ES 02 Courbon Engesser Methods PDF

4 Girder bridges 1/92
BRIDGE DESIGN
COURBON METHOD
Politecnico di Torino
Department of structural and geotechnical engineering
Bridge design
Girder deck dimensions - Bottom view
Bridge design
Girder deck dimensions Interaxis between main members
Bridge design
Girder deck dimensions Cross section
Bridge design
The beams subjected to the highest bending moment

are the external ones, so the other beams are designed
as they were subjected to the same actions. This
reduces design time and is a safe approximation.
We proceed calculating the internal actions (bending

moment and shear) in the mid-span section of an
external beam called beam 1.
Bridge design
Values of the multi component actions
In this exercise we will solve the structure only for the multi
component action group n 1. Needless to say that the other
groups have to be taken into account too.
Loads on carriageway Loads on

footways
Vertical Horizontal Vertical
Group Main action Special Crowd Braking Centrifugal Uniform
of LM1-2-3-4-6 vehicles Accel.
actions
1 Characteristi 2.5
c value kN/m2
Bridge design
Load analysis
Dead load g1
1. Longitudinal beams
2. Transverse beams
3. Slab
kN
1. Longitudinal beam g1lb b h l 0.5m 1.20m 15m 25 225kN
m3
kN
2. Transverse beam g1tb b h l 0.3m 1.00m 2.5 3m 25 3 56kN
m
kN
3. Slab g1s b l h 12m 15m 0.25m 25 1125kN
m3
Bridge design
Load analysis
Dead load g1
Total weight of the girder
g1tot 4 g1lb 4 g1tb g1s 4 (225 56) 1125 2249kN
Dead load on the outermost beam

g1tot kN
g1,1b 2249kN 38
4l 4 15m m
Two simplifications:
a. Dead weight uniformly distributed among beams
b. Dead weight of transverse beams taken as uniformly
distributed instead of 4 concentrated forces
Bridge design
Load analysis
Permanent loads g2
1. Kerb
2. Pavement
3. Vehicle restraint system
4. Pedestrian parapet
kN
1. Kerb g 2 k b h l 1.5m 0.23m 15m 25 129kN
m3
2. Pavement kN
g 2 p b l 1.5m 15m 3 67.5kN
m2
The load value for the pavement takes into account that
several layers of asphalt may be placed one over another
during maintenance of the road:
Bridge design
Load analysis
kN
3. V. R. S. g 2 vrs l 15m 2 30kN
m
kN
4. Pedestr. parapet g 2 pp l 15m 1.0 15kN
m
Permanent load on the outermost beam

g 2,1b ( g 2,k g 2, p g 2,vrs g 2, pp ) l
(129 68 30 15)kN 15m 242 15 16kN / m 44% g1,1b
One simplification:
a. The permanent load for the outermost beam is grater then for the other
beams. In this example the load of kerb and barriers is fully given to the
outermost beam, in reality it would distribute itself according to Courbon
theory on the others beams resulting in a lesser weight for beam one.
Bridge design
Internal actions due to permanent loads
In the mid-span section of beam 1 we find the following internal actions:
Bending moment Mg1b Mg1,1b Mg 2,1b

g1,1b g 2,1b l 2
8

38 16 15 2
1068 450 kNm 1518kNm

8
Shear Vg1b Vg1,1b Vg 2,1b 0 0 0kN
Bridge design
Load analysis
Variable traffic load q1
We need to trace the influence lines of bending moment and shear

for the mid-span cross section of the beam for moving vertical
loads.
We apply a disconnection dual to the desired internal action and
we calculate the function of the entity dual to the known action
(vertical force).
Bridge design
Bending moment in mid-span

