses for new P
III. DG PLACEMENT METHODOLOGY value.
The basic idea behind the method is that when a DG is Step 7: Check i<N if yes go to step 5 with i=i+1 else next
placed at a bus, the real load connected to that bus is step.
compensated and hence the branch currents are reduced. Step 8: After calculating losses for all the buses with new P
This causes reduction in system real power loss [8]. The values, loss with minimum
description of the method is given in the following sections. Value is assigned to N corresponding location to Y.
Step 9: Check DG=<5MW if yes go to step 3 with
A. Background DG=DG+0.25 else stop.
The total I2R loss (PLt) in a distribution system having n
number of branches is given by
n IV. RELIABILITY
Plt =
2

i =1
I ti R i (3.1) To measure system performance, the electric utility
industry has developed several measures of reliability.
Here Ii and Ri are the current magnitude of branch current These reliability include measures of outage duration,
and the resistance of the ith branch. The branch current can frequency outages, system availability, and response time
be obtained from the load flow solution. The branch performance indices, important definitions for reliability
current has two components, active component (Ia) and including what are momentary interruptions, momentary
reactive component (Ir). The loss associated with the active interruption events, and sustained interruptions [10].
and reactive components of branch currents can be written Momentary Interruption -
as A single operation of an interrupting device that results in a
n voltage zero.
PLa =
i =1
I ai2 R i (3.2) Momentary Interruption Event -

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An interruption of duration limited to the period required to
restore service by an interrupting device. This must be
completed within five minutes.
Sustained Interruption
Any interruption not classified as a momentary event.
The most common distribution indices include the System
Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI), Customer
Average Interruption Duration Index (CAIDI), System
Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI), and the
Average Service Availability Index (ASAI).
A System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI)
The most often used performance measurement for a
sustained interruption is the System Average Interruption
Duration Index (SAIDI). This index measures the total
duration of an interruption for the average customer during
a given time period. SAIDI is normally calculated on
either monthly or yearly basis; however, it can also be
calculated daily, or any other time period.
To calculate SAIDI, each interruption during the time
period is multiplied by the duration of the interruption to
find the customer-minutes of interruption. The customer-
minutes of all interruptions are then summed to determine
the total customer-minutes [11]. To find the SAIDI value,
the customer-minutes are divided by the total customers.
The formula is, SAIDI =(ri * Ni ) / NT
Where, SAIDI = System Average Interruption
Duration Index, minutes.
= Summation function.
ri= Restoration time, minutes.
Ni = Total number of customers interrupted.
NT = Total number of customers served.
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Ni= Total number of customers
interrupted.
NT = Total number of customers served.
D Average Service Availability Index (ASAI)
The Average Service Availability Index (ASAI) is the ratio
of the total number of customer hours that service was
available during a given time period to the total customer
hours demanded [12]. This is sometimes called the service
reliability index. The ASAI is usually calculated on either
a monthly basis (730 hours) or a yearly basis (8,760 hours),
but can be calculated for any time period. The ASAI is
found as, ASAI = [1 ( (ri * Ni) / (NT* T))] *
100
Where, ASAI = Average System Availability
Index, percent.
= Summation function.
T = Time period under study, hours.
ri= Restoration time, hours.
Ni = Total number of customers interrupted.
NT = Total number of customers served.
V. RESULT ANALYSIS
The proposed model is tested on IEEE-33 bus system. For
this we require system data. Data for 33-bus system. Figure
1 shows the IEEE standard 33 bus system.
Number of busses=33; Number of branches=32;
Base voltage=12.66 kV;Base MVA=5.246 MVA;

B Customer Average Interruption Duration Index

(CAIDI)
Once an outage occurs the average time to restore
service is found from the Customer Average Interruption
Duration Index (CAIDI). CAIDI is calculated similar to
SAIDI except that the denominator is the number of
customers interrupted versus the total number of utility
customers. CAIDI is, CAIDI =(ri * Ni ) / ( Ni ) Fig.1: Single Line Diagram of the Test Network
Where CAIDI = Customer Average Interruption
Duration Index, minutes. Table 1: The Load Data of IEEE-33Bus System
= Summation function. Sen Rec
B QL
ri= Restoration time, minutes. din ievi Resista Reacta PL
us (K
Ni= Total number of customers interrupted. g ng nce nce(Oh (K
N VA
No No (Ohms) ms) W)
o R)
C System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI) de de
The System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI) 1 1 2 0.0922 0.0470 100 60
is the average number of times that a system customer 2 2 3 0.4930 0.2511 90 40
experiences an outage during the year (or time period 3 3 4 0.3660 0.1864 120 80
under study). The SAIFI is found by divided the total 4 4 5 0.3811 0.1941 60 30
number of customers interrupted by the total number of 5 5 6 0.8190 0.7070 60 20
customers served. SAIFI, which is a dimensionless 6 6 7 0.1872 0.6188 200 100
number, is, SAIFI =(Ni) / NT 7 7 8 0.7114 0.2351 200 100
Where, SAIFI = System Average Interruption 8 8 9 1.0300 0.7400 60 20
Frequency Index. 9 9 10 1.0440 0.7400 60 20
= Summation function. 10 10 11 0.1966 0.0650 45 30
11 11 12 0.3744 0.1238 60 35

