size <10-3 10-3 <x<10-1 >10-1

type Real solution Gel(colloids) suspensions

treatment Biologic, Physical, Decantation
chemical(precipitation, chemical(particles or turbidity
oxidation) become large)
Table of components of water
4 sources of raw water
1) Rain water Effects on water of T increase
Saturated oxygen and nitrogen
Oxygen solubility decrease
Contain no dissolved salt
Chemical kinetics increase
Contamination in industrialized areas
pH results from
2) Surface water Industrial waste
Upstream part Domestic rejections
Downstream part(important) Anthropogenic releases into
High bacterial contamination water, atmosphere and soil
High organic and inorganic
(resulting from the influence of
contamination
human beings on
Color index can be high
nature <anthropogenic
pollutants>)
3) underground water
High hardness (Mg2+ Ca2+)
High concentration of iron and Buffer power:
manganese
The more the amount of phosphate
Turbidity is low
increases, the more water is buffered.
4) sea water
(PH remains constant).
Temperature is a characteristic of natural
waters easy to measure. suspended matter
definition
It is a parameter affecting aquatic Decanting materials
ecosystems Filterable materials
Physically: solubility of oxygen Turbidity measurement using
Chemically: kinetics turbidimeter - Best method.
Transparent
Origin: industrial waste Clogging index
Page 1 of 7
Materials in solution: organic and inorganic.
A global conductivity measure is taken and
then a specific measurement.
3 gases that dissolve in water:
Oxygen, nitrogen and CO2.
1) Carbon dioxide:
2 + 2 2 3 (Carbonic acid).
Consumption of CO2:
(3 )2 3 + 2 3 at the end.
This is the calcium carbonate equilibrium
which is necessary.
If 3 the hardness since it
precipitates out of the water.it can induce :
CO2 intensity consumption.
Precipitation of calcium carbonate.
Decrease of:
TA: alkaline titrate
TH :Hardness= (Mg 2+ , Ca2+ )
2) Oxygen:
It is a sensitive parameter in organic
pollution.
If the quantity of O2 is large then the
water is good.
There is pollution (bacteria come to
consume it)
3) Nitrogen:
Dissolved salts:
Whatever the water, it contains 6
elements:
Ionization of water 3 + +
2 3
Dissolution of CO2 : { 3
3 2
Presence of calcium 2+
Ionic conductivity: it is the most accurate
for measuring the saltiness of water using
the conductimeter.
There is also another method which is the
evaporation with a residue salt obtained
Carbonic equilibrium (TA, TAC):
TA: alkaline titrate
TAC: complete alkaline titrate Hardness
Hardness:
Temporary: relationship with carbonate
and bicarbonate.
Permanent: no relation with carbonate
and bicarbonate.
Carbo-carbonic equilibrium
(3 )2 3 + 2 3
To maintain (3 )2 in solution it must
be in equilibrium with an amount of free
CO2 called equilibrating CO2
(CO2 equilibrant).
free CO2=equilibrium CO2
Water with calco-carbon equilibrium
2 > 2
A consumption of calcium carbonate
2 < 2
Precipitation of calcium carbonate
Page 2 of 7
 iron and magnesium:
1) Non-toxic and to remove water
2) They give a royal color
3) Are not major pollutants
3+
example of the couples / pollutant to remove it.
3+ + 1 2+
Oxidation reaction
oxidation (loss e) + reduction (gain e)
The oxidizing power of a
permanganate solution in an acid
medium decreases linearly with PH
Oxidation potential effect of
oxidation [H+] and PH
Activity of electrons:
as = [+ ]
We define "the activity of the electrons" in
a solution = [ ]
For a reducing solution:
The activity of the electrons is very great.
The value of PE is low. Water is very good
Ex: natural water of rivers.
Oxidizing medium:
The activity of the electrons is low the value
of PE is large.
Case of non-natural water
2 3
42
Eutrophication is a form of water
pollution, occurs when excessive fertilizers
run into lakes and rivers.
Nitrogen especially organic nitrogen
Phosphor
Carbon:50% It does not take off. The
amount of phosphorus can be
decreased to limit eutrophication.
Nitrate(NO3) is a necessary mineral
2+
cycle of nitrogen:
1) fixation of N2
2) ammonification:
4+
3) Nitrification:
4+ 2 3
4) Denitrification: is a microbial facilitated
process of nitrate reduction that may
ultimately produce molecular nitrogen (N2)
through a series of intermediate gaseous
nitrogen oxide products.
3 2 2
Mercury:
It is very toxic
It is dark
It gives in the water several products
as methyl of mercury (3 + )
because 99% are in the
microorganisms.
3 + ( ) It is the
most toxic because its body elimination is
very small and it has a large half-life.
Organic materials:
Origin and analysis of organic materials:
1) Oxidizability of KMnO4 and UV
absorbance:
Hot chemical oxidation in an alkaline
or acid medium