Drawing influence surface
One dimensional influence line for longitudinal simply supported beam
0.5
1 l l 0.5
4 2
Transversal load repartition according to Courbon theory
-0.2
i , j 0.1
0.4
0.7
Bridge design
Transverse distribution
1, j Is the amount of the load P=1

applied on the beam 1 that goes on
the beam j (j=14)
Or:
1, j Is the amount of the load P=1

applied on the beam j (j=14) that
goes on the beam 1
Bridge design

If we modulate the two graph seen before we obtain
The blue area has to be loaded to

maximize the mid-span bending
moment in beam 1
0.2 l
4
0.7 l
4
Bridge design
Longitudinal distribution (concentrated loads)
6.9m 1.2m 6.9m
P
0.5
1 l 3.75m
4
l
4 6.9 3.75 / 7.5 6.9 3.45m
l
2
M S , P 2 3.45 P 6.9 P
Bridge design
Longitudinal distribution (uniformly distributed loads)
l l l l
4 4 4 4
Rq Rq
q
0.5
1 l 3.75m
l 1.875m 4
8
M S ,q 2 1.875 Rq 3.7 l q 3.7 7.5q 27.75q

2
Bridge design
Transverse distribution
Carriageway width = 9m
Width of each notional lane = 3m
Number of notional lanes = 3
Bridge design
Transverse distribution (concentrated loads)

1 Notional 2 Notional
Lane Lane We dont place the third
notional lane because its
3.0 3.0 centroid will fall inside
the negative influence
0.5 2.0 0.5 0.5 2.0 0.5 line of load distribution
150kN 150kN 100kN 100kN
-0.2
i , j 0.1
0.4
0.7
Bridge design
0.5 2.5
Fa
R1,a -0.2
i , j ya 0.1
0.4
0.7 0.5
R1,a Fa ya 150kN 0.7 0.3 150kN 0.65 97.5kN
3
Bridge design
2.5 0.5
Fb
R1,b -0.2
i , j yb 0.1
0.4
0.7 2.5
R1,b Fb yb 150kN 0.7 0.3 150kN 0.45 67.5kN
3
Bridge design
0.5 2.5
Fc
R1,c -0.2
yc
i , j 0.1
0.4
0.7 0.5
R1,c Fc yc 100kN 0.4 0.3 100kN 0.35 35.0kN
3
Bridge design
2.5 0.5
Fd
R1,d yd -0.2
i , j 0.1
0.4
0.7 2.5
R1,d Fd yd 100kN 0.4 0.3 100kN 0.15 15.0kN
3
Bridge design
R1,concentrated R1,a R1,b R1,c R1,d

97.5 67.5 35 15 215kN
Bridge design
Transverse distribution (uniformly distributed loads)

1 Notional 2 Notional
Lane Lane We dont place the third
3.0 3.0 centroid will fall inside
1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 line of load distribution
27 kN / m 7.5kN / m
qa 9kN / m 2
qb 2.5kN / m 2
-0.2
i , j 0.1
0.4
0.7
Bridge design

3.0 3.0
1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
qa 27kN / m qb 7.5kN / m
R1 -0.2
yb
i , j ya 0.1
0.4
0.7
R1,u .distr . R1,a R1,b qa ya qb yb 27 0.55 7.5 0.25 14.85 1.87 16.7 kN / m
Bridge design
Pay attention! If we consider a force F and we calculate its

distribution using directly the influence line, or
2 1 we solve the static scheme shown below and then
we calculate the force in the beam 1 with the
F reactions, we obtain the same result.
F 2F
3 3 -0.2
R1 F 0.5 F 0.7 2 F 0.4
3 3
i , j 0.1
0.4
0.7
Bridge design
Transverse distribution (crowd) We dont place crowd on this

foothpath because its centroid will
fall inside the negative part of the
1.5 influence surface
q 2.5kN / m 2
F1 F2
-0.2
i , j 0.1
0.4
0.7
Bridge design
Transverse distribution (crowd)
1.5 3
q 2.5kN / m 2
Rq
Rq q 1.5m 3.75kN / m
q
F2 3.75 0.75 / 3 0.94kN / m
F1 3.75 0.94 4.69kN / m
F1 F2
R1,crowd F1 0.7 F2 0.4 2.9kN / m
0.4
0.7 Same result if we extrapolate
the Curbon transverse line
R1,crowd outside beam n1
Bridge design

