BDA 2013 Dynamics

Chapter 3 Kinetics of Particles

: Impulse & Momentum
En. Saifulnizan Bin Jamian
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and
Manufacturing
Kolej Universiti Teknologi Tun Hussein
Onn
86400 Parit Raja, Johor

[C16-101-11 saifulnz@kuittho.edu.my]
[ 07-453 6200 EXT 1379 ]

Copyright 2005

Particles
-Contents-
Introduction
Principle of Impulse and Momentum
Impulsive Motion
Sample Problem 13.10
Sample Problem 13.11
Sample Problem 13.12
Impact
Direct Central Impact
Oblique Central Impact
Problems Involving Energy and Momentum
Sample Problem 13.14
Sample Problem 13.15
Sample Problems 13.16
Sample Problem 13.17

1
 Introduction
Previously, problems dealing with the motion of particles
r were
r
solved through the fundamental equation of motion, F = ma.
Current chapter introduces two additional methods of analysis.

Method of work and energy: directly relates force, mass,

velocity and displacement.

Method of impulse and momentum: directly relates force,

mass, velocity, and time.

Principle of Impulse and

Momentum
From Newtons second law,
r d r r
F = (mv ) mv = linear momentum
dt
r r
Fdt = d (mv )
t2 r r r
Fdt = mv2 mv1
t1
Dimensions of the impulse of
t2 r r
a force are
force*time. Fdt = Imp12 = impulse of the force F
t1
Units for the impulse of a r r
mv1 + Imp12 = mv2
force are
( )
N s = kg m s 2 s = kg m s The final momentum of the particle can be
obtained by adding vectorially its initial
momentum and the impulse of the force during
the time interval.

2
 Impulsive Motion
Force acting on a particle during a very short
time interval that is large enough to cause a
significant change in momentum is called an
impulsive force.

When impulsive forces act on a particle,

r r r
mv1 + F t = mv2

When a baseball is struck by a bat, contact

occurs over a short time interval but force is
large enough to change sense of ball motion.

Nonimpulsive
r forces are forces for which
F t is small and therefore, may be
neglected.

Sample Problem 13.10

SOLUTION:
Apply the principle of impulse and
momentum. The impulse is equal to the
product of the constant forces and the
time interval.

An automobile weighing 1800 kg is

driven down a 5o incline at a speed of
100 km/h when the brakes are applied,
causing a constant total braking force of
6.5 kN.
Determine the time required for the
automobile to come to a stop.

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 Sample Problem 13.10
SOLUTION:
Apply the principle of impulse and
momentum.
r r
mv1 + Imp12 = mv2

Taking components parallel to the

incline,
mv1 + (W sin 5)t Ft = 0
(1800) ( 27.78 m/s) + (1800 9.81)
(sin 5) t 6500 t = 0

t = 10.08 s

Sample Problem 13.11

SOLUTION:
Apply the principle of impulse and
momentum in terms of horizontal and
vertical component equations.

A 120 g baseball is pitched with a

velocity of 24 m/s. After the ball is hit
by the bat, it has a velocity of 36 m/s in
the direction shown. If the bat and ball
are in contact for 0.015 s, determine the
average impulsive force exerted on the
ball during the impact.

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 Sample Problem 13.11
SOLUTION:
Apply the principle of impulse and momentum in
terms of horizontal and vertical component equations.
r r
mv1 + Imp1 2 = mv2
x component equation:
mv1 + Fx t = mv2 cos 40
(0.12 kg) (24 m/s) + Fx (0.015 s)
= (0.12 kg) (36 m/s) cos 40
Fx = 412.6 N
y component equation:
y
0 + Fy t = mv2 sin 40
x Fy (0.015 s) = (0.12 kg) (36 m/s) sin 40
Fy = +185.1 N
r
F = 452.2 N 24.2

Sample Problem 13.12

SOLUTION:
Apply the principle of impulse and
momentum to the package-cart system
to determine the final velocity.
Apply the same principle to the package
alone to determine the impulse exerted
on it from the change in its momentum.
A 10 kg package drops from a chute
into a 24 kg cart with a velocity of 3
m/s. Knowing that the cart is initially at
rest and can roll freely, determine (a)
the final velocity of the cart, (b) the
impulse exerted by the cart on the
package, and (c) the fraction of the
initial energy lost in the impact.

