Guidelines for State Science Exhibitions

1 GUIDELINES FOR THE PREPARATION OF EXHIBITS AND MODELS
INTRODUCTION
All children are naturally motivated to to every corner of India and even across
learn and are capable of learning. They South Asia, unleashing a wave of
are natural learners and knowledge is creativity and scientific temper among
the outcome of their own activity. young students and their teachers.
Children learn through interactions Science is a powerful way of
with the environment around, nature, investigating and understanding the
things and people – both through actions world. Therefore, the teaching of science
and through languages. They construct must enable children to examine and
knowledge by connecting new ideas to analyse their everyday experiences. Every
their existing ideas based on materials/ resource must be explored to enable
activities presented to them. The children to express themselves and to
structuring and restructuring of ideas handle objects. Concerns and issues
are essential features as children pertaining to the environment should be
progress in learning. They actively given importance on all possible
engage with the world around them, occasions through a wide range of
exploring, responding, inventing, activities involving outdoor project
working things out, and interpreting. works. Some of the information and
In order to stimulate creativity and understanding, flowing from such
inventiveness in science, National activities and projects could contribute
Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005 to the elaboration of a publicly
emphasises on activities, experiments, accessible database, which would in turn
technological modules etc. NCF –2005 also become a valuable educational resource.
encourages implementation of various Well-planned student projects may lead
curricular activities (even if these to knowledge generation. Such projects
are not part of the examination) through may then get a place for display in
a massive expansion of non-formal various science exhibitions.
channels such as organisation of science The National Council of Educational
exhibition at the national level for Research and Training (NCERT), New Delhi
school students, with feeder events at organises Jawaharlal Nehru National Science
school/block/tehsil/district/region/ Exhibition for Children (JNNSEC) every year
state levels. The objective must be to for popularising science amongst children,
search and nurture inventive/creative teachers and public in general. This
talent among students. NCF – 2005 further exhibition is a culmination of various
exhibitions organised in the previous
envisages the upgradation of current
year by the States, UTs and other
activity in this regard by many orders
organisations at district, zonal,
of magnitude, through co-ordination of
regional and finally at the state level.
state and central agencies, NGOs, teacher
Selected schools from all States and
associations etc., financial support and
Union Territories, the Kendriya
mobilisation of experts in the country.
Vidyalaya Sangathan, the Navodaya
Such a movement should gradually spread
Vidyalaya Samiti, Department of Atomic
Gui deline s for State Leve l Scie nce 1

Exhi bitions - 201 0-11
Energy Central Schools, CBSE affiliated The main objectives of the exhibitions
public (independent) Schools and are:
Demonstration Multipurpose Schools of  to provide a forum for children
Regional Institutes of Education to pursue their natural curiosity
participate in this national level and inventiveness to quench their
exhibition. Like in the past several thirst for creativity;
years such exhibitions are to be organised  to make children feel that science
from district to state level during the is all around us and we can gain
year – 2010-11 too. These would form knowledge as well as solve many
the first phase of preparation for the problems also by relating the
38 th Jawaharlal Nehru National Science learning process to the physical
Exhibition for Children to be organised and social environment;
in November 2010. To create a caring  to lay emphasis on the development
community in a well developed society, of science and technology as a
the main theme for the State Level Science major instrument for achieving
Exhibitions for Children (SLSEC) – 2010 goals of self-reliance and socio-
- 11 would be ‘Science and Technology economic and socio-ecological
for Challenges in Life'. development;
We confront many crucial issues as  to highlight the role of science
a rapidly progressing society, which and technology for producing good
are directly or indirectly related to quality and environmental friendly
science and technology. Among these materials for the use of society;
issues, there are a number of daily and  to encourage children to visualise
real life situations. There are various future of the nation and help them
problems related to climate change, become sensitive and responsible
global warming, resource depletion, citizens;
pollution, health, nutrition and  to analyse how science and
environment. Children need to be aware technology have developed and is
of such situations, issues and problems affected by many diverse
that the society is facing. It is aimed individuals, cultures and
to empower them to apply their societies;
scientific and technological knowledge  to develop critical thinking about
and their mathematical understanding global issues to maintain healthy
to solve them in order to sustain well and sustainable societies in
being of people of modern society. They today's environment;
should understand how human societies  to apply mathematics to visualise
unlimited use of natural resources and solve problems pertaining to
affects the quality of life and everyday life etc.
ecosystem. Children need to be  to appreciate the role of science
encouraged to appreciate and participate and technology in meeting the
in the responsible use of science and challenges of life such as climate
technology for the benefit of the change, opening new avenues in
society. They should also have a the area of agriculture,
scientific vision about different issues fertiliser, food processing,
and the ability to acquire and process biotechnology, green energy,
information about scientific and information and communication
technological developments and their technology, astronomy, transport,
long term implications on society. games and sports etc.;
2 Guidelines for State Level Science

Exhibitions - 2010-11
I t i s e nv is ag ed t hat st u d ent s and biodiversity can be grouped in three
t eac hers wo u l d t ry t o analy s e al l categories i.e., Genetic Diversity
aspects of human endeavor with a view (variations of genes within the organ-
t o i d ent i fy w he re and ho w t he ne w isms of a species), Species Diversity
researches and developments in science (variation of species within a region)
and technology can bring and sustain and Ecosystem Diversity (variation in
p ro g res s of so c i et y l e adi ng to the form of vegetation and other wild
improvement for the challenges of life. life in a broad ecosystem). Human has
The organisation of science exhibitions always been the greatest beneficiary of
w ou l d al s o p r ov i de o pp o r tu ni ti e s t o the biodiversity as it provides food,
all p art i ci p ati ng s t u de nt s, t eac her s medicines and industrial products. It
and v is i t ors to ge t ac qu ai nt ed w it h is estimated that the total number of
different kind of equipments, devices species variety of different living forms
and t ec hniqu e s. Thi s e x e rc i s e w o ul d are around 10 millions. Out of such an
e nab l e t he s t ud e nt s and te ac he r s t o enormous number, only 1.5 millions have
g ene r at e sc i e nt i f ic i de as for been identified so far. Such a variety
add re ss i ng v ari o us p ro b le m s o f the of living organisms is important from
society. the point of view of sustenance of life
In order to facilitate the on the earth. All these varieties of
preparation of exhibits and models for various life forms have coevolved over
display and the organisation of State the period of time since the origin of
Level Science Exhibitions during 2010 - life on earth. The variety of different
11, six sub-themes have been identified. species, their habitats and ecosystem
These are: help maintaining a balance of life forms
1 . Biodiversity: Conservation and as well as resources on earth. A dras-
Sustenance; tic change in the habitat or ecosystem
2 . Agriculture and Technology; leads to depletion in the variety of
3 . Green Energy; species and also extinction.
4 . Transport and Communication; We can understand the importance of
5 . Community Health and Environment; and large number of varieties from the ex-
6 . Mathematical Modelling. ample of agriculture and livestock pro-
The importance of each sub-theme in duction. People have raised a wide va-
the context of the main theme and a riety of crops and different types of
number of ideas for development of livestock over a long period of time
exhibits are given below. However, these for increasing productivity. This expe-
ideas are only suggestive. Participants rience enabled us in becoming wiser and
are free to develop exhibits based on wiser about the nature and properties
other related ideas of their choice. of different varieties. This wisdom has
not only helped us in growing crops and
THEME : SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY livestock in different climatic condi-
tions, soil types, resistance to vari-
FOR CHALLENGES IN LIFE ous diseases etc., but also provide a
foundation for the successful crop as
1 . Biodiversity: Conservation and
well as livestock improvement programmes.
Sustenance
The modern day’s technologies, which
Biodiversity (or biological diversity) have resulted in to the production of
refers to variability of living organ- Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) for
isms of terrestrial, marine and other the purpose of either increasing pro-
aquatic ecosystems. Entire aspect of ductivity or treatment of diseases, are