6.9m 1.2m 6.9m
Concentrated tandem system
P
0.5
R1,concentrated P 215kN
1
M S ,concentrated 6.9 R1,concentrated 1484kNm
Rq Rq
q
Uniformly distributed
R1,u .distr . q 16.7 kN / m 0.5

M s ,u .distr . 27.75 R1,u .distr 463kNm 1
Bridge design

Rq Rq
Crowd q
R1,crowd q 2.9kN / m 0.5

M s ,crowd 27.75R1,crowd 81kNm 1
Total bending moment from vertical traffic actions
M s ,Vtraffic M s ,concentrated M s ,u .distr . M s ,crowd 1484 463 81 2028kNm
Bridge design
Shear in mid-span
One dimensional influence line for longitudinal simply supported beam
7.5m 7.5m
Transversal load repartition according to Courbon theory

-0.2
i , j 0.1
0.4
0.7
Bridge design
Shear in mid-span
If we modulate the two graph seen before we obtain
The blue area has to be loaded to

maximize the mid-span shear in
beam 1
0.2 0.5
0.7 0.5 0.2 0.5
0.7 0.5
Bridge design
Shear in mid-span
Variable concentrated traffic load
6.3m 1.2m 7.5m
1 m
2
1 6.3 0.42m
2 7.5
VS , P (0.5 0.42) P 0.92 P
Bridge design
Shear in mid-span
Variable uniformly distributed traffic load
l l
4 4
Rq
q
1 m
1 m 2
4
l 1 15
VS ,q q q 1.875q
2 4 8
Bridge design

1 Notional 2 Notional 3 Notional
Lane Lane Lane
3.0 3.0 3.0

0.5 2.0 0.5 0.5 2.0 0.5 0.5 2.0 0.5
150kN 150kN 100kN 100kN 50kN 50kN
-0.2
i , j 0.1
0.4
0.7
Bridge design

Longitudinal location of previously seen concentrated loads
3 Lane
1 Lane 2 Lane
Bridge design

0.5 2.0 0.5 0.5 2.0 0.5 0.5 2.0 0.5
150kN 150kN 100kN 100kN 50kN 50kN
R1 -0.2
0.1
0.4
0.7
R1,concentrated 150 (0.65 0.45) 100 (0.35 0.15) 50 (0.05 0.15)
165 50 5 220kN
Bridge design

1 Notional 2 Notional 3 Notional
Lane Lane Lane
3.0 3.0 3.0

1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
27 kN / m 7.5kN / m 7.5kN / m
qb 2.5kN / m 2
qa 9kN / m 2
-0.2
i , j 0.1
0.4
0.7
Bridge design

Longitudinal location of previously seen distributed loads
3 Lane
1 Lane 2 Lane
Bridge design
1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

27 kN / m 7.5kN / m 7.5kN / m
R1 -0.2
0.1
0.4
0.7
R1 , u.distr. 27 0.55 7.5 0.25 7.5 0.05 17.1kN / m
Bridge design

1.5 3 3 1.5
Rq Rq
q q 2.5kN / m 2
Rq q 1.5m 3.75kN / m q
F1 F2 F3 F4
-0.2
0.1
0.4
0.7 F1 F4 3.75 0.94 4.69kN / m
F2 F3 3.75 0.75 / 3 0.94kN / m
R1,crowd F1 0.7 F2 0.4 F3 0.1 F4 0.2
4.69 0.9 0.94 0.3 3.94kN / m
Bridge design

Longitudinal location of previously seen distributed loads
3 Lane
1 Lane 2 Lane
Bridge design
Shear in mid-span
Concentrated tandem system 6.3 1.2 7.5

m m P
m
R1,concentrated P 220kN
VS ,concentrated 0.92 R1,concentrated 202kN
Rq
Uniformly distributed q
R1,u .distr . q 17.1kN / m
Vs ,u .distr . 1.875 R1,u .distr 32kN
Bridge design
Shear in mid-span
Rq
Crowd q
R1,crowd q 2.9kN / m
Vs ,crowd 1.875 R1,crowd 5.4kN
Total shear from vertical traffic actions
Vs ,Vtraffic Vs ,concentrated Vs ,u .distr . Vs ,crowd 202 32 5 239kN
Bridge design
Non traffic actions: WIND
Location: Piemonte 250m o.s.l.