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 Sample Problem 13.12
SOLUTION:
Apply the principle of impulse and momentum to the package-cart
system to determine the final velocity.

r
( r
m p v1 + Imp1 2 = m p + mc v2 )

x components: ( )
m p v1 cos 30 + 0 = m p + mc v2
(10 kg )(3 m/s )cos 30 = (10 kg + 25 kg )v2
v2 = 0.742 m/s

Sample Problem 13.12

Apply the same principle to the package alone to determine the impulse
exerted on it from the change in its momentum.

r r
m p v1 + Imp1 2 = m p v2

x components: m p v1 cos 30 + Fx t = m p v2
(10 kg )(3 m/s )cos 30 + Fx t = (10 kg )v2 Fx t = 18.56 N s

y components: m p v1 sin 30 + Fy t = 0
(10 kg )(3 m/s )sin 30 + Fy t = 0 Fy t = 15 N s

r r r
Imp12 = Ft = ( 18.56 N s )i + (15 N s ) j Ft = 23.9 N s

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 Sample Problem 13.12

To determine the fraction of energy lost,

T1 = 12 m p v12 = 12 (10 kg )(3 m s )2 = 45 J

T1 = 12 (m p + mc )v22 = 12 (10 kg + 25 kg )(0.742 m s )2 = 9.63 J

T1 T2 45 J 9.63 J
= = 0.786
T1 45 J

Impact
Impact: Collision between two bodies which
occurs during a small time interval and during
which the bodies exert large forces on each other.

Line of Impact: Common normal to the surfaces

in contact during impact.

Central Impact: Impact for which the mass

Direct Central Impact centers of the two bodies lie on the line of impact;
otherwise, it is an eccentric impact..

Direct Impact: Impact for which the velocities of

the two bodies are directed along the line of
impact.

Oblique Impact: Impact for which one or both of

the bodies move along a line other than the line of
impact.
Oblique Central Impact

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 Direct Central Impact
Bodies moving in the same straight line,
vA > vB .
Upon impact the bodies undergo a
period of deformation, at the end of which,
they are in contact and moving at a
common velocity.
A period of restitution follows during
which the bodies either regain their
original shape or remain permanently
deformed.
Wish to determine the final velocities of the
two bodies. The total momentum of the
two body system is preserved,
m A v A + m B v B = m B v B + m B v B
A second relation between the final
velocities is required.

Direct Central Impact

e = coefficient of restitution
Period of deformation: m A v A Pdt = m Au
= Rdt = u vA
Pdt v A u
0 e 1
Period of restitution: m Au Rdt = m Av A
v u
A similar analysis of particle B yields e= B
u vB

Combining the relations leads to the desired vB vA = e(v A v B )

second relation between the final velocities.

Perfectly plastic impact, e = 0: vB = vA = v m A v A + m B v B = (m A + mB )v

Perfectly elastic impact, e = 1: vB vA = v A v B

Total energy and total momentum conserved.

8
 Oblique Central Impact
Final velocities are
unknown in magnitude
and direction. Four
equations are required.

No tangential impulse component; (v A )t = (vA )t (v B )t = (vB )t

tangential component of momentum
for each particle is conserved.
Normal component of total m A (v A )n + m B (v B )n = m A (vA )n + mB (vB )n
momentum of the two particles is
conserved.
Normal components of relative (vB ) n (v A ) n = e[(v A ) n (vB ) n ]
velocities before and after impact
are related by the coefficient of
restitution.

Oblique Central Impact

Block constrained to move along horizontal
surface.
r r
Impulses from internal forces F and Fr
along the n axis and from external force Fext
exerted by horizontal surface and directed
along the vertical to the surface.

Final velocity of ball unknown in direction and

magnitude and unknown final block velocity
magnitude. Three equations required.

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 Oblique Central Impact

Tangential momentum of ball is (v B )t = (vB )t

conserved.
Total horizontal momentum of block m A (v A ) + m B (v B ) x = m A (vA ) + m B (vB ) x
and ball is conserved.
Normal component of relative (vB ) n (v A ) n = e[(v A ) n (vB ) n ]
velocities of block and ball are related
by coefficient of restitution.

Note: Validity of last expression does not follow from previous relation for
the coefficient of restitution. A similar but separate derivation is required.

Problems Involving Energy and

Momentum
Three methods for the analysis of kinetics problems:
- Direct application of Newtons second law
- Method of work and energy
- Method of impulse and momentum
Select the method best suited for the problem or part of a problem
under consideration.