also possible only because of the di- Habitat destruction: When any naturally
versities found in various life forms evolved vegetation (mainly forests) is
and their understanding. cleaned for any human need, it leads to the
Thus protection and conservation of destruction of living conditions for wide
biodiversity is not only important from varieties of macro and micro flora as well
the point of view of fulfillment of our as fauna (known or unknown). Continued
need, rather it is equally or even more habitat destruction may eventually lead to
important for the very survival of hu- permanent loss of many of the life variet-
man and other living organisms on the ies in the region.
earth. Also, we need to understand the Over exploitation of plant and animal
concept of a strong, safe and secure species: Either for fulfilling the human
nation. For this, we must not forget need or in the name of development we
the aspects of a healthy, productive have over utilized the living resources
and safe environment besides food, edu- to the extent that many of them have
cation, economy and national security. already become extinct and many are fac-
As far as the richness of biodiversity ing the danger of extinction.
is concerned, the tropical forests are Pollution: Air, water and soil pollu-
on the top as it is the house for more tion coupled with deforestation has also
than 50% varieties of species of living put enormous stress on the diversity of
organisms found on earth. It may be noted living organisms on the earth.
that the tropical forests constitutes Climate change: Human activities have
only 7% of the total land area of earth. also led to the change in climatic con-
Such a vast richness of the biodiversity ditions like rise in global temperature
in tropics can be attributed to the op- (mainly due to green house gases) and
timum conditions of evolution over the altered rainfall pattern (cause of de-
period of time coupled with compara- forestation) have also adversely affected
tively less extinction in the region the biodiversity.
besides interaction of organisms’ ge- Indiscriminate Industrial growth: A rapid
netic as well as species diversity among industrial growth has of course ful-
themselves and also with climate, to- filled many of our needs and it has made
pography, nutrient rich soil and many our life comfortable. But at the same
more. But the present day’s scenario time, Industrial growth is responsible
provides us a gloomy picture, as the for loss of biodiversity as it has led
tropical forests which was once a cru- to habitat destruction by deforestation,
cible of evolution have now turned in over exploitation of living resources
to the crucible of mass extinction of on one hand and caused pollution and
biodiversity for the cause of so called climate change on the other.
development and human prosperity. Ac- Introduction of Exotic species: Some-
cording to an estimate, about 17 mil- times, a few foreign species are intro-
lion hectares of tropical forests are duced in an area for increasing produc-
cleaned annually, which constitutes an tivity. But, there are instances when
area four times of the area of Switzer- these exotic species become a dominant
land. With this rate of deforestation species over a period of time due to
in the tropics nearly 5-10% of the tropi- their better adaptability and eventu-
cal forest species will become extinct ally the population of local species
in next three decades. starts dwindling and may even become
Main reasons of the loss of biodiversity extinct.
on the earth can be categorized into: The exhibits/models on this sub-theme
may pertain to:

 Exhibits showing the methods of mea-  Reclamation of wasteland and revival
surement of biodiversity; of their biological potential through
 Models showing the significance and microorganism conservation;
importance of the biodiversity;  Understanding of the intricate re-
 Strategy for ecological restoration lationships and linkages between
of the micro and macro habitat; plants and animal species in an eco-
 Impact of climate change on system;
biodiversity and their remedial mea-  Role of biological sciences includ-
sures; ing biotechnology in multiplication
 Impact Assessment study of various of the rare, endangered and endemic
developmental activities on species;
biodiversity;  Strategies for in situ or ex situ con-
 Strategy/methods for the prevention servation of wild life by multiplica-
and protection of threatened/rare/ tion and restoration of threatened,
endangered plants and/or animals; rare and endangered species; etc.
 Assessment of the impact of various
human activities on the biodiversity 2 . Agriculture and Technology
of a region;
Agriculture, directly or indirectly has
 Identification of plants of medici-
been the main source of livelihood for
nal value in the biodiversity rich
the majority of Indian population. Ini-
area; tiatives started for an overall agri-
 Report of already known medicinal cultural development in the country in-
plants from a new area; clude the improvement in science and
 Impact of overexploitation of for- technology capabilities, production and
est and forest products; supply of agricultural inputs like seeds
 Impact of monoculture in forest dur- and fertilizers, public policy measures
ing afforestation and reforestation; like land reforms etc. One of the great-
est assets in rural areas could be an
 Studies on the impact of introduc-
intelligent and effective use of emerg-
tion of exotic species in a natural
ing technologies such as biotechnology,
ecosystem; microbiology, genetic engineering, etc.
 Causes and impact of deforestation It is important to emphasize on all
due to various river valley projects; fronts like research, education, train-
 Causes and impact on biodiversity ing and extension to fully realize the
rich hilly region due to construc- agricultural potential of the country
tion of large dams; be integrating agriculture with other
 Causes and impact of deforestation allied areas like horticulture, cash
crops and energy crops production, fish-
due to various industrial activi-
eries, agro-forestry etc.
ties;
Despite technological developments and
 Inventorization of biological re- industrialization, Indian economy is
sources in different regions/parts heavily dependent on agricultural
of the country; progress. Agriculture contributes nearly
 Strategy for sustainable use of ge- 30% to the national income and accounts
netic resources/germ plasm; for nearly 20% of the total value of

India’s export. It is the main source The main aim of this sub-theme is to
of food grains and it provides raw ma- make our school children and teachers
terials to many industries. The indus- realize the need of studying and remov-
trial development of India over the past ing the constraints responsible for
six decades of planned progress is in- knowledge gap on rural professions. Just
deed spectacular. India has abundant as the green revolution of the nineteen
natural resources and its economy de- sixties enhanced our self-confidence
pends largely on the proper utilization about our agriculture and industrial ca-
of the resources. The country is now, pabilities, a knowledge revolution is
more or less, self-sufficient in the now necessary to enhance on agricul-
production of consumer goods and some tural and industrial competitiveness.
basic items like iron, steel, and alu- Technology, training, techno-infrastruc-
minium. Service industries like tour- ture and trade are the four pillars of
ism and banking are also growing. Power sustained agricultural and industrial
generation has been substantially progress and agrarian prosperity.
stepped-up to fuel a variety of indus- The exhibits/models in this sub-theme
tries and infrastructure adequately may pertain to:
built-up for the future progress. The  Studies of climatic change on the
potential for generating hydroelectric agriculture;
power in north-eastern part of the coun-  Managing crop yield due to climatic
try has not developed because the re- change arising from global warm-
gion falls within a major earthquake ing;
zone. Among India’s major large scale  Eco-forestry to protect and restore
industries are: cotton and silk textile ecosystem for sustainable forest
industry with over a twelve hundred tex- practices/preserving and enhancing
tile mills; iron and steel industry with forest biodiversity;
six integrated steel plants and over  Preservation and conservation of
220 mini-steel plants; jute; sugar; ce- soil and judicious use of water;
ment; aluminium; electronics; jewellery;  Growing fodders in hydro-ponic en-
heavy machines and electrical equipment; vironment;
light engineering; glass; leather goods;  Indigenous designs of farm machin-
paper; chemicals and fertilizers; phar- ery, agriculture implements and
maceuticals; petroleum; shipbuilding; practices;
sports; dairy; fisheries and other ag-  Application of biotechnology and
ricultural products; handicrafts etc. genetic engineering to agriculture
The knowledge-based information tech- for improved and high yielding va-
nology industry is one of the most prom- rieties;
ising sectors in India. The IT sector  Application of biotechnology and
alone accounts for over Rupees Eighty genetic engineering in improving
Billion in revenue. Tourism has also breeds and production of animal
emerged as an instrument for employment products that are used as food;
generation, poverty alleviation and sus-  Improved/improvised method of pro-
tainable human development. Presently cessing, preservation, storage and
the direct employment in tourism indus- transport of animal products;
try in estimated to be about 1.5 mil-  Application of biotechnology, mi-
lion. The emphasis is not only to ac- crobiology, genetic engineering and
celerate industrial development but also genomics to agriculture for improved
make the Indian industries internation- and high yielding varieties;
ally competitive.

 Use of biotechnology for economi-  Devices to control and measurement
cally and ecologically sustainable of the noise, air, soil, water pol-
biofuels; lution;
 Ecologically sustainable farming  Study of chemical spills in indus-
methods; try;
 Organic fertilizers versus chemi-  Awareness about various aspects of
cal fertilizers; environment and disposal of harm-
 Environment friendly measures of ful effluents;
pest control;  Preservation, conservation and man-
 Harnessing of animal products keep- agement of soil;
ing environmental concerns;  Analysis of soil samples for their
 Innovative/inexpensive/improved/in- components;
digenous technologies/ methods of  Ecological studies of plants and
storage / preservation/conservation/ animals;
transport of agricultural products  Experiments with biodegradability;
and food materials;  Efficient methods of harvesting and
 Growing plants without seeds; using plankton;
 Identification of medicinal plants  Effect of lubricants on gears;
and their applications;  Study and record varying water lev-
 Effect of radiation, electric and els, over the year, in the water
magnetic fields on the growth of body, surrounding environment;
plants and protective measures;  Design and development of an auto-
 Sugar levels in plant sap at dif- matic weather recording device;
ferent times and dates;  Ozone destruction experiments; etc.
 Genetic variations among plants;
 Models of improved versions of vari- 3. Green Energy
ous types of machines and manufac-
turing plants; The term ‘green energy’ is used for those
 Schemes/designs to help reduce pro- energy sources which are considered to
duction cost and conservation of be environment friendly. This term is
raw materials; synonymous with the widely accepted term
 Use of eco-friendly innovations that ‘renewable energy’. Renewable energy
may help in increasing the indus- sources can be renewed, regenerated or
trial production; replenished over a short period of time
 Innovative methods of exploration through natural processes. These energy
and processing of minerals, crude sources, therefore, are perennial. These
oil. Etc.; are perceived to produce less pollutents
 Issues related with the service in- and result in lower environmental
dustries like tourism, banking, IT pollution and carbon emission. It has
etc.; already been shown in India and in many
 Plans for proper management of natu- other countries that it is possible to
ral resources and environment; reduce the energy consumption without
 Monitoring the changes in wildlife compromising with the quality of required
caused by the human encroachment; energy services. The most logical way to
 Devices or methods that control reduce energy consumption is to use
pollution; available energy in the most efficient
 Impact of pollution on living and manner and to minimise energy wastage.
n o n - l i v i ng ; It is a well documented fact that the