m
Wind referring speed vb vb ,0 25
s
1 2 1 N
Kinetic referring pressure qb vb 1.25 252 391 2
2 2 m
Geografic zone 1
Terrain roughness class D (open land without obstacles)
Site exposition category II kr = 0.19
z0 = 0.05m
zmin = 4 m
Maximum height of the structure z=3m
Bridge design

z z
Exposure coefficient ce z ce zmin kr2 ln min 7 ln min
z0 z0
4 4
ce z 0.192 ln 7 ln 1.8
0.05 0.05
Dynamic coefficient = 1
Shape coefficient = 1
kN
Wind pressure p qb ce c p cd 391 1.8 1 1 0.74
m2
Bridge design
Surface exposed to the wind
3m
1.58m
From pavement
extrados to
longitudinal beams
intrados (13cm of
pavement thickness)
Bridge design
Vertical position of the centroid of the deck
Total mass of the bridge

1. Longitudinal beams Mg1lb 225kN 4 900kN
2. Transverse beams Mg1tb 56kN 4 224kN
3. Slab Mg1s 1125kN
Total Mg 900 224 1125 2249kN
Static moment of bridge masses with respect to the intrados

1. Longitudinal beams Sg1lb 225kN 4 0.6m 540kNm
2. Transverse beams Sg1tb 56kN 4 0.5m 112kNm
3. Slab Sg1s 1125kN 1.325m 1491kN / m
Total Sg 540 112 1491 2143kN / m
Bridge design
Vertical position of the centroid of the deck
Wind Mt
Torque
moment due
3.63m to the wind
0.95m yg
Sg 2143
Vertical position of the centroid yg 0.95m
Mg 2249
Bridge design

kN kN
Wind resultant qwind p h 0.74 4.58m 3.39
m2 m
kN kN
Torque moment Mt qwind e 3.39 4.58 / 2 0.95 4.54 m
m m
Equivalent vertical 9m
load acting un beams
1 and 4
qVert ., wind Mt / 9m
kN
4.54 / 9 0.50
m
Bridge design
Bending moment in mid-span of beam 1 due to wind action
qVert ., wind l 2 0.50 152

M S , wind 14.1kNm
8 8
Shear in mid-span of beam 1 due to wind action
VS , wind 0kN
Bridge design
ULS combination
Bending moment in mid-span of beam 1
M S ,tot 1.35M S , perm 1.35M S ,traffic 1.50M S , wind

1.35 1518 1.35 2028 1.50 14 4808kNm
Shear in mid-span of beam 1
VS ,tot 1.35VS , perm 1.35VS ,traffic 1.50VS , wind

1.35 0 1.35 239 1.50 0 323kN
Bridge design
Pay attention:
Its not possible to evaluate the internal actions in the

transverse beams using Courbon, because Courbon
hypothesis doesnt locate transverse beams in a specific
position but smears them in the whole length of the
deck.
If we want to know the internal actions in the transverse

beam we have to use the Engesser model.
Bridge design
BRIDGE DESIGN
ENGESSER METHOD
Bridge design
We will analyze the same deck seen with the Courbon

approach with Engesser theory.
We will calculate bending moment and shear in the mid-

span of beam 1 exactly as we have done with Courbon
for the same multi component actions.
For sake of simplicity we will assume for dead load and

permanent actions the same values seen in Courbon
example (theres very little difference as the deformation
due to these loads is cylindrical).
We will then focus only on variable traffic loads.
Bridge design

One dimensional influence line for longitudinal beam (continuous on
transverse beams)
z Rtb Rtb
1
l l
l 5m 2 2 l
z z2
2 1 for 0 z l
10 l 3EI b
ya1 ( z ) Rtb
1 3z 2 z l
2
3 5l 2
5 2l for l z l
2 2
Bridge design