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 Sample Problem 13.14
SOLUTION:
Resolve ball velocity into components
normal and tangential to wall.
Impulse exerted by the wall is normal
to the wall. Component of ball
momentum tangential to wall is
conserved.
Assume that the wall has infinite mass
A ball is thrown against a frictionless,
so that wall velocity before and after
vertical wall. Immediately before the
impact is zero. Apply coefficient of
ball strikes the wall, its velocity has a
restitution relation to find change in
magnitude v and forms angle of 30o
normal relative velocity between wall
with the horizontal. Knowing that
and ball, i.e., the normal ball velocity.
e = 0.90, determine the magnitude and
direction of the velocity of the ball as
it rebounds from the wall.

Sample Problem 13.14

SOLUTION:
Resolve ball velocity into components parallel and
perpendicular to wall.
vn = v cos 30 = 0.866v vt = v sin 30 = 0.500v

Component of ball momentum tangential to wall is conserved.

vt = vt = 0.500v

t
Apply coefficient of restitution relation with zero wall
n velocity.
0 vn = e(vn 0 )
vn = 0.9(0.866v ) = 0.779v

r r r
v = 0.779v n + 0.500v t
0.779
v = 0.926v tan 1 = 32.7
0.500

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 Sample Problem 13.15
SOLUTION:
Resolve the ball velocities into components
normal and tangential to the contact plane.

Tangential component of momentum for

each ball is conserved.

The magnitude and direction of the
velocities of two identical
frictionless balls before they strike
each other are as shown. Assuming
e = 0.9, determine the magnitude
and direction of the velocity of each
ball after the impact.
Total normal component of the momentum
of the two ball system is conserved.
The normal relative velocities of the
balls are related by the coefficient of
restitution.
Solve the last two equations simultaneously
for the normal velocities of the balls after
the impact.

Sample Problem 13.15

SOLUTION:
Resolve the ball velocities into components normal and
tangential to the contact plane.
(v A )n = v A cos 30 = 7.8 m s (v A )t = v A sin 30 = +4.5 m s
(vB )n = vB cos 60 = 6.0 m s (vB )t = vB sin 60 = +10.4 m s
Tangential component of momentum for each ball is
conserved.
(v A )t = (v A )t = 4.5 m s (vB )t = (vB )t = 10.4 m s
Total normal component of the momentum of the two
ball system is conserved.
m A (v A )n + mB (vB )n = m A (v A )n + mB (vB )n
m(7.8) + m( 6.0) = m(v A )n + m(vB )n
(v A )n + (vB )n = 1.8

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 Sample Problem 13.15
The normal relative velocities of the balls are related by the
coefficient of restitution.
(v A )n (vB )n = e[(v A )n (vB )n ]
= 0.90[7.8 ( 6.0)] = 12.4

Solve the last two equations simultaneously for the normal

velocities of the balls after the impact.
(v A )n = 5.3 m s (vB )n = 7.1m s

r r r
v A = 5.3 t + 4.5 n
4.5
v A = 6.95 m s tan 1 = 40.3
5.3
r r r
v B = 7.1 t + 10.4 n
10.4
v B = 12.6 m s tan 1 = 55.6
7.1

Sample Problem 13.16

Ball B is hanging from an inextensible
cord. An identical ball A is released
from rest when it is just touching the
cord and acquires a velocity v0 before
striking ball B. Assuming perfectly
elastic impact (e = 1) and no friction,
determine the velocity of each ball
immediately after impact.
SOLUTION:
Determine orientation of impact line of
action.
The momentum component of ball A
tangential to the contact plane is
conserved.
The total horizontal momentum of the
two ball system is conserved.
The relative velocities along the line of
action before and after the impact are
related by the coefficient of restitution.
Solve the last two expressions for the
velocity of ball A along the line of action
and the velocity of ball B which is
horizontal.

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Sample Problem 13.16
SOLUTION:
Determine orientation of impact line of action.
r
sin = = 0. 5
2r The momentum component of ball A
= 30 tangential to the contact plane is
conserved.
r
r r
mv A + Ft = mv A
mv0 sin 30 + 0 = m(vA )t
(vA )t = 0.5v0

The total horizontal (x component)

momentum of the two ball system is
conserved.
r r r r
mv A + Tt = mv A + mvB
0 = m(vA )t cos 30 m(vA )n sin 30 mvB
0 = (0.5v0 ) cos 30 (vA )n sin 30 vB
0.5(vA )n + vB = 0.433v0