carbon emission per unit of electricity developments, solar energy systems are
produced from renewable energy easily available for industrial and
technologies and energy efficient domestic use (heating) with the added
cogeneration based power plants are advantage of minimum maintenance. Most
significantly lower than the fossil fuel of the developed countries are switching
power plants. over to solar energy as one of the prime
Ever increasing greenhouse gas renewable energy sources. The current
emission into the atmosphere and related architectural designs make provision for
climate change is now recognised to be photovoltaic cells and necessary flow
one of the major challenges for mankind. of heat while making building plans.
In order to minimise the perils of Wind Energy: It is one of the most
climate change, it is therefore efficient alternative energy sources.
necessary to urgently take up measures Globally, use of wind energy is growing
to reduce carbon footprint. Energy at the rate of 30 per cent annually.
production and its uses contribute much There has been a good deal of development
towards carbon emission. Therefore, in wind turbine technology over the last
increasing the use of green energy and decade with many new companies joining
enhancing energy efficiency of existing the concern. Wind turbines have become
technologies, carbon emission can be larger. Their efficiencies and
m i t i g at e d . availabilities have improved. The concept
Though India has a large reserve of of wind farm has become very popular.
fossil fuels but because of its growing Efforts are being made to combine it
demand of energy, the country is now a with solar energy to provide a total
net importer of energy. Currently the self sustainability to the project. The
installed power generating capacity in cost of production of wind energy will
the country is over 1,57,000 MW; the reduce with increase in its usage. This
majority of which (around 64.6 percent) is indicated by a boom in wind turbine
comes from burning of coal, gas and market. India now ranks as a "wind
oil. Large hydroplants contribute 24.7 superpower" having a net potential of
per cent and nuclear energy around 2.9 about 45,000 MW only from 13 identified
per cent. The contribution of renewable states.
energy technologies in installed power Hydroelectric Power: India has a huge
generating capacity in the country is hydropower potential, out of which around
around 7.7 per cent with contributions 20 per cent has been realised so far.
from wind, small hydroplants and biomass. The new hydro projects are facing serious
Prima-facie, use of renewable energy resistance from environmentalists.
may appear costlier than the conventional Resettlement of the displaced people
energy, but keeping in mind its benefits, with their lands is one of the major
which include assured availability of issues. The dislocation of human
power and a much lower contribution settlements causes physical and
towards global warming, it is worthwhile psychological stress.
that India has evolved an action plan Biomass Energy: It can pl ay an
to make judicious use of renewable energy imp ortant ro le in redu cing Indi a’s
resources. Some of the renewable sources dependence on fossil fuels ( primarily
of energy in India are described below. coal) by making use of thermo-chemical
Solar Energy: This tremendous convers ion t echnologi es. In ad diti on,
potential of energy can be harnessed the inc rease d ut ilisation of b iomass-
using a variety of devices. With recent bas ed fu els w ill b e instrum ental in

saf eguarding the environme nt,
and industrial power generation are
sus tainable deve lopm ent, health
result of technological advances.
improvement in rural areas and creating
The main purpose of this sub-theme
new job opportunities. Biomass energy
is to make children feel the need to
cou ld also aid in mod ernis ing the study and analyse various aspects of
agricultural economy. A large amount green energy. These include its
of energy is expended in the cultivation generation, transmission, distribution
and processing of crops like sugarcane, and management besides realising its
food grains, vegetables and fruits which cost effectiveness and positive impact
can b e recovered by uti lising energy- on the environment and society.
ric h re sidu es fo r energy prod ucti on. The exhibits/models in this sub-theme
The inte grat ion o f bio mass -fuel led may pertain to:
gas ifie rs and co al-f ired ene rgy  Gr e e n r o o f t e c h n o l o g i e s / r o o f
generati on w ould lower inv estme nt. mounted solar technologies such
Electrification of villages using biogas as solar water heater, solar
is one of the most prestigious programme lighting sy stem/heating sy stem
of the Government of India. of a building by solar heater;
Waste-to-energy: These are the  Devices to make breeze funneling
efforts of entrepreneurs to provide towards your home/natural cooling
environment friendly management and of the house;
disposal of wastes, as well as the  Designs of insulated bricks for
generation of clean electric power from very cold/hot places/methods of
a variety of wastes. Waste-to-energy heat retention in materials/heat
facilities produce clean, renewable control in the design of house;
energy through thermo-chemical,  Green bricks using waste
biochemical and physicochemical methods. materials/different innovative
Micro-generation: The traditional materials for furniture/
"mega-power" production of electricity construction/road laying;
is insufficient today because of  Innovative designs of solar cooker/
exponential industrial growth and high solar distiller/solar dryer for
living standards. Micro-generation is food processing/solar heated
also called "micro-power". It is the houses;
generation of zero or low-carbon  Solar thermal electricity/
electrical power by individuals, small community solar project;
businesses and communities to meet their  Innovative designs for
own needs and can act as a catalyst for installation of solar tower/
cultural changes in consumer attitude. mounting solar panels for
It is both a serious form of clean energy electrification in buildings;
production and also a cultural movement  Hybrid solar lighting (solar
that is gaining momentum worldwide. illumination by routing daylight
Micro-generation technologies include into the interior part of the
small wind turbines, biomass gasifiers, building by reflecting a focused
solar power, micro-hydro, or a beam of sunlight through optical
combination of these technologies. Hand fiber cables);
held solar and wind-power recharging  Studies of variation in sunshine
devices for personal electronics, as well intensity at a given place for
as advanced photovoltaic cells, biomass developing indigenous method of
and wind-turbine systems for domestic its usage;
 Projects for measuring

availability of solar/ wind energy  Low cost liquid fuel (bio-ethanol,
in a given area; bio-methanol from cellulose
 Wind turbines for domestic use biomass by improving conversion
with vertical/horizontal axis; tec hnique s);
 Designs of low noise wind farm;  Impact of bio-energy on food
 Innovative/indigenous designs of security;
domestic hydroelectric generator/  Role of nanotechnology and
wind/water mill for grinding superconductivity in harnessing
grains/ drawing water from the well energy;
and to generate electricity;  Innovations in batteries/
 Use of tidal waves/ocean currents/ inverters/photovoltaic cells to
salinity gradient for generating reduce cost;
electricity;  Usage of technology for
 Wave energy from oscillating water production, storage, transport for
column/ocean thermal energy; using hydrogen/methane/CNG as
 Tidal barrage generator/ fuel;
conversion/production of energy  Designs/models of fuel-efficient
from tornadoes/floods/cyclones; automobiles/machines;
 Innovative designs of geothermal  Innovative designs of internal
house/green building/environment combustion engine which can
building which harvest energy, function on various biofuels;
water and various materials/self  Innovations in mechanism of
sufficient, sustainable village/ extraction, storage and processing
office/home designs; of fossil fuels; etc.
 Various ways of harnessing
geothermal energy such as energy 4. Transport and Communication
from hot springs/electricity
generated from naturally occurring The Scientific and technological infor-
geological heat sources; mation available today has revolution-
 Geothermal desalinisation/ ized worldwide means of communication,
geothermal power/geothermal which plays a key-role in the growth
heating-controlling heating and and development in all walks of life.
cooling of a building using Increased production in agriculture and
underground heat by vertical/ industry also require an efficient trans-
horizontal loops; port system for transporting raw mate-
 Production of electrical energy rials and finished products from one
from mechanical energy/nuclear part of the country of other. Tremen-
resources; dous developments in the field of trans-
 Energy from biomass such as seaweeds, port and communication have been made
human/animal wastes, keeping in view to meet the growing demands due to in-
environmental concerns; creasing number of users. The communi-
 Improvised designs of biogas/ cation network in the world has under-
biomass plant/improvised gone a sea change with the use of satel-
technologies for effective usage lite and other communication systems.
of biofuels; These global changes have influenced the
 Fuel farming/bio diesel from plant quality of life in our country.
oils (obtained from canola, palm There has been a global expansion of
oil, micro algae oil, waste electronic information in recent times.
vegetable oil etc); This has greatly helped in improving