We apply the virtual reactions Rtb on the girder and we calculate with
Courbon theory the global deformation of the deck.
Beam 4
b
Beam 3
Beam 2
x
Rtb
z
Beam 1
Bridge design
The equation of the surface drawn in the previous page is
1
10l 2 z 6l z for 0 z l
3 2

x 1
yb ( z , x) 0.7 0.9
3b 10l 2 3

z 3 z l 6l 2 z for l z 2l
1

10l 2 z z l z 2l 6l z
3 3 3 2
for 2l z 3l
Transverse
direction
Longitudinal direction
Bridge design
That can become for the single beams
1
3 2

1
yb ,i ( z ) 1,i
10l
2 3

z 3 z l 6l 2 z for l z 2l
1

10l 2 z z l z 2l 6l z
3 3 3 2
for 2l z 3l
Transverse
direction
0.7 Beam 1
0.4 Beam 2
1,i
0.1 Beam 3
0.2 Beam 4
Bridge design

z
-1
-0.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0
0.5
y
1.5
ya1
yb1
yb2
2
yb3
yb4
2.5
Bridge design
z
-1
-0.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0
0.5
1
y
1.5
ya1+yb1
2
yb2
yb3
2.5
yb4
3.5
Bridge design
Procedure
1. We have to distribute on the longitudinal beams the vertical loads acting

on the slab using the simply supported schemes seen before
2. Once the loads are on the beams we can use the influence lines shown
in the previous slide to calculate the bending moment in mid-span.
Bridge design
Concentrated loads
3.0 3.0 We dont place the third
0.5 2.0 0.5 0.5 2.0 0.5 centroid will fall inside
150kN 150kN 100kN 100kN surface of load
distribution
F1 F2 F3 -0.2 F4
i , j 0.1
0.4
0.7
Bridge design

F1 150kN
F2 150 100 250kN
F3 100kN
2. Once the loads are on the beams we can use the influence lines shown
in slide 61 to calculate the bending moment in mid-span.
z 8.1m
z 6.9m
Fi Fi
Bridge design
ya ,1 (6.9) yb ,1 (6.9) ya ,1 (8.1) yb ,1 (8.1) 0.6 2.0 2.60

yb ,2 (6.9) yb ,2 (8.1) 1.14
yb ,3 (6.9) yb ,3 (8.1) 0.285
M s , F 1 2 ya ,1 (6.9) yb ,1 (6.9) F1 2 2.60 150 780kNm

M s , F 2 2 yb ,2 (6.9) F2 2 1.14 250 570kNm
M s , F 3 2 yb ,3 (6.9) F3 2 0.285 100 57kNm
M S ,concentrated M S , F 1 M S , F 2 M S , F 3 780 570 57 1407 kNm
With Courbon model it was
M S ,concentrated 1484kNm 5% difference
Bridge design
Uniformly distributed loads

We dont place the third
1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 centroid will fall inside
27 kN / m the negative influence
7.5kN / m
surface of load
distribution
q1 q2 q3 -0.2 q4
i , j 0.1
0.4
0.7
Bridge design

q1 13.5kN / m
q2 13.5 3.75 17.25kN / m
q3 3.75kN / m
2. Once the loads are on the beams we can integrate the influence lines
shown in slides 56 and 59 for a uniformed distributed load to calculate
the bending moment in mid-span.
Fi
Bridge design
a system
z z2
2 1 for 0 z l
10 l
ya1 ( z )
1 3z 2 z l
2
3
5 2l for l z l
2 2
3l l z z 2

3l
2
1 3z 2 l

0 a1
q y ( z ) dz 2
0 10 l 2
q 1

dz q
5

2l
2 z
2
dz

l
l z z2 3l
2
1 3z 2 l

2q 2 1 dz 2 z dz
0 10 l 5 2 l 2
l

l 2
3l 1
2
2q q l 2 0.625q
40 80 40
Bridge design
b system
1
3 2

1
yb ,i ( z ) 1,i
10l
2
z 3 z l 6l 2 z
3
for l z 2l
1

10l 2 z z l z 2l 6l z
3 3 3 2
for 2l z 3l
l

3l 2l
0 q yb , i ( z ) dz 1, i 2 q
1
2 z 3
6l 2
z dz l 10l
q
1
2
z 3
z l
3
6l 2
z dz
0 10l
q