Sample Problem 13.16

The relative velocities along the line of action before
and after the impact are related by the coefficient of
restitution.
(vB )n (vA )n = e[(v A )n (vB )n ]
vB sin 30 (vA )n = v0 cos 30 0
0.5vB (vA )n = 0.866v0

Solve the last two expressions for the velocity of ball

A along the line of action and the velocity of ball B
which is horizontal.
(vA )n = 0.520v0 vB = 0.693v0

r r r
v A = 0.5v0t 0.520v0n

= tan 1
0.52
vA = 0.721v0 = 46.1
0. 5
= 46.1 30 = 16.1
vB = 0.693v0

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 Sample Problem 13.17
SOLUTION:
Apply the principle of conservation of
energy to determine the velocity of the
block at the instant of impact.
Since the impact is perfectly plastic, the
block and pan move together at the same
velocity after impact. Determine that
velocity from the requirement that the
total momentum of the block and pan is
A 30 kg block is dropped from a height conserved.
of 2 m onto the the 10 kg pan of a
Apply the principle of conservation of
spring scale. Assuming the impact to
energy to determine the maximum
be perfectly plastic, determine the
deflection of the spring.
maximum deflection of the pan. The
constant of the spring is k = 20 kN/m.

Sample Problem 13.17

SOLUTION:
Apply principle of conservation of energy to
determine velocity of the block at instant of impact.
T1 = 0 V1 = WA y = (30 )(9.81)(2 ) = 588 J
T2 = 1m
2 A
(v A )22 = 12 (30)(v A )22 V2 = 0
T1 + V1 = T2 + V2
0 + 588 J = 12 (30 )(v A )22 + 0 (v A )2 = 6.26 m s

Determine velocity after impact from requirement that

total momentum of the block and pan is conserved.

m A (v A )2 + mB (vB )2 = (m A + mB )v3
(30)(6.26) + 0 = (30 + 10)v3 v3 = 4.70 m s

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 Sample Problem 13.17
Apply the principle of conservation of energy to
determine the maximum deflection of the spring.

T3 = 12 (m A + mB )v32 = 12 (30 + 10)(4.7)2 = 442 J

V3 = Vg + Ve

( )( ) 2
= 0 + 12 kx32 = 12 20 103 4.91 10 3 = 0.241 J
T4 = 0
Initial spring deflection due to V4 = Vg + Ve = (WA + WB ) ( h) + 12 kx42
pan weight: (
= 392(x4 x3 ) + 12 20 103 x42 )
x3 =
WB (10)(9.81)
= = 4.91 10 3 m
(
= 392 x4 4.91 10 3
) + (20 10 ) x
1
2
3 2
4
k 20 103
T3 + V3 = T4 + V4
( ) (
442 + 0.241 = 0 392 x4 4.91 103 + 12 20 103 x42 )
x4 = 0.230 m

h = x4 x3 = 0.230 m 4.91 10 3 m h = 0.225 m

Example from Hibbeler 10th Edition

15.23 The tennis ball has a horizontal speed of 15 m/s
when it struck by the racket. If it then travels away at an
angle of 25 from the horizontal and reaches a maximum
altitude of 10 m, measured from the height of the racket,
determine the magnitude of the net impulse of the racket
on the ball. The ball has a mass of 180 g. Neglect the
weight of the ball during the time the racket strikes the
ball.
Answer.

16
Example from Hibbeler 10th Edition
15.29 The winch delivers
a horizontal towing force
F to its cable at A which
varies as shown in the
graph. Determine the
speed of the 70-kg bucket
B when t = 18 s.
Originally the bucket is at
rest on ground
Answer

Example from Hibbeler 10th Edition

15.67 The 2-kg ball is thrown at the suspended
20-kg block with a velocity of 4 m/s. If the
coefficient of restitution between the ball and
the block is e= 0.8, determine the maximum
height h to which the block will swing before it
momentarily stops.
Answer

17
Example from Hibbeler 10th Edition
15.77 The cue ball A is
given an initial velocity
(vA)1=5m/s. If it makes a
direct collision with ball B
(e = 0.8), determine the
velocity B and the angle
just after it rebounds from
the cushion at C (e =
0.6). Each ball has a
mass of 0.4 kg. Assume
the ball slides without
rolling.
Answer.

Other Examples : Hibbeler 10th

edition
I-M Equation: 15.6, 9,
Cons of Momentum: 15.33, 39, 49
As a minimum, work: 15.57, 85
Try these, too: 15.76, 87

18