upon the quality of life. Millions of  Innovative ideas for efficient
computers in this world are connected management of road, rail, water
through the Internet, facilitating the and air transport systems, e.g.
accessibility to information within a better safely measure, especially
ultra short time. Use of fax, mobile unmanned railway crossings check-
phone, e-mail, have become a common day ing/control of pollution, provid-
affair in all walks of life. The ing immediate relief to accident
convergence of multiple communication victims, etc;
systems have revolutionised learning and  Models showing preparedness for
knowledge sharing. The ability to access disaster-both natural and man-made
and manage these information and management;
knowledge repositories is important in  Working models of devices for re-
the development of both the individual cording and reproduction of au-
as well as the society. dio-visual material for entertain-
Children should be exposed to ment and recreation, use of com-
communication technology and to puters in motion pictures includ-
appreciate its role in human affairs. ing cartoons, animation, graph-
They need to adapt/adopt new technologies ics and television;
to collect, process, analyse, synthesise,  Working models of printing tech-
evaluate and share knowledge with nology - communication with graph-
o t he rs . ics and multi-media and low-cost
The objective of this sub-theme is methods.
promoting innovations in knowledge  Working model of efficient trans-
networks involving transport and port system in metropolitan/ ur-
communication technology in all segments ban and rural areas;
of the society. Children need to reason  Working model/charts of GPRS en-
and communicate to solve problems and abled vehicular movement;
to understand effective use of  Demonstrating the principle and
information and communication technology functioning of modern devices of
for a variety of purposes. communication;
The exhibits/models in this sub-theme  Designs for making existing
may pertain to: operation of communication more
 Indigenous/improvised/Improved de- efficient;
vices for world-wide communica-
 Showing the use of information
tion of verbal/printed/pictorial
technology for preservation and
information;
conservation of soil/water
 Improvised/Indigenous models for
management and maping of water
efficient transport and fast com-
resources;
munication especially Internet for
 Showing the use of information
communication in rural areas;
technology for developing improved
 Working models of fuel efficient/
designs of machineries for
pollution-free designs of auto-
textiles, engineering goods,
mobiles/other vehicles;
machines, tools, chemicals, drugs
 Models showing use of innovative/
and pharmaceuticals, plastics and
inexpensive/locally available ma-
ecofriendly materials;
terials/designs for construction/
maintenance of roads/railway  Demonstrating the use of
tracks of vehicles; information technology in
developing improved designs/

indigenous designs/devices, which  Emergency mechanisms and mobili-
may be used on a small scale for zation centers/improvement in com-
production/manufacturing of munication and transportation sys-
utility items of daily use; tems; etc.
 Showing applications of
communication technology in making 5. Community Health and Environment
innovative designs of weaving,
pottery, metal and leather wares, Health is an overall state of body, mind
dyeing, printing and other crafts and social well being that implies to
practiced in cottage industry; an individual and people. Our health is
 Developing innovative designs/ continuously under the influence of both
models of multimedia equipments/ endogenous (within) and exogenous
materials and packages for the (around) environment and therefore a
children with special needs, matter of great concern especially in
especially with visual and audio the rapidly growing society to cope up
impairment; with newer scientific and technological
 Exploring uses/applications of inventions. When people are healthy,
transport and communication they are more efficient at work. This
technology in generating increases productivity and bring eco-
employment/eradicating illiteracy; nomic prosperity. Health also increases
longevity of the people and reduces in-
 Technologies of emerging web
fant and maternal mortality. When the
designs/effective use of bookmark
functioning of one or more organs or
sharing;
systems of the body is adversely af-
 Projects against attack aimed on fected, characterized by various sign
information services/cyber and symptoms, a state of disease is re-
security. flected.
 Technologies in forecasting and The health is broadly affected by ge-
warning of cyclones, floods and netic disorders, infections and
storms; lifestyle but multi-factorial causes are
 Improvised/improved devices for more prevalent in case of many diseases.
effective transport and In case of genetic disorders, deficien-
communication between various cies/defects are inherited from parents
emergency services, namely and the best examples are hemophilia
medical, police, military and and colour blindness, however, diseases
other administrative bodies/ like cancer and diabetes mellitus are
committees; also known to have genetic basis, these
 Information management from ships are non-infectious.
and oceans buoys - use of radars Further, many diseases last for short
in cyclone detection/information period of time called acute diseases
management and early warning like common cold but many other ail-
system for flash floods; ments last for longer duration and even
as much as life time like tuberculosis,
 Use of geo-stationary satellites
they are chronic diseases. The cancer
in providing information
is one of the most dreaded chronic dis-
pertaining to meteorological
eases of human beings and is a major
processes; etc.

cause of death all over the globe. Trans- dency for junk/fast food, rest and ex-
formation of normal cells into cancer- ercise, habits and drugs and alcohol
ous neo-plastic cells may be induced by abuse is another challenge to our health.
physical, chemical or biological agents. Increasing level of obesity, early de-
Ionizing radiations like X-rays, gamma tection of hyperglycemia and hyperten-
rays and non ionizing radiations UV sion is a great cause of worry from the
causes DNA damage leading to neo-plas- health point of view. Continuous ef-
tic transformation. Chemical carcino- forts of scientists, technologists, doc-
gens present in tobacco smoke have been tors and naturalist have brought many
identified as a major cause of lung can- new ways of safety and security to our
cer. Cancer causing viruses are also life. Major inventions in bio-medical
known, they possess genes called viral diagnostics, new vaccines and antibiot-
oncogenes. ics, surgical methods and genetic engi-
Infectious agents comprises of a wide neering have given relief to the man-
group of organisms called pathogens, kind. Mortality age has gone up, infant
they are viruses, bacteria, fungi, pro- and maternal mortality gone down and
tozoan and multi-cellular worms, insects epidemics are much under control. Aware-
etc. The diseases caused by these or- ness towards meditation and traditional
ganisms include influenza, dengue fe- knowledge of herbal medicines has in-
ver, AIDS, typhoid, cholera, malaria, fluenced community helath.
ringworms, filariasis etc. The patho- The present sub-theme is proposed with
gens live under different environmental the objectives; to bring awareness among
conditions and have great potential to the youth about health and factors af-
adapt to the environment within the host. fecting our health, to explore new sci-
For example, the pathogens that enter entific, technological and bio-medical
the gut know the way of surviving in the interventions in prevention and cure,
stomach at low pH and resistance to vari- to analyze the role of self and society
ous digestive enzymes. Pathogenic at- in keeping our environment healthy in
tack to an individual and spread to some- order to maintain good health and pro-
one else takes place through air, wa- mote innovative ideas for better man-
ter, soil, physical contact and also agement.
through other animals. Such animals are The exhibits and models in this sub-
thus the intermediaries and are called theme may pertain to:
vectors. In many instances the body is  Demonstration of health and differ-
able to defend itself from most of these entiation from the state of ill
infectious agents through the immune health. Health and disease;
system. Acquired immunity is pathogen  Demonstration of factors affecting
specific; however, we also possess in- the health, different ailments in
nate immunity from birth. the body;
Our health is adversely affected due  Showing and designing activities on
to many environmental hazards that lead infectious and non-infectious dis-
to several kinds of infection in the eases, relationship with causative
body. With increasing population, de- factors and their sources;
mand for food, water, home, transport,  Innovation to develop control mea-
energy etc are increasing causing tre- sures at different levels, role
mendous pressure on our natural resources various agencies;
and thereby contributing to pollution  Presenting medical assistance and
of air, water and soil. The lifestyle facilities, rural/urban and gender
including food and water we take, ten- aspects;

 Sensitising people to be careful in various mathematical tools like percent-
health maters, explore the possi- age, area, surface area, volume, time
bilities and make use of the fa- and work, profit and loss, differential
cilities available; equations, probability, statistics, lin-
 Development of knowledge-base and ear, nonlinear programming, etc. It is
understand new scientific, techno- a multi-step process involving identi-
logical aids in bio-medical area; fying the problem, constructing or se-
 Demonstration of means and ways to lecting appropriate models, fighting out
adopt methods for self concentra- what data need to be collected, decid-
tion and meditation and their uses; ing number of variables and predictors
 Demonstration of known facts and re- to be chosen for greater accuracy, testing
search findings in different medi- validity of models, calculating solu-
cal systems like Indian, Modern, Ho- tion and implementing the models. It
meopath etc.; may be an iterative process where we
 Demonstration of lifestyle and re- start from a crude model and gradually
lationship with good and bad health refine it until it is suitable for solv-
based on known facts and researches; ing the problem and enables us to gain
 Demonstration of the role of tradi- insight and understanding of the origi-
tional knowledge of herbal products nal situation. It is an art, as there
for community health; etc. can be a variety of distinct approaches
to the modeling, as well as science,
6. Mathematical Modelling for being tentative in nature.
In mathematical modelling, we nei-
Mathematical modelling is the process ther perform any practical activity nor
of transformation of a physical situa- interact with the situation directly,
tion into mathematical analogies with e.g. we do not take any sample of blood
appropriate conditions. Physical situ- from the body to know the physiology,
ations need some physical insight into and still our mathematical tools reveal
the problem. Then it is solved by using the actual situations. The rapid de-
Fig. 1: A Mathematical Model

