CAUSES OF JAPANESE EXPANSION:

MILITARISM, NATIONALISM, ECONOMICS,

POLITICS, INSTABILITY OF CHINA
 Take out your binders and
WELCOME readings
Internal
Assessment:
1) Blue source W/S
2) Typed/Printed
Bibliography
Message?
 WARM UP
Of the factors that contributed to the
growth of Japanese nationalism (p.
15), which factor do you think had
the biggest impact on the promotion
of an imperialist foreign policy?
FACTORS:
transform Japan into Western
power (equality)
Imperialism would fulfill destiny to be leader of Asia
nationalist goals secure/obtain raw materials and
Nationalist expansion dependent on markets
military taking action and security
actions of the West
making political growing support for militarism/
decisions. (militarism) expansionism
CAUSES OF JAPANESE EXPANSION: NATIONALISM &
MILITARISM
BASIC JAPANESE CHRONOLOGY
Tokugawa (1603-1868)
Meiji (1868-1912)
Taisho (1912-1926)
Showa (1926-1989)
Heisei (1989-present)
NATIONALISM
BEFORE 1900
ORIGINS OF JAPANESE NATIONALISM
Tokugawa (1603-1868)
feudal system (emperor, shogun- military/power, samurai)
Shinto religion emperors descended from Sun Goddess
Japanese isolation
substantial diplomacy and trade with East Asia (China)
seclusion from the West
Japanese cultural superiority
limit outside influence
From examining these
images, we can conclude
ORIGINS OF JAPANESE NATIONALISM (PRIOR TO 1900)
First contact with the West, 1853
Commodore Perry attempt at
trade
gun-boat diplomacy
Treaty of Kanagawa, 1854
unpopular; Tokugawa failed to QUESTIONS:
modernize or limit foreign 1. If you were TOKUGAWA
influence
Meiji Restoration, 1868 YOSHINOBU, would you agree
restored authority to emperor
Westernized Japan to the terms of the TREATY OF
Charter Oath of Five KANAGAWA, 1854? Why or
Articles, 1868
promoted unity: rich why not?
country, strong military
reforms in industry,
eduction, fashion, 2. At this time, was Japanese
MILITARY
prevented further Western nationalism harmful/dangerous?
control
NATIONALISM AND
IMPERIALIST
EXPANSION
1894-1914
NATIONALISM AND IMPERIALIST EXPANSION 1894-1914
First Sino-Japanese War (1894-95)
unrest in Korea; China/Japan send troops; Japanese victory
Treaty of Shimonoseki, 1895
GROWTH OF NATIONALISM/MILITARISM
Triple Intervention : Germany, Russia, France forced Japan to give up
Liaodong Peninsula (Russia), Shandong Province (Germany), Chinese port
cities (France/England)
reinforced militarism for power & defense (Amur River Society)
industrial production, endure through hardship
Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 1902
Treaty of Shimonoseki:
Japan gained Pescadores Islands, Formosa (Taiwan) and Liaodong
Korea gained independence
China had to pay large indemnity, open ports, create a commercial treaty
NATIONALISM AND IMPERIALIST EXPANSION 1894-1914
Russo-Japanese War, 1904-05
Japan and Russia clashed over interests in Korea & Manchuria
(agriculturally rich, resources, living space, buffer against Russia)
victory due to Japanese navy
Treaty of Portsmouth
Japan gained Korea and S. Manchuria
Effects
Japan gained respect and admiration
reaffirmed belief as leader of Asia
 Please take out Introduction
WELCOME terminology and question.
 PAPER ONE: SOURCE
PRACTICE
Question 1:
It is assessing your historical
comprehension of the sources. This is
the only question that asks you to
explain the content and meaning of
documents.
Part a) The 3-mark question asks you
to comprehend, extra and possibly
infer information. You will be asked to
identify two or three key points from
the source.
Part b) This usually refers to the visual
source and a typical question is: What
is the message conveyed by Source
B? State the message for 1 mark, for
example the message in the cartoon
is You can then develop your point
for the second mark, for example,
this is indicated by
PAGE FOUR
Question 2:
ORIGIN: who, when, where, what
Values for a historian
researching a particular event
Limitations for a historian
researching a particular event
PURPOSE: why, for whom
Values for a historian
researching a particular event
Limitations for a historian
researching a particular event
CONTENT: tone, objectivity,
information or examples in source
PAGES FIVE-EIGHT
Question 3:
You are expected to discuss the
sources together throughout your
response. The examiner is looking
for a running commentary. At no
time should you talk about one
source without relating it to the other.
COMPARE
Both Source A and Source B
Source A suggests; similarly,
Source B suggests
CONTRAST
Source A suggests; however,
Source B says
Source B disagrees with Source A
regarding
PAGES NINE-TEN
PRACTICE: 10 minutes; INDEPENDENT: read questions,
read sources, annotate
Work in your tables to answer the questions.
Use the yellow guide to help you
Outline the OPCVL then convert to paragraph
Highlight Compare/Contrast
 SOURCE practice
HOMEWORK: 1.1 WORKSHEET PACKET
(TUESDAY)
1.1 readings (TUESDAY)
WELCOME Take out your source practice
from yesterday.
 FIVE MAIN
POINTS:

TAKE OUT 1.1 READING/PACKET

What is the message of this political cartoon?
What is the message of this political cartoon?
What is the message of this political cartoon?
CAUSES OF JAPANESE EXPANSION:
POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC
WWI AND JAPANESE NATIONALISM
WWI - (England/France), 1914
Twenty-One Demands
Japan demanded major influence in China
Improved economy
supplied goods to Allies & other Asian
markets
Japan in Russia, 1917
Japan & Allies send forces
created mistrust, high costs, loss of
prestige, govt failure to control
army
Mutilated Victory, 1919-1920
Treaty of Versailles
Japan unsatisfied with gains
Racial Equality
JAPAN

IN
Shidehara Kijuro
THE 1920 S

internationalism
peace & good relations
Washington Conference, 1921
Four-Power Treaty (Britain, Japan, US, France)
discussions if threatened in Pacific
Nine-Power Treaty
respect Chinese independence
Japan returned Shandong territory
Five-Power Naval Treaty
5:5:3
Overall, Japan was becoming more liberal and democratic
P.M. Hara, 1918-1921
reforms
military contained
entered League of Nations
JAPANS ECONOMY:
Meiji Resotration, 1868
extensive industrialization, rapidly modernized
aim: never again dominated by West
problem: lack of raw materials, insufficient land for population
Great Depression, 1929
exports fell by 50%
tariffs on Japanese goods
overpopulation, poverty, hunger
solution: EXPANSION!
NEW INTERNATIONAL ORDER
have nots were
unfairly denied vast
territories and
economic resources
JAPANS POLITICS:
Influence of zaibatsu
army, connected to zaibatsu, influenced govt policies
Opposition to liberalism and democracy
economy worsened = military and nationalist groups grew
Political violence in the 1930s
Blood Brotherhood League, 1932
members of the military who favored imperialism
planned 13 political assassinations
Japan moved from democracy to militaristic extremism
military acting independently from govt
 POLITICAL INSTABILITY IN CHINA WAS THE MAIN
REASON FOR THE EMERGENCE OF JAPANESE
EXPANSIONIST AIMS BEFORE 1931. TO WHAT EXTENT
DO YOU AGREE WITH THIS STATEMENT?

1) NATIONALISM
2) MILITARISM
3) POLITICAL
4) ECONOMIC
5) CHINAS INSTABILITY
 Find your seat
WELCOME Take out your notes
JAPANS POLITICS:
Parliamentary democracy, 1920s
Shidehara
Influence of zaibatsu
influenced army & govt policies
Opposition to liberalism and democracy, late 1920s
economy worsened = military & nationalist groups grew, fascistic
Political violence in the 1930s
Blood Brotherhood League, 1932
planned 13 political assassinations
Japan moved from democracy to militaristic extremism
military acting independently from govt
2.2 REVIEW Great Depression (1929)
drop in exports (tariffs, restrictions)
economic crisis
discontentment blame and solution
political crisis- rise of right-wing nationalist and
militarist groups
army dominated or ignored civilian government;
increased influence on foreign policy
attempts at parliamentary democracy collapsed
extreme nationalists assassinate liberal political
leaders
POLITICAL INSTABILITY OF CHINA
Out of pride in their ancient
culture, the Chinese looked down
on all foreigners. In 1793,
however, the Qing emperor
agreed to receive an ambassador
from England. The Englishman
brought gifts of the Wests most
advanced technology - clocks,
globes, musical instruments, and
even a hot-air balloon! The
emperor was not impressed. In a
letter to Englands King George III,
he stated that the Chinese already
had everything they needed. They
were not interested in the
strange objects and gadgets
that the West was offering them.
POLITICAL INSTABILITY IN CHINA
1800: China had largest
economy in the world
1839-42: Opium Wars
unequal treaties
European spheres of
influence
1844: Treaty of Wangxia
US established presence in
China and Pacific