l 2l
2
1,i z 3 z l 6l 2 z dz
3 2 3
2 z 6l z dz
10l 0 l
q 11 4 11 4 11
1,i 2
l l 1,i q l 2
10l 2 2 10
Bridge design
a + b systems
1 11 2 41 25 41
Beam 1 0.7 q l q q
40 10 100 4
11 2 11
Beam 2 0.4 q l q 0.44q
10 25
11 2 11
Beam 3 0.1 q l q 0.11q
10 100
Total 41 41
M S ,u .distr . q1 0.44q2 0.11q3 13.5 0.44 17.25 0.11 3.75 146kNm
4 4
M S ,u .distr . 463kNm 37% difference
Bridge design
Shear in mid-span
One dimensional influence line for longitudinal beam (continuous on
transverse beams)
z Rtb Rtb
l l
l 5m 2 2 l
z z2
1 2 for 0 z l
3 l l 6 EI b
ya1 ( z ) Rtb
z z z
2 3
3 l2
3l 1 1 for l z l

2
l l 2
Bridge design
Shear in mid-span
We apply the virtual reactions Rtb on the girder and we calculate with
Courbon theory the global deformation of the deck.
Beam 4
b
Beam 3
Beam 2
x
Rtb
z
Beam 1
Bridge design
The equation of the surface drawn in the previous page is
2 z3 l 2 z
3 for 0 z l
l 6 3
x 2 z 3 ( z l )3 l 2 z
yb ( z , x) 0.7 0.9 3 for l z 2l
3b l 6 2 3
2 z 3 ( z l )3 ( z 2l )3 l 2 z
3 for 2l z 3l
l 6 2 2 3
Transverse
direction
Bridge design
That can become for the single beams

2 z3 l 2 z
3 for 0 z l
l 6 3
2 z 3 ( z l )3 l 2 z
yb ( z , x) 1,i 3 for l z 2l
l 6 2 3
2 z 3 ( z l )3 ( z 2l )3 l 2 z
3 for 2l z 3l
Transverse l 6 2 2 3
direction
Longitudinal direction 0.7 Beam 1

0.4 Beam 2
1,i
0.1 Beam 3
0.2 Beam 4
Bridge design

z
-0.6
ya1
yb1
-0.4
yb2
yb3
-0.2
yb4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0
y
0.2
0.4
0.6
Bridge design

z
-0.6 ya1+yb1
yb2
-0.4
yb3
-0.2
yb4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0
y
0.2
0.4
0.6
Bridge design
Concentrated loads
Longitudinal position of the three tandem systems
z
-0.6 ya1+yb1
yb2
-0.4
yb3
Lane 3 Lane 1 Lane 2
-0.2
yb4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0
y
0.2
0.4
0.6
Bridge design
Concentrated loads
Longitudinal location of previously seen concentrated loads
Each couple of tandem

systems should be
treated separately
3 Lane
2 Lane
1 Lane
Bridge design
Concentrated loads : 1 lane

1 Lane
3.0 F1 F2 150kN
0.5 2.0 0.5 ya ,1 (7.5) yb ,1 (7.5) 0.5 0.0 0.5
150kN 150kN ya ,1 (8.7) yb ,1 (8.7) 0.27 0.13 0.40
yb ,2 (7.5) 0
yb ,2 (8.7) 0.08
Vc ,1 F1 0.50 0.40 0 0.08

0.98 150 147 kN
F1 F2
Bridge design

The z corresponding to the maximum value
2 Lane of yb ,2 z has to be calculated. For
sake of simplicity it is done for 0<z<7.5
3.0 and then used for the symmetric points
with z>7.5m.
0.5 2.0 0.5 2 z3 l 2 z
yb ,2 z 0.4 3
100kN 100kN l 6 3
yb ,2 z 2 z 3 l 2 z
0 0.4 3 0
z z l 6 3
2
z l 4.08m
3
zt1 4.08 0.6 3.48m