velopment of high speed computers with P = I - C = sx - (a + bx)
the increasing desire for the answers = (s - b)x - a (3)
of everyday life problems have led to Now, we have a mathematical model of
enhanced demands of modelling almost ev- the relationship (1) - (3) between the
ery area. The objective of this sub- variables x, C, I, P, a, b and s. These
theme is to help children to analyse variables may be classified as: (i) De-
how mathematical modelling can be used pendent C, I and P; and (ii) P a r a m -
to investigate objects, events, systems eters a, b and s.
and processes. It can be visualized by Step 4: solving the mathematical prob-
Fig. 1. lem: The manufacturer, knowing x, a, b
An example is given below for a math- and s can determine P. He/she can also
ematical modelling for estimating the see that to break-even (i.e. no loss and
profitability of a company which sells no profit), he/she must produce
its products at a fixed price. [a/(s - b)] units (how?)
Step 1: Understanding the problem: We The model is best summarized as follows:
need to know the profitability of a com-
pany under some restrictions/constraints.
Step 2: Mathematical description: Here
we suppose the costs are of two types:
fixed and variable. The fixed costs are
independent of number of units produced
(e.g. rent and rates), while the vari-
able costs increase owith the number
produced (e.g. materials).
Initially we assume that the variable
costs are directly proportional to the
number of units produced – this should
simplify our model. The company has a Fig. 2: Graph between number of units
certain amount of money coming in form produced and costs
of sales and wants to ensure that it is
maximum.For convenience, we assume that Step 5: Interpreting the solution: The
all units produced are sold immediately. model agrees without intuition in that if
Step 3: Solving the mathematical few units are sold a loss will result, but
if lots of units are sold a profit will
problems: Let x be the number of units
result. If the break-even point proves to
produced and sold, C be the total be unrealistic, then a non-linear model
cost of product (in Rs), I be the could be tried out or our simplifying
income from sales (in Rs) and P be assumptions about cash flow (resources from
the profit (in Rs). Our assumptions earning and investment) can be amended.
above states that C consists of two Step 6: Validiting the model: Taking
parts - fixed cost a (in Rs) and the relationships (1) - (3) and data
from various firms, the profit may be
variable cost b (in Rs)
estimated and verified.
Then C = a + bx (1) The exhibits/models in this sub-theme
Also income I depends on selling prices may pertain to:
a (Rs per unit).  Mathematical modelling to solve
Thus I = sx (2) various problems of our everyday
The profit P is then the difference be- life/environment related problems;
tween income and costs, i.e..  Mathematical modelling and com-
puter simulation of climate dy-
namics/ production of weather phe-  Mathematical modelling on social
nomena based on a number of pre- insects such as honeybees, ter-
dictors; mites etc. to know how they use
 Mathematical modeling in physi- local information to generate com-
cal geography such as rotation and plex and functional patterns of
revolution of earth, precession communication;
and equinoes etc.;  Mathematical modelling of maxi-
 Mathematical modelling to predict mum speed in fibre optic links;
orbital path of comets, meteors  Mathematical modelling of highly
and other minor planets; abstract problems arising from
 Mathematical modelling to show how control and communication pro-
disease might spread in human in cesses in the brain;
the event of epidemics/  Mathematical modelling of urban
bio terroris m; city planning;
 Mathematical modelling to predict  Mathematical modelling to prevent
the devastating effects of wars/ an unwanted future/to understand
nuclear explosions; various natural and unnatural phe-
 Mathematical modelling to show nomena;
spread of forest fire depending  Mathematical modelling to show the
on the types of trees, weather effect of climate changes/ global
and nature of the ground surface; warming;
 Mathematical modelling to demon-  Mathematical modelling on balance
strate the action of medicines in of carbon cycle, etc.
human system;  Mathematical modelling for pre-
 Mathematical modelling of the work- dicting future population and know-
ing of heart, brain, lungs, kid- ing the impact of population;
neys, bones and endocrine system;  Mathematical modelling for in-
 Computer diagnosis of human dis- creasing production of crops.
ease s;
 Mathematical modelling of fluid
flow in drain, spillways, rivers,
etc.;
 Using mathematical modelling and
computer simulation to improve
cancer therapy/wound healing/tis-
sues formation/corneal wound heal-
ing;
 Mathematical modelling of
intracelular biochemical reactions
and metabolisms;
 Mathematical modelling to describe
traffic flow/stock market options;
 Studies of storage and retrieval
techniques for computer systems;
 Data manipulation and information
management techniques;
 Statistics and random number prob-
lems;
 Developing video games;

2 GUIDELINES FOR ORGANISING ONE-DAY SEMINAR ON
POPULARISATION OF SCIENCE
INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF BIODIVERSITY – 2010
The United Nations declared 2010 to be the Biodiversity. The objective of the
the International Year of Biodiversity. seminar is to facilitate interactions
It is a celebration of biodiversity (or among children, academicians, institu-
biological diversity) –– the variety of tions, industries etc. to enhance pub-
life on earth –– and boosting awareness lic awareness about the preservation and
of how important it is for our lives. sustenance of biodiversity. The common
It refers to the wide variety of eco- aim includes: (i) To present innovative
ideas and search for new ways of how to
systems and li v ing organisms: animals,
increase public appreciation and under-
plants, their habitats and their genes.
standing of biodiversity; (ii) To cre-
Biodiversity is the foundation of life
ate enthusiasm, interest, and partici-
on Earth. It is crucial for the func-
pation in biodiversity features among
tioning of ecosystems which provide us
young people; (iii) To create excite-
with products and services without which
ment concerning advances in biodiversity;
we couldn’t live. Oxygen, food, fresh
(iv) To encourage intelligent debate on
water, fertile soil, medicines, shel-
related developmental issues. The
ter, protection from storms and floods,
organisation of this One-Day Seminar on
stable climate and recreation - all have
Popularisation of Science in year 2010
their source in nature and healthy eco-
may include the following activities.
systems. Biodiversity is extremely com-
plex, dynamic and varied like no other
Suggested Activities
feature of the Earth. Its innumerable
 Organisation of lecture and demon-
plants, animals and microbes physically
stration programme that provides an
and chemically unite the atmosphere (the
interaction of eminent scientists with
mixture of gases around the Earth),
general public and students.
geosphere (the solid part of the Earth),
 Demonstration of some model exhibits
and hydrosphere (the Earth’s water, ice
and experiments from science centers,
and water vapour) into one environmen-
science clubs and scientists from uni-
tal system which makes it possible for
versities, research organizations and
millions of species, including people,
other institutions.
to exist.
 Screening of films, video programmes,
Most people appreciate the beauty of
slide shows, publications etc. on is-
the natural world, but awareness of
sues related with biodiversity.
biodiversity, how seriously it is threat-
 Organisation of Poster Competition,
ened, and the implications for human
Quiz Programme, Debate, Drama etc.
wellbeing, is alarmingly low.
Biodiversity is the most influenced fea-
NOTE: The One-Day Seminar on
ture of the Earth by man’s activities.
Popularisation of Science should
By changing biodiversity, we strongly
preferably be organised one day
affect human well-being and the well-
before the organisation of State
being of every other living creature.
Level Science Exhibition for Chil-
It is therefore important to organise
dren.
One-Day Seminar on issues related with

3 GUIDELINES FOR ORGANISING THE STATE LEVEL SCIENCE EXHIBITIONS
FOR CHILDREN – 2010-2011
OBJECTIVES technology and society;

 understanding the need for proper
The purpose of science exhibitions is management for the optimum
to develop scientific attitude in the utilisation of resources and
young generation of our country to make prevailing technologies;
them realise the interdependence of  providing exploratory experiences,
science, technology and society and the encouraging creative thinking and
responsibility of the scientists of promoting psychomotor and
tomorrow. These objectives may be manipulative skills among children
achieved by presenting the exhibits as through self devised exhibits or
an exciting experience of creativity of models or simple apparatus;
children, innovations through  encouraging problem solving approach
improvisations of science kits, and and developing the appropriate
various devices and models for providing technologies, especially for rural
solutions to many present and future areas and integrating scientific ideas
socio-economic problems particularly with daily life situations;
those confronted in the rural areas,
 inculcating intellectual honesty,
using available materials and local
team spirit and aesthetic sense
resources.
among the participants;
The exhibition will help children
 popularising science among masses
and teachers to learn from each other
and creating an awareness regarding
experiences and motivate them to design
the role of science and technology
and develop something new and novel.
in socio-economic and sustainable
It will also provide a medium for
growth of the country;
popularising science and increasing
 developing appropriate techniques
awareness among the public towards it.
for communication of science,
The objectives of organising science
exhibitions may briefly be put as technology and its management.
follows:
 stimulating interest in science and C AL L FOR E N TR IES
technology and inculcating The main theme for the State Level
scientific spirit in younger Science Exhibitions for Children – 2010-
generation; 2011 and for the 38th Jawaharlal Nehru
 exploring and encouraging scientific National Science Exhibition for Children
and technological talent among – 2011 would be 'Science and Technology
c hi l d re n; for Challenges in Life'. The identified
 inculcating in them a sense of pride six sub-themes are:
in their talent; 1.Biodiversity: Conservation and
 making children realise the Sustenance;
relationship between science and 2 . Agriculture and Technology;

