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Mathematical Prerequisites
1. Complex Algebra
complex operator j or i = 1 = 1 90
j2 = -1 = 1 180 ; j3 = -j; j4 = 1 and so on.
Rectangular Form: A = c+jd c = real part; d = imaginary part
Polar Form: A = |A| |A| = magnitude; phase angle
imaginary
axis
A
d
o
real
C
axis
d
(c d ) tan =
2 2
|A| =
c
c = |A| cos d = |A| sin
Addition and Subtraction
Let X = a + jb and Y = c + jd
Then X + Y = (a+c) + j(b+d)
X - Y = (a-c) + j(b-d)
NOTE: If X and Y are expressed in polar form, convert them into rectangular form.
Scalar Multiplication
If X = a + jb, kX = ka + j kb, where k is a scalar.
If X = M ; then kX = kM where k is a scalar.
Complex Conjugate
If X = a + jb, its conjugate X* = (a-jb); If X = M ; then X* = M -
Multiplication and Division
XxY = (a+jb)(c+jd) = (ac-bd) + j (ad+bc)
X (a jb) (a jb)(c jd) (ac bd) j(bc ad)
= = =
Y (c jd) (c jd)(c jd) (c 2 d 2 )
In POLAR form these operations are easier.
Let X = M andY = N
X M
Then, XxY = MN ( and (
Y N
2. Solution of simultaneous algebraic equations
Example 1: 2 x1 + x2 = 4 ------- (1)
x1 + 2 x2 = 5 ------(2)