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12 12 13 1.4680 1.1550 60 35 Table 3: Optimal Locations and Losses for
13 13 14 0.5416 0.7129 120 80 Corresponding Dg Size
14 14 15 0.5910 0.5260 60 10 DG
0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75
15 15 16 0.7463 0.5450 60 20 size
16 16 17 1.2890 1.7210 60 20 Opt.
Loca 17 15 14 30 30 29 8
17 17 18 0.7320 0.5740 90 40 tion
18 2 19 0.1640 0.1565 90 40 Loss
19 19 20 1.5042 1.3554 90 40 107. 86.89 73.49 64.66 57.8 54.08 50.32
with
2 1 1 4 21 9 9
20 20 21 0.4095 0.4784 90 40 DG
21 21 22 0.7089 0.9373 90 40
22 3 23 0.4512 0.3083 90 50 DG size 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.5
23 23 24 0.8980 0.7091 420 200 Opt.
24 24 25 0.8960 0.7011 420 200 Locatio 7 6 6 6 6 6 6
25 6 26 0.2030 0.1034 60 25 n
Loss
26 26 27 0.2842 0.1447 60 25 46.7 44.3 43.1 43.6 45.8 49.5 54.8
with
27 27 28 1.0590 0.9337 60 20 88 78 86 74 07 53 79
DG
28 28 29 0.8042 0.7006 120 70
29 29 30 0.5075 0.2585 200 600
30 30 31 0.9744 0.9630 150 70 DG size 3.75 4.00 4.25 4.50 4.75 5.00
31 31 32 0.3105 0.3619 210 100 Opt.
6 6 6 5 4 3
32 32 33 0.3410 0.5302 60 40 Location
Loss with 61.7 70.1 80.0 88.6 93.7 97.2
First load flow is conducted for IEEE-33 bus test system. DG 54 48 32 85 88 74
The power loss due to active component of current is
136.9836 kW and power loss due to reactive component of The results of the DG placement method by proposed
the current is 66.9252 kW. A programme is written in method are shown below table.
MATLAB by using load flow algorithm which is discussed
above. By executing that programme total loss in the Table 4: DG Placement Method Results of 33 bus system
power system and p.u nodal voltages are obtained and
DG Location 6
listed in Table 2.
DG Size(MW) 2.5601
PLt PLa PLr
Table 2: Total losses of 33-Bus system from load flows
Loss Before
136.9836 66.9252
Loss due to DG Placement(kW) 203.9088
Total loss in
Loss due to real reactive part Loss After DG
kW 105.0924 43.1513 61.8781
part of I in kW of I in kVAR Placement(kW)
% Reduction
48.46 68.498 7.5336
in Loss
136.9836 66.9252 203.9088
By placing 2.5601 MW DG unit at Bus 6 the total real
power loss is reduced to 105.0924 kW from 203.9088 kW
and the loss associated with active component of the
branch current (PLa) is reduced to 43.1513 kW from
136.9836 kW. The reduction in total power loss is 48.46%
and 68.498% reduction is achieved in the loss associated
with active component of the branch current (PLa) [14, 15].
The reduction in the loss associated with reactive
component of the branch current (PLr) is very small as it is
already mentioned that placement of DG effects only
Fig 2: p.u Nodal Voltages active component of branch current. Though the objective
is to reduce the losses, the voltage profile is also
A program is written in MATLAB to implement single substantially improved as well. The below table shows the
DG placement algorithm [13]. For the first iteration the voltages profile after and before placement of DG.
maximum saving is occurring at bus 6. The candidate
location for DG is bus 6 with a loss saving of 93.8323 kW.

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1
Voltage Profile With & Without DG Unit
0.99
0.98
Voltage Magnitude in p.u
0.97
0.96
0.95
0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91
0 5 10 15
Bus Number
Fig.2: Voltage Profile with and without DG unit
The results of proposed method are shown in the Table 5
and can be compared with the results associated without
DG. It can be seen from the results that the reliability
indices will experience considerable changes when DG
modelling is changed. Comparing the failure rates and
unavailability associated with two cases of with and
without DG installation, it can be seen that DG installation
can improve reliability indices considerably especially
SAIFI, SAIDI & ASUI and the effects are more obvious
for ending sections of the feeder [16].
VI. CONCLUSION
Use of distributed generation is one of the many strategies
electric utilities are considering to operate their systems in
the deregulated environment. Inclusion of DG at the
distribution level results in several benefits, among which
are congestion relief, loss reduction; voltages profile
improvement and improvement in reliability. This project
has considered the benefit of DG on loss reduction, voltage
improvement and Reliability for a simple case of a radial
distribution line. The results clearly indicate that DG can
reduce the electrical line loss while simultaneously
improving the reliability of the system. However, the
inclusion of DG does not always guarantee the reduced line
loss. The DG rating and location are important factors for
line loss reduction. Therefore, these factors have to be
considered very carefully in order to determine the best
location of DG. The improvement in reliability indices is
maximum with DG at feeder end. Power losses decrease as
location of DG from feeder end increases. We arrived at an
optimal location by keeping into account these two
mutually opposing factors.
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