3 . Green Energy;
4 . Transport and Communication; i i . Wide publicity should be given for
5 . Community Health and Environment; inviting entries. Guidelines for the
and Preparation of Exhibits and Models
6 . Mathematical Modelling. for display in district to state
In order to facilitate the preparation level science exhibitions during
of exhibits and models for display in 2010-2011 should be provided to all
district to state level science schools. These guidelines may also
exhibitions during 2010-2011, Guidelines be translated in local languages, if
for the Preparation of Exhibits and Models possible, and be given wide publicity.
are also being communicated. This may also be given on the Internet
i . Children from all schools [including website(s) of the respective states/
government, government-aided, public union territories and other
and private, catholic, mission, participating organisations. It is
armed-forces (Army, Air Force, Navy, also envisaged that guidelines be
Sainik, BSF, ITBP, Assam-Rifles, printed in local language(s), Hindi,
CRPF, Police etc.), DAV management, and English in the form of a booklet
Maharshi Vidya Mandir, Saraswati for their dissemination among all
Vidya Mandir, Navyug, Municipality, the schools for generating the ideas
Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan, Science Clubs for developing the exhibits and
etc.] are eligible to participate models. These guidelines can also
in State Level Science Exhibitions. be viewed on NCERT website
Preference may be given for students ( w w w .n c e r t . n ic . in ) .
in senior classes (i.e. in secondary i i i .Public Sector Undertakings,
and higher secondary stages). Industries, and other Non-government
Note for all State Level Science Organisations working in the areas
Exhibitions coordinators (where these science exhibitions are
belonging to state/UT organised) may also be invited to
governments: participate as the exhibits displayed
by them would be of instructional
It may please be ensured that entries
value for the children and teachers.
from the following organisations are
not forwarded to NCERT:
 Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan;
 Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti;
 Department of Atomic Energy
Central Schools;
 CBSE affiliated Public Schools
(independent schools); and
 Demonstration Multipurpose
Schools of Regional Institutes of
Education.
The above-mentioned organisations
conduct their own science exhibitions
separately. They would send their
selected entries for consideration
for participation in JNNSEC-2011 to
the NCERT directly.

SCREENING, EVALUATION AND MONITORING OF ENTRIES
1 . A screening committee should be set A copy of this list should be

up to finalise the selection of forwarded to NCERT together with the
entries from the various institutions formal report of the exhibition.
for participation in the State Level Such a list may be prepared in
Science Exhibition for Children in accordance with the NCERT un-priced
case Districts/Regional Level Science publication on "List of Exhibits",
Exhibitions are not being organised to be displayed in Jawaharlal Nehru
by the state/UT. National Science Exhibition for
2 . The Screening Committee may consist Children. It is published every year
of representatives of SISE/SIE and and distributed to all participating
some selected representative children, teachers, and visitors
institution(s). All records about the during the JNNSEC.
meeting of the committee should be A copy of this may be obtained from
maintained. The selection procedure the Head, Department of Education
adopted should lay more emphasis on in Science and Mathematics,
the quality of the exhibits rather National Council of Educational
than quantity. It should be ensured Research and Training, Sri Aurobindo
that the exhibits are not crude and Marg, New Delhi 110 016.
hazardous and have good finish and 5 . A formal report of the State Level
are presentable. Science Exhibition and Seminar on
3 . The above mentioned Screening Popularisation of Science should reach
Committee or a separate panel of NCERT within one month after the
judges should evaluate the exhibits conclusion of the exhibition. It
according to the criteria of should include the following:
evaluation attached herewith. Best i Dates and venue of exhibition.
three exhibits in each sub-theme from i i Proformas I - V duly filled up.
each category, viz., higher secondary i i i List of schools participating and
and others must also be selected by the number of students/teachers
the said panel of judges. participating as per the proforma
4 . A separate list of the selected attached. Break-up of the male and
entries of the exhibits and models female participants should also
under each sub-theme (to be displayed be given. It should also reflect
in the state level science on the number of rural and urban
exhibition) must be prepared. This schools, that participated in the
must contain the name of the exhibit/ exhibition.
model, names of the student(s) and i v List of entries of the exhibits
guiding teacher(s), name of the school and models being displayed in
and a brief information about the the state level science
exhibit (may be in two sentences exhibition, as explained in
only). This list may also be paragraph-4 above. Number of
distributed among all participating exhibits displayed under each
children and teachers. sub-theme should also be

mentioned separately. v i i List of selected exhibits being
v Highlights of the exhibition sent for consideration for
including other activities such display in JNNSEC - 2011 bearing
as lectures, film shows, book the name of student, teacher,
exhibition etc. and participation school, etc. and their write ups
of other scientific/industrial for consideration for
organisations. participation in JNNSEC - 2011.
vi Panel of judges for evaluating (A proforma for information about
the exhibits/models displayed in the exhibit/model is also
the exhibition (in accordance attached for this purpose).
with the Criteria for Evaluation v i i i Number of visitors to the
of Exhibits). exhibition.
The Report
and
Proformas I-V
Should strictly follow the above format and be forwarded
within one month
after the conclusion of the exhibition to :
Dr. Gagan Gupta

Co-ordinator
STATE LEVEL SCIENCE EXHIBITIONS FOR CHILDREN - 2010-2011
Department of Education in Science and Mathematics

National Council of Educational Research and Training
Sri Aurobindo Marg, New Delhi 110 016
Telefax: 011-26561742
e-mail: desm.ncert@nic.in
Website: www.ncert.nic.in

CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF EXHIBITS
The Jawaharlal Nehru National Science It is further advised to divide the

Exhibition for Children, organised every entries into two categories, viz., (i)
year by the NCERT, receives entries for upto secondary level; and (ii) higher
consideration for participation from secondary level. On the basis of the
States/UTs selected from the State Level criteria suggested above, three entries
Sci ence Exhibiti ons held in the from each sub-theme may be selected and
pre ceding ye ar. I n ord er t o kee p a
forwarded to NCERT for consideration
uni form crit eria for eval uati ng the
for participation in JNNSEC-2011.
exhibits in all States/UTs and on the
Besides the popularisation of science,
basis of the feedback received from
the objective of this activity is to
different agencies, the following
criteria for judging the exhibits is search and nurture inventive or creative
suggested (the percentage given in talent among children. Judges are
bracket are suggestive weightages): requested to evaluate the entries on
the basis of pupils’ involvement.
1 . Involvement of children’s own
Imagination and innovations made by the
creativity and imagination (20 per child in designing the exhibit/model
cent); should be assessed. They should also
2 . Originality and innovations in the judge whether the model is traditional
exhibit/model (15 per cent); or an improvement over the traditional
model or it is innovative. Various skills
3 . Scientific thought/ principle/
involved in constructing the exhibit
approach (15 per cent);
and model, the degree of neatness and
4 . Technical skill, workmanship and craftsmanship may also be taken into
craftsmanship (15 per cent); account. Every effort must be made to
5 . Utility/educational value for layman, rule out the tendency of procuring the
children, etc.; (15 per cent) ready-made exhibits/models.
General layout of the exhibit,
6 . Economic (low cost), portability,
relevance, clarity of charts
durability, etc. (10 per cent); and
accompanying the exhibit and overall
7 . Presentation - aspects like attractiveness to the layman and children
demonstration, explanation, and should also be assessed. Working models
display (10 per cent). should be encouraged.

State ___________ Duration___________
STATE LEVEL SCIENCE EXHIBITIONS FOR CHILDRE - 2010-2011
Gui deline s
Exhi bitions
THEME: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR CHALLENGES IN LIFE
-
for
V E N U E: ..............................................
JUDGES’ PROFORMA FOR EVALUATION OF PARTICIPATING ENTRIES–SUB-THEME-WISE
Sub-theme Biodiversity: Conservation and Sustenanc/Agriculture and Technology/
State
Green Energy / Transport and Communication / Community
201 0-11
(P le a s e tic k mark
on the sub-theme being evaluated) Health and Environment / Mathematical Modelling
Leve l
Sl. Code of Involvement of Originality/ Scientific Technical Skills/ Utility/ Economic Presentation Total
No. the Children’s Own Innovations in Thought/ Workmanship/ Education (low cost)/
Scie nce
Exhibit Creativity and the Exhibit/ Principle/ Craftsmanship Values for Portability/
Imagination Model Approach Layman and Durability
Children
20 % 15 % 15 % 15 % 15 % 10 % 10% 100 %
1. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

2. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
3. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
4. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
5. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
6. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Date: _________________ Signature ..................