F2 F3 zt1 4.08 0.6 4.68m
Bridge design

yb ,2 (11.52) yb ,2 (3.48) 0.140
2 Lane yb ,2 (10.32) yb ,2 (4.68) 0.140
3.0
yb ,3 (11.52) yb ,3 (3.48) 0.035
0.5 2.0 0.5 yb ,3 (10.32) yb ,3 (4.68) 0.035
100kN 100kN
F2 F3 100kN
Vc ,2 2 F2 0.140 0.035
0.350 100 35kN
F2 F3
Bridge design

The tandem loads are placed
symmetrically to the ones of the
3 Lane 2 lane with respect to the mid-
3.0 span of the bridge because of
the anti-symmetry of the
0.5 2.0 0.5 influence line of beams 3 and 4
yb ,3 (3.48) 0.035
50kN 50kN
yb ,3 (4.68) 0.035
yb ,4 (3.48) 0.070
yb ,4 (4.68) 0.070
F3 F4 50kN
Vc ,3 2 F3 0.070 0.035
F3 F4 0.070 50 3.5kN
Bridge design
Concentrated loads : total shear in mid-span
We add the contribution of the three lanes
VS ,concentrated Vc ,1 Vc ,2 Vc ,3 147 35 3.5 185.5kN
VS ,concentrated 202kN 8.9% difference
Bridge design
Uniformly distributed loads
Location of uniformly distributed loads
Each lane should be

treated separately
3 Lane
1 Lane 2 Lane
Bridge design
a system N.B. For sake of simplicity the

following calculations are done
z z2 for 0<z<7.5 and then used for
1 for 0 z l
the symmetric values with
3l l 2
ya1 ( z ) z>7.5m.
z z z
2 3
3
3l 1 1 for l z l

2
l l 2
3l 3l
2 l
z z2 2 z z 2 z 3
q ya1 ( z )dz q 1 2 dz q 1 2 1 dz
0 0
3l l l 3l l l
l 1 z 3

3l
2
1 z3 z
3
q z 2 dz z 2 1 dz
0 3l l 3l l l
l

1 25 1 1 1
ql ql q5 0.156q
12 192 64 32 32
Bridge design
b system
2 z3 l 2 z
3 for 0 z l
l 6 3
yb1 ( z ) 1,i
2 z (z l) l z
3 3 2
l3 6 for l z 2l
2 3
3l
l 2 z3 l 2 z
3l
2 z 3 ( z l )3 l 2 z
2
2
q yb1 ( z )dz 1,i q 3

l 6 3

dz q 3
l 6 2

3
dz

0 0 l
2q l z 3 2q 2 z 3 ( z l )3 l 2 z
3l
2
1,i 3 l z dz 3 dz
0 l
3l 2 l 6 2 3
1 65 1 5 11 11
1,i ql ql 1,i ql 1,i q5 1,i 1.72q
4 192 64 12 32 32
Bridge design
3l
3l 2
Then
3l
q yb1 ( z )dz q yb1 ( z )dz is:
0
2
For beam 1: 1,11.72q 0.7 1.72q 0.156q 1.36q
For beam 2: 1,21.72q 0.4 1.72q 0.688q
For beam 3: 1,31.72q 0.1 1.72q 0.172q
For beam 4: 1,41.72q 0.2 1.72q 0.344q
Bridge design
Distributed loads
1 Lane 2 Lane
3.0 3.0
1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
27 kN / m 7.5kN / m
q1,1 q2,1 q2,2 q3,2

On 1st beam On 2nd beam On 2nd beam On 3rd beam
due to 1st lane due to 1st lane due to 2nd lane due to 2nd lane
q1,1 q2,1 27 / 2 13.5kN / m q2,2 q3,2 7.5 / 2 3.75kN / m

Bridge design
Distributed loads
3.0
1.5 1.5
7.5kN / m
3 Lane
q3,3 q4,3
On 3rd beam On 4th beam
due to 3rd lane due to 3rd lane
q3,3 q4,3 7.5 / 2 3.75kN / m