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 UV absorbance at 254 nm; Simple
method, interference of turbidity,
iron, depends too much MO (organic
materials)
2) Measure DBO (Biological oxygen
demand)
Toxic organic pollutants:
pesticides, herbicides, insecticides
solubility of water (ppm)
Strong(>100ppm) low(<1ppm)
Half life time is long

Principle: DBO5 Ex: DDT: dichloro-diethyl-trichloro-ethane

Biodegradation for 5 days
3) Measure DCO (chemical oxygen
demand)
Principle: oxidation by concentrated
2 7 2
Incidences of MO on the water consumed:
If BOD5 is very large:
color/ taste/odor
Biological treatment by bacteria
Reactivity of MO with chlorine translates
If DBO5 is too small: TOX formation:
Chemical treatment (DCO large) 1) Dichloro-bromo-methane
2 4 2) chloroform
+ 2 2 7 2 3) Dibromo-chloro-methane
(2 4 ) 4) Bromoform
4) Organic Nitrogen 5) THM(trihalo-methanes)
5) Total organic Carbon(COT) Represent 30% of tox
A consequence of the formation of
Dissolved organic carbon(COD)
organ chloric derivatives
COT= 90% COD 10% COP Tastes and odors
CODB: Biodegradable it is the small bio Qualified by chlorine
removable. The organic matter (MO) is consumers
measured by the decay of COD after 28 1) Chlorophenols
days in preset of a suspension of bacteria 2) Cetone chlores
or a fixed biomass. (5-7 days) 3) Haloforms
Refractory organic carbon (COR): Is the 4) Main chlorinated by-products
bio-refer COD = 5) Responsible for these tastes.
It is important to quantify them.

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 Ozone:
O3 (molecular ozone)
OH (radical action)
Ozonation sub-products
Toxic: bromates
aldehydes
Low toxicity {

Biofilm of the network:
Water distribution
1. Dissolved MO
2. Ammoniacal nitrogen(inorganic)
It has several factors giving:
Residual disinfectant concentration
A content of CODB < 0.3 mg/l is necessary to limit the development of biofilm and to
distribute an unchlorinated water.

Disinfection
Good disinfection depends on the product C & T (C: Residual concentration of oxidant, T:
Contact time)
C decreases Contact time is greater
Total residual chlorine:
free chlorine (Cl2/ HCL/ ClO-)
Combined chlorine(NH2Cl/NHCl2/NCl3)
Some of the chlorine reacts with NH3 to give NH4+, one the NH3 runs out. The residual
chlorine is obtained
2NH3+3Cl2 -> N2 +3HCl
The form of free chlorine is more effective than that of combined chlorine
The point corresponding to this total degradation of the ammonium is called the point of
rupture
Monochloramine (NH2Cl): excess chlorine leads to its formation
Page 5 of 7
 Its characteristics is its extreme stability over time, which compensates its weak
disinfecting power, stability;
Appreciable from the tropical countries where the water temperature can
sometimes exceed 30C
Chlorine dioxide:
can replace chlorine
Its conjugate reducer is ClO2-
Disadvantages: toxicity of chloride and chlorate ions has a restriction in the use of chlorine
dioxide for the treatment of drinking water.
Ozone: 3O2->2O3
Very powerful oxidant exhibits great reactivity
2 types of oxidation:
direct molecular oxidation(O3)
Free radical oxidation( )

its low lifetime in water is the major obstacle in the protection of water in the network
Its ability to convert much of the refractory carbon into biodegradable carbon
(Refractory resistant to treatment) (biodegradable capable of being decomposed)
Disadvantages of UV disinfection
Lack of permanence of disinfectant action
Intense absorption of radiation by turbid or colored water

Advantages of UV:
High germicidal power and of the same order as free chlorine

Pesticides are not eliminated by chlorine or ozone, which requires an advanced and
combined oxidation method which favors the formation of radicals. (O3/H2O2 O3/UV)

Advantage of the system O3/H2O2

radicals
Good production efficiency of

Page 6 of 7
 for surface water generally contains a large variety of pollutants, the simplest processing
unit will include 2 stages:
Clarification treatment: liquid-solution separation step:
o coagulation: destabilization of MES
o Flocculation: Materials transformed into larger flakes
o Decanting
o Filtration with sand.
Final disinfection: inhibition of microorganisms by chlorination
Storage and distribution.

Processes and regulations: The case of surface waters of fairly good quality or in the
presence of certain specific micro pollutants. The drinking water treatment unit
comprises:
Screening: stops the floating body if the water is pumped from a reverse
Peroxidation (O3, ClO2):
o elimination of tastes and odors and of the organic micro pollution
o Degradation of THM and TOX precursors
o Clarification
Coagulation, flocculation, decantation, sand filtration.
Advanced intermediate oxidation Ozonation.
Eliminates almost all organic matter by increasing the biodegradability before the AGC
filter
o Eliminates specific micro pollution (pesticides).
o Final disinfection
o inhibition of micro- organisms.

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