Name :
Designation and Affiliation:
23
EXPENDITURE NORMS
The ‘Grant-in-Aid’ provided by the NCERT to (v) Conveyance charges to two local
respective states/UTs is a catalytic grant for experts/scientists may be disbursed as
organising the State Level Science Exhibitions per state/central government rules.
and Seminar on ‘Popularisation of Science’. (vi) Contingency grant for tea/coffee with
States and UTs are expected to spend the light snacks; typing/photocopying/
additional expenditure, if any, from the state cost of transparencies/transparency
pens/CDs etc.: Rs 2,500.00
funds. The funds given to the States/UTs are
to be utilised exclusively for meeting the 2. For Organising the State Level Science
travel and boarding costs of participating Exhibitions
students and their teachers and experts. It
( i ) Honorarium to four (local) judges
is suggested that the following norms of
may be disbursed at the rate of
payment may be followed: Rs 500.00 each.NCERT employees
1. For Organising the Seminar on should not be provided any
Honorarium if invited for this
Popularisation of Science
purpose.
( i ) The seminar should be organised
(ii) Only one student and one teacher may
during the days of exhibition in
be permitted to participate with each
morning/evening hours.
exhibit. However, for more than one
(ii) Honorarium to four (two outstation and exhibit from any one school, only one
two local) experts/scientists may be teacher may be permitted to
disbursed at the rate of Rs 500.00 each. participate.
Note : The expert/scientist should be (iii) Travelling allowance: actual second-
preferably from a research institute/ class sleeper rail/bus (non-AC) fare.
laboratory/ university. (iv) Incidental charges: Rs 50.00 each way
(iii) Travelling allowance to two outstation for outward and inward journeys
experts/scientists from a maximum subject to a maximum of Rs 100.00
distance of 500 km may be disbursed as provided the journey time by rail or bus
per the state/central government rules. is more than 6 hours. For journeys less
than 6 hours no incidental charges
(iv) Daily allowance and incidental charges
should be paid.
to two outstation experts/scientists for
(v) Boarding expenses: Rs 80.00 per head
a maximum of three days may be
per day for each participant for a
disbursed as per state/central
government rules. maximum of 4 days.
(vi) Local conveyance charges may be
disbursed as per state/central translated copy in English certified by the
government rules. Coordinator/In-charge of the State Level
( v i i ) contingency grant for typing/ Science Exhibition to facilitate audit and
photocopying etc. Rs 2,500/- settlement of accounts. Only those Vouchers/
It is necessary to maintain a separate Receipts against such items of expenditure,
account for the expenditure of the grants- which are covered under the expenditure norms,
in-aid provided by the NCERT and the same may please be sent to this department for
should be forwarded to the NCERT, along with adjustment/settlement of accounts. All
all relevant vouchers and receipts, in payments exceeding Rs 5000/- should be
original WITHIN ONE MONTH OF THE CLOSE supported by payee’s receipt with a revenue
OF THE EXHIBITION for adjustment in the stamp.
NCERT account. Proforma I is given for It may please be ensured that each Voucher/
convenience. All vouchers may be signed by Receipt against the expenditure is duly
the Coordinator/In-charge of the exhibition. verified for the amount and then passed for
All those vouchers/receipts that are in payment. The specimen of this certificate
regional language should accompany with a is indicated below for convenience:
Verified and passed for payment of Rs .....................

(Rupees.................................................... Only).
Signature of the Co-ordinator/In-charge

STATE LEVEL SCIENCE EXHIBITION

4 PROFORMAS
Proforma I
MAINTENANCE OF ACCOUNTS
State/Union Territory: ________________________________
Dates of Exhibition: ________________________________
Venue of Exhibition: ________________________________
Receipt Expenditure Signature

Voucher o f
Date of Particulars Amount Voucher Date of Particulars Amount
No. Coordinating
R e c e i p t of Grant R e c e i v e d N o . Expenditure ( H e ad- Spent
wise) Officer
Draft
No.
Date
Oth er
income, if
any
Balance Refunded
to NCERT, if any,
vide
Total Total
Certified that the expenditures have been made in accordance with the norms and Guidelines as
given by the NCERT for organising the State Level Science Exhibition. It is also certified that no
other voucher is included.
Date Signature of the In-Charge (Controlling Officer)

Seal

Proforma II
I N F O R M AT IO N A BO U T P A R T IC IP AT I N G S C H OO L S
Participants from the School

Type of No. of Tribal/ Number of
Rural/ Exhibits/ Teachers Students
School* Schools
Urban Models
Male Female Total Boys Girls Total SC/ST
T
G R
U
T
LB R
U
T
PA R
U
T
PU R
U
Total
* G. Government: A Government School is that which is run by the State Government or Central Government
or Public Sector Undertaking or an Autonomous Organisation completely financed by the Government;
L.B. Local Body: A Local Body School is that which is run by Panchayati Raj and Local Body Institutions such
as Zila Parishad, Municipal Corporation, Municipal Committee or Cantonment Board;
P.A. Private Aided: A Private Aided School is that which is run by an individual or a private organisation and
receives grants from the Government or Local Body;
P.U. Private Unaided: A Private Unaided School is that which is managed by an individual or a private
organisation and does not receive any grant from the Government or Local Body.

28
STATE LEVEL SCIENCE EXHIBITIONS FOR CHILDREN—2009-2010
Proforma III
INFORMATION ABOUT NATURE AND NUMBER OF EXHIBITS DISPLAYED
THEME: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR CHALLENGES IN LIFE
Natural and Number of Exhibits Displayed
Sub-themes Innovative/Improvised Total No. of

Static Model Study/Survey Report Any other
Apparatus/Working Model Exhibits
Biodiversity:
Conservation
and Sustenance
Guidelines
Agriculture and
Technolgy
for
Green Energy
Transport and
State
Communication
Exhibitions
Community
Health and
-
Level
E nv ir o nm e nt
Mathematical
Modelling
Grand Total
Science
2010-11
State ___________ Duration
___________
STATE LEVEL SCIENCE EXHIBITIONS FOR CHILDREN - 2010 - 2011
Gui deline s
Exhi bitions
Proforma IV
-
for
PANEL OF JUDGES - SUB-THEME-WISE*
VENUE ....................................
State
Theme : Science and Technologyf or Challenges in Life
201 0-11
Sub-theme: Biodiversity: Conservation and Sustenance /
Leve l
Agriculture and Technology / Green Energy / Transport and Communication /
(Please tick mark Community Health and Environment / Mathematical Modelling
on the sub-theme being
evaluated)
Scie nce
Official Address, Phone Residential Address
Sl. No. Name(s) of the Judge(s) Designation
Fax, e-mail Phone, Mobile
1.
2.
3.
4.
* Respective judges may have their opinions, suggestions and comments about the organisation of science exhibition. NCERT welcomes all
such opinions. Kindly enclose them on separate sheets.
29
38 TH J AWAHARLAL N EHRU N ATIONAL S CIENCE E XHIBITION FOR C HILDREN - 2011
Theme : Science and Technology for Challenges in Life
Proforma V
I NFORMATION ABOUT THE E XHIBIT /M ODEL
1. Title of t he Exhibit/model ___________________________________
(in block letters) ___________________________________
2. Sub-theme:
Biodiversity: Conservation and Sustenance/
Agriculture and Technology/Green energy/
Transport and Communication/Community
Health and Environment/Mathematical
Modelling (Tick only one)
3. Name(s) of the _________________________________ (M/F)

Student(s) _________________________________ (M/F)
(in block letters) _________________________________ (M/F)
_________________________________ (M/F)
4. Name(s) of the _________________________________ (M/F)
Teacher(s) _________________________________ (M/F)
(in block letters)
5. Name and complete address of the school (in block letters) :
.... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... ...... ...... ....
.........................................................................
.... ...... ..... .... . ...... ... .. .... ...... ...... ...Pin ..... ...... ...
6. Type of school* Government/Local Body/Private Aided/
Private Unaided/Any other (Please Specify)
_____________________ _________________
7. Affiliation of the School State Board/ICSE/CBSE
Any other (Please Specify) ________________
8. Location of the School Tribal/Rural/Urban
9. Nature of the Exhibit/Model Innovative/Improvised Apparatus/Working/Static
Model/Study Report Any Other (Please Specify)
________________
10. Approximate Cost of the Rs _____________
Exhibit/Model
11. Requirement for Display
(i) Shamiana/Open Space/Dark room ____________________________
(ii) Table Size Length: _____ m; width: ______ m.
(iii) Water Supply Yes/No
( i v ) Number of Electrical Points No.: _____ (5 A); No.: _______ (15 A)
* G. Go ve rnm en t: A Government School is that which is run by the State Government
or Central Government or Public Sector Undertaking or an Autonomous
Organisation completely financed by the Government;
L . B . Lo cal B ody : A Local Body School is that which is run by Panchayati Raj and
Local Body Institutions such as Zila Parishad, Municipal Corporation, Municipal
Committee or Cantonment Board;
P.A. Private Aided: A Private Aided School is that which is run by an individual or a private organisation and
receives grants from the Government or Local Body;
P.U. Private Unaided: Private Unaided School is that which is managed by an individual or a private organisation
and does not receive any grant from the Government or Local Body.
12. Source of inspiration/help for preparing the exhibit/model:
(Please explain briefly about the nature and form of help received from the following):
(i) From Teachers/School
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
(ii) From Parents
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
(iii) From Peer Group
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
(iv) Any other
___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
13.Brief Summary (Please explain t he pur pose and the scientific principle
involved in the exhibit /model in not more t han thr ee lines).
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
1 4 . Writ e-up of the Exhibit/Model ( not more than 1,000 words) in the
following f ormat. (Note: Proper submission of the write-up will ensure
that if selected for participation in the 37 th Jawaharlal Nehru National
Science Exhibition for Children – 2010, it will be considered for publication
in the booklet entitled: Structure and Working of Science Models. For
convenience an exemplary write-up is also given here.):
I. Introduction
(i) Rationale behind construction of the exhibit; and
(ii) The scientific principle involved.
II. Description
(i) Materials used for the construction;
(ii) Construction and working of the exhibit/model; and
(iii) Applications, if any.
III. References
Books, journals or magazines referred for preparation of the exhibit/model.
IV. Illustrations
(i) Black and white line diagram of the model, illustrating the working of the exhibit.
(ii) Close-up photographs of the exhibit.
Note: (i) Please neither pin nor paste the photographs of the exhibits. Enclose them in a separate
envelope. Description of the photograph may be written on its back.
(ii) Please do not enclose the photographs of participating student(s) and their guide
teacher(s).
(Signatures of all students and teachers)