Bridge design
The shear due to distributed loads is then:
Beam 1 - lane 1: Vd ,1,1 1.36 q1,1 1.36 13.5 18.36kN
Beam 2 - lane 1: Vd ,2,1 0.688 q2,1 0.688 13.5 9.29kN
Beam 2 - lane 2: Vd ,2,2 0.688 q2,2 0.688 3.75 2.58kN
Beam 3 - lane 2: Vd ,3,2 0.172 q3,2 0.172 3.75 0.65kN
Beam 3 - lane 3: Vd ,3,3 0.172 q3,3 0.172 3.75 0.65kN
Beam 4 - lane 3: Vd ,4,3 0.344 q4,3 0.344 3.75 1.29kN
Pay attention to the signs !

See next slide
Bridge design
Location of uniformly distributed loads
The distributed load on lane 3 is on the

opposite side with respect to lane 1 and 2.
The influence line on

beam 3 has for lane 3
opposite sign with
respect to lane 2 (point
b a).
The influence line on
3 Lane beam 4 would have
been negative in c but
1 Lane 2 Lane is positive in b
c
a
Bridge design
Distributed loads : total shear in mid-span
We add the contribution of the three lanes
VS ,distributed Vd ,1,1 Vd ,2,1 Vd ,2,2 Vd ,3,2 Vd ,3,3 Vd ,4,3

18.35 9.29 2.58 0.65 0.65 1.29 31.5kN
VS ,concentrated 32kN 0% difference
Bridge design

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4 Girder bridges 1/92

4 Girder bridges 2/92

Girder deck dimensions - Bottom view

Girder deck dimensions Interaxis between main members

4 Girder bridges 4/92

Girder deck dimensions Cross section

The beams subjected to the highest bending moment

We proceed calculating the internal actions (bending

4 Girder bridges 6/92

Values of the multi component actions

Loads on carriageway Loads on

4 Girder bridges 8/92

Total weight of the girder

g1tot 4 g1lb 4 g1tb g1s 4 (225 56) 1125 2249kN

Dead load on the outermost beam

4 Girder bridges 10/92

Permanent load on the outermost beam

Internal actions due to permanent loads

In the mid-span section of beam 1 we find the following internal actions:

Bending moment Mg1b Mg1,1b Mg 2,1b

1068 450 kNm 1518kNm

Shear Vg1b Vg1,1b Vg 2,1b 0 0 0kN

4 Girder bridges 12/92

We need to trace the influence lines of bending moment and shear

Bending moment in mid-span

4 Girder bridges 14/92

1, j Is the amount of the load P=1

1, j Is the amount of the load P=1

Bending moment in mid-span

The blue area has to be loaded to

4 Girder bridges 16/92

Longitudinal distribution (concentrated loads)

6.9m 1.2m 6.9m

Longitudinal distribution (uniformly distributed loads)

M S ,q 2 1.875 Rq 3.7 l q 3.7 7.5q 27.75q

4 Girder bridges 18/92

Transverse distribution (concentrated loads)

150kN 150kN 100kN 100kN

4 Girder bridges 20/92

Transverse distribution (concentrated loads)

Transverse distribution (concentrated loads)

4 Girder bridges 22/92

Transverse distribution (concentrated loads)

Transverse distribution (concentrated loads)

4 Girder bridges 24/92

Transverse distribution (concentrated loads)

R1,concentrated R1,a R1,b R1,c R1,d

Transverse distribution (uniformly distributed loads)

4 Girder bridges 26/92

Transverse distribution (uniformly distributed loads)

Pay attention! If we consider a force F and we calculate its

4 Girder bridges 28/92

Transverse distribution (crowd) We dont place crowd on this

Transverse distribution (crowd)

4 Girder bridges 30/92

Bending moment in mid-span

R1,u .distr . q 16.7 kN / m 0.5

Bending moment in mid-span

R1,crowd q 2.9kN / m 0.5

Total bending moment from vertical traffic actions

M s ,Vtraffic M s ,concentrated M s ,u .distr . M s ,crowd 1484 463 81 2028kNm

4 Girder bridges 32/92

Transversal load repartition according to Courbon theory