In comparison with other nations, we

have the greatest population and oldest
culture, of four thousand years
duration. -Chinese nationalist
By what right do the British merchants have to use the
poisonous drug to injure the Chinese people? I have heard that
the smoking of opium is very strictly forbidden by your country;
that is because the harm caused by opium is clearly understood.
Since it is not permitted to do harm to your own country, then
even less should you let it be passed on to the harm of other
countries. -Lin Zexu (Qing advisor) letter to Queen Victoria
POLITICAL INSTABILITY IN CHINA
1900: Boxer Rebellion
Boxers blamed foreign devils
suppressed by international
army
1911: Double Tenth Revolution
Sun Yixian
3 Principles of the People
Manchus called Yuan Shikai
to suppress the revolution

What was the result of the Treaty of Wangxia?

POLITICAL INSTABILITY IN CHINA
1912: Yuan Shikai switched sides,
Manchus abdicated, China became
a republic
1913: Guomindang (GMD) (Sun
Yixian) won majority votes in
elections
Yuan refused to share power
banned GMD
Sun fled
1915: Made himself emperor,
accepted Twenty One Demands
1916: Yuans death
POLITICAL INSTABILITY IN CHINA
Warlord Period, 1916-28
rival military leaders; chaotic, violent, no strong govt
WWI peace treaties, 1919
Chineses demands ignored
May Fourth Movement, 1919
First United Front, 1923
GMD and CCP (communist party) united to free China from foreign
control
POLITICAL INSTABILITY IN CHINA
1926: Northern Campaign:
Jiang Jieshi took over GMD
1927: Jiang split GMD and CCP
Shanghai massacre - Jiang kills 5,000 communists
CIVIL WAR IN CHINA
1927: Communist in Jiangxi province
Mao Zedong
1930-34: Jiangs extermination campaigns
prioritize elimination of communism over Japanese threat
1936: Jiangs ignored Japanese threat
Jiang arrested, CCP and GMD join to fight Japanese, Second United Front
MAIN IDEA: CHINAS ABILITY
TO RESIST ANY EXTERNAL
AGGRESSION WAS GREATLY
REDUCED DUE TO INTERNAL
POLITICAL TURMOIL;
MAKING IT THE EASY OPTION
FOR JAPANESE EXPANSION
 POLITICAL INSTABILITY IN CHINA WAS THE MAIN
REASON FOR THE EMERGENCE OF JAPANESE
EXPANSIONIST AIMS BEFORE 1931. TO WHAT EXTENT
DO YOU AGREE WITH THIS STATEMENT?

1) NATIONALISM 1) WHY YOUR ELEMENT CAUSED

2) MILITARISM EXPANSIONIST AIMS THE MOST
2) WHY ____ AND ____ DID NOT
3) POLITICAL CONTRIBUTE THE MOST
4) ECONOMIC 3) WHY ____ AND ____ DID NOT
CONTRIBUTE THE MOST
5) CHINAS INSTABILITY
ACTIVITY
YOU ARE ENGLAND IN 1928- Japan reaches out to you to sign a
second Anglo-Japanese Treaty. The treaty would allow England
to lease 30% of the land Japan plans to conquer from China but
would eliminate the limits placed on the Japanese navy by the
Five-Power Naval Treaty. Do you sign? Explain.

DEBATE
yes - threat to China, not us
no - increasingly expansionist
CASE STUDY 1 OVERVIEW:
Beginning in 1931, Japan launched military campaigns across
East Asia and the Pacific
Background
1854 and 1858: US forced Japan to open up to trade
Mid 1800s: Japanese nationalism grew
conflict and competition with US and Russia (both
seeking to expand influence in Asia)
pushed for aggressive Japanese expansion in Asia
militarism grew
1876: Japan forced Korea to open up trade
1910: Japan annexed Korea, making it a part of the
Japanese Empire
1920s: Japan was characterized by internationalism,
democracy, and liberalism; however, there were several
underlying problems.
1930s: Japan looks toward unstable China