5 AN EXEMPLARY WRITE-UP OF AN EXHIBIT “TOILET MODIFICATION IN INDIAN
TRAINS” DISPLAYED IN THE 35TH JAWAHARLAL NEHRU NATIONAL
SCIENCE EXHIBITION FOR CHILDREN—2008 (SOLAN)
Students
Shameer S. Hameed Kendriya Vidyalaya
Shahid S. Hameed Port Trust
Nitesh Prabhu Kochi
Deepthi Murali Kerala
Teacher
Ajith S.R.
INTRODUCTION
When it comes to disposal of human excreta and other wastes the country’s largest public
sector undertaking, the Indian Railways, has been groping in the dark for many years. Untreated
excreta and sewerage are discharged into the open, leaving railway tracks a repulsive sight.
Most of the passenger coaches have four toilets, two on both ends of each coach. The human
waste from these toilets is directly discharged onto the open tracks. Unhindered dumping of
such waste is resulting in unhygienic conditions that may also cause spread of diseases.
Human waste, especially of sick passengers, may contain a large number of germs of many
diseases like diarrhoea, cholera, typhoid, hepatitis, other water-borne diseases besides parasitic
infections. Parasites like hookworm, roundworm and pinworm are spread mainly through human
waste that results in the spread of communicable diseases. The seemingly innocent action of
the railways contaminates the environment and promotes unsanitary conditions, negating the
very small strides made in sanitation and community health.
Toilet discharge is another major source of corrosion of rails and fastenings. Large amount of
water used in the toilets at present needs to be minimised in order to conserve water. Waste water
can be treated and recycled so that the problems of corrosion of the tracks as well as spread of
diseases can be checked.
RATIONALE BEHIND CONSTRUCTION OF THE EXHIBIT

This project is an attempt to solve the problems arising due to the present mode of disposal of
human waste in Indian trains with additional benefit of recycling the water after proper
treatment. In the present model the water used in the toilet is filtered and chemically treated and
recirculated so that water usage can be minimised as well as the release of untreated water into
the tracks can be avoided. After separating water the human excreta is stored separately and
can be used to produce biogas
SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLE INVOLVED

Collection: Human waste flushed from toilets is collected in a tank.
Filtration: Filters used in the proposed system filters water from the human wastes flushed
from the toilet. The filtered water is collected in a separate tank.

Disinfection: The filtered water is treated chemically using chlorine solution and
1per cent phenol.
Recirculation of Water Using Sensor Controlled Pump: The pump automatically switches ON to
pump up water to the overhead tank. This pump is auto controlled with an IC and sensor circuit
and switches ON when the water has been treated and switches OFF when water has been pumped
up to an overhead tank.
MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR THE CONSTRUCTION

Plywood, transparent plastic boxes, transparent pipes, water pump (washing machine),
fevibond, phenol, bleaching powder, metal clamps, screws and nails, wooden stand and
activated charcoal.
CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING

The present working model consists of the following major components in the given figure.
(i) Toilet and overhead tank;
(ii) Faecal storing tanks;
(iii) Chemical treatment tank;
(iv) Pipes for water circulation; and
(v) Pump with sensor.
1 2 3 4
Water from the overhead tank flushes into the toilet after use and the human waste with
water gets collected in tank 1 after passing through a tube bent in U-shape. This U-bent tube
always holds some water which acts as a seal (to prevent spread of odour). In tank 1 the heavy
matter of the excreta is allowed to settle. A pipe has been attached to this tank in order to
prevent air blockage. This tank has another pipe near its top through which, water and
the light weight matter overflows to tank 2. Tank 2 is connected to tank 3 through a pipe fixed
near its base. Water reaching tank 3 may contain some particles, which may settle down after
some time.
When tank 3 gets filled up, water from it overflows to tank 4 where it gets filtered. Filters
remove tiny particles and the water is then transferred to the treatment tank. Chemical treatment
is done with the help of two chemicals, 10 per cent bleaching powder solution and 1 per cent

phenol solution. Both chemicals are kept in two separate tanks, fixed over the treatment tank,
and are connected to the treatment tank through pipes, with valves to control the flow of
chemicals.
An agitator is provided in the treatment tank, for the proper mixing of chemicals with the
water. The treated water is then sent to the adsorption tank where unwanted chemicals get
adsorbed by activated charcoal. Charcoal removes foul odour as well as chemicals such as
phenol by the process of adsorption and makes the water clean. The treated water is then pumped
into the overhead tank with the help of a sensor-operated pump. Whenever the water level
reaches a particular level (maximum), through a relay system and IC, the pump gets switched
ON and water is pumped to the overhead tank. The same process is repeated again and again.
The water in the overhead tank is only meant for use in toilets for flushing, not for washing
and other purposes. For this, another tank has to be provided adjacent to the overhead tank.
The solid component of human excreta stored in the retention tanks is sucked out by a
motor when the train reaches the destination station. This can then be transferred to the digester
tank of biogas plant which are to be installed in the yard near the main stations.
APPLICATIONS
1. The present model ensures safe disposal of human waste in running trains and helps in
minimising use of water by recycling it.
2. The suggested system would also help in preventing spread of diseases causing germs
and parasitic infections.
3. Anaerobic fermentation of human waste produces biogas. Hence, the biogas plant set
up in the railway yards could meet some of the energy needs of the railway station.
4. This model ensures that railway stations and tracks are kept clean besides, preventing
corrosion of rails and fastenings.
5. The biogas produced can minimise energy consumption of the railways. Besides, slurry
can be used as manure for plants along the railway lines and at railway stations.
REFERENCES
1. ACCIDENTS civilaviation.nic.in/ccrs/accidents
2. PIB Press Release: pib.nic.in/archive/lreleng/lyr2003
3. Indian Railways:www.indianrailways.gov.in/deptts/safety
4. Department of Transport, www.dft.gov.uk/transportforyou/access/rail/


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1 GUIDELINES FOR THE PREPARATION OF EXHIBITS AND MODELS

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2 Guidelines for State Level Science

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4 Guidelines for State Level Science

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6 Guidelines for State Level Science

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8 Guidelines for State Level Science

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10 Guidelines for State Level Science

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12 Guidelines for State Level Science

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Fig. 1: A Mathematical Model

14 Guidelines for State Level Science

16 Guidelines for State Level Science

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OBJECTIVES technology and society;

18 Guidelines for State Level Science

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1 . A screening committee should be set A copy of this list should be

20 Guidelines for State Level Science

Dr. Gagan Gupta

STATE LEVEL SCIENCE EXHIBITIONS FOR CHILDREN - 2010-2011

Department of Education in Science and Mathematics

Gui deline s for State Leve l Scie nce 21

The Jawaharlal Nehru National Science It is further advised to divide the

22 Guidelines for State Level Science

Sub-theme Biodiversity: Conservation and Sustenanc/Agriculture and Technology/

1. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

Date: _________________ Signature ..................

Verified and passed for payment of Rs .....................

Signature of the Co-ordinator/In-charge

Gui deline s for State Leve l Scie nce 25

State/Union Territory: ________________________________

Dates of Exhibition: ________________________________

Venue of Exhibition: ________________________________

Receipt Expenditure Signature

Date Signature of the In-Charge (Controlling Officer)

26 Guidelines for State Level Science

State/Union Territory: ________________________________

Dates of Exhibition: ________________________________

Venue of Exhibition: ________________________________

Participants from the School

Gui deline s for State Leve l Scie nce 27

State/Union Territory: ________________________________

Dates of Exhibition: ________________________________

Venue of Exhibition: ________________________________

Natural and Number of Exhibits Displayed

Sub-themes Innovative/Improvised Total No. of

STATE LEVEL SCIENCE EXHIBITIONS FOR CHILDREN - 2010 - 2011

3. Name(s) of the _________________________________ (M/F)

(Signatures of all students and teachers)

Gui deline s for State Leve l Scie nce 31

RATIONALE BEHIND CONSTRUCTION OF THE EXHIBIT

SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLE INVOLVED

32 Guidelines for State Level Science

MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR THE CONSTRUCTION

CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING

Gui deline s for State Leve l Scie nce 33

34 Guidelines for State Level Science