IV.

DOUBLY REINFORCED
RECTANGULAR SECTION
4.0 REASONS FOR REQUIREMENT OF COMPRESSION REINFORCEMENT
IN DESIGN

1. Limited depth. When a beam of shallow depth is used, the flexural strength obtained
using max may be insufficient. The moment capacity may be increased by placing
compression steel and additional tensile steel.
M Design M max of single reinforced beam
2. Net compression steel increases ductility of the section at the flexural strength. The
ultimate curvature (given by c c increases since the neutral axis depth will be smaller
because the internal compressive force is shared by the concrete and compression steel.
3. Reduces long term deflections at service loads because when the concrete commences
to creep, the compressive force in the beam tends to be transferred from the concrete to
steel. Thus, concrete stress is lowered and deflection due to creep is reduced.
Curvatures due to shrinkage of concrete are also reduced.
4. Reversal of loads. Considerations of possible combinations of external loads where the
bending moment can change sign. (Common for beams of continuous frames under
gravity and lateral loadings.)
5. ACI Provisions for
Stirrups
Extension of positive bars
Seismic design

4.1 ANALYSIS OF DOUBLY REINFORCED SECTIONS

'
a. Assume that all steel is yielding: f s = f s = f y

F H 0: Cc + Cs = T

1
 0.85 f c' a b As' f y As f y
( As As' ) f y
a
0.85 f c' b
b. Check whether the steel is yielding by strain
If s y : f s f y
If s : fs f y
' '
y

fy
where y
Es
by similar triangles from strain diagram
s 0.003

d c c
d c
s 0.003
c
1 d a
if a 1 c , then s 0.003
a
Also
s' 0.003

cd '
c
cd'
s' 0.003
c
a 1 d '
or s' 0.003
a
c. Taking moments about the tension steel, the flexural strength of the section if the tension
steel and compression steel is yielding is:
M T 0
M n C c ( d a 2 ) C s (d d ' )
M n 0.85 f c' ab ( d a 2) As' f y ( d d ' )
or
M n ( As As' ) f y ( d a 2) As' f y ( d d ' )
d. When the check reveals that the steel is not yielding ( f s f s f y ), the value of
'
a is
recalculated.
FH 0 : Cc + Cs = T
0.85 f c' a b As' f s' As f s
As f s As' f s'
a
0.85 f c' b

2
where from the strain diagram
 1 d a
f s s E s 0.003 Es or fy
a
a 1 d '
f s s E s 0.003
' '
Es or fy
a
the flexural strength is
M n 0.85 f c' ab (d a 2) As' f s' (d d ' )
or
M n ( As As' ) f s ( d a 2) As' f s' (d d ' )

Note:
In tension failures the tension steel yields, but in compression failures the tension
steel remains in the elastic range; in both types of failure the compression steel
may or may not be yielding.
The greater the value of a , and the lower the values of d ' and f y , the more
probable it is that the compression steel is yielding.

4.3 BALANCE CONDITION

b d' c = 0.003 0.85 fc

s ab Cs
A' s cb Cc
N.A.
d
(d-cb)
As
T
s = y
Section Strain Equivalent Rectangular
Diagram Stress Block

For balance failure, the tension steel will reach the yield strength, f s f y
From the strain diagram, by similar triangles

y 0.003

d cb cb
cb y 0.003 d cb
c b y 0.003 d 0.003 cb
cb y 0.003 0.003 d

3
fy
but y , then
Es
 0.003 d 0.003 d
cb
fy = f y 0.003 E s
0.003
Es Es
0.003 E s
cb d
f y 0.003 E s
Also, ab 1 cb
0.003 E s
then ab 1 d
f y 0.003 E s
0.003 E s
or ab 1 d ------------------ Equation 1
f y 0.003 E s
From the stress diagram

F H 0 Cc + Cs = T
Cc = T - Cs
0.85 f a b b Asb f y As' f s'
c
'

Asb
let b ; Asb b b d
bd
As'
' ; As' ' b d
bd
0.85 f c' a b b b bd f y ' bd f s'
0.85 f c' a b b ( b f y ' f s' ) bd

( b f y ' f s' )
ab d ------------------------ Equation 2
0.85 f c'
where, for balance failure:
a 1 d '
f s' s' E s 0.003 Es
a
a 1 d '
f s' 0.003 E s
a
1 d '
f s' 0.003 E s 1
a

4
if a a b
1 d '
f s' 0.003 E s 1
ab
'
substitute the value of a b from Equation 1 to f s

1 d '
f s' 0.003 E s 1
.0.003E s 1 d
f y 0.003E s

1 d ' 0.003E s f y
f 0.003 E s 1
s
'

0.003E s 1 d
d ' 0.003E s f y
f s' 0.003 E s 1
d 0.003E s
Equating equations 1 and 2
0.003 E s ( b f y ' f s' )
1 d = d
f y 0.003 E s 0.85 f c'
0.003E s
b f y ' f s' 0.85 f c' 1
0.003E s f y
0.003E s
b f y 0.85 f c' 1 ' f s'
0.003E s f y
0.85 f c' 1 0.003E s ' f s'
b
fy 0.003E s f y fy
If E s 200,000MPa
0.85 f c' 1 600 ' f s'
b
fy 600 f y fy
Note:
The first term on the right-hand side of the equation is identical to b for balance failure
of a single reinforced beam. This is due to the concrete force which is the same for both
cases.
The second term is due to the compression steel.

For design, to ensure that the tension steel is yielding and that the failure is not brittle.
f s'
0.75 b ' ( 77 Code to 81 )
fy
0.85 f c' 1 600 ' fs
'
0.75
fy 600 f y fy

5
4.4 DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED SECTIONS

Let: M U = bending moment due to load (external)

M U1 M 1 = resisting moment for a single reinforced beam
M U 2 M 2 M U M U1 = excess bending moment which is to be resisted
by compression steel.
 Note: If M U M U1 , the design is a double reinforced beam.

4.4.1 Area of Reinforcement

a. As1 = max bd = an increment of the total area of tension reinforcement which will
balance the area of compression concrete assuming a single reinforced beam
M U2
As2 =
f y d d '
b. = an increment of the total area of the tension reinforcement which

will balance the area of compression steel for a double reinforced beam.
c. As As1 As2 = total area of tension reinforcement.

The Code says that to ensure a ductile behavior in beams with compression
reinforcement, only the part of the tensile reinforcement that is balanced by compression in the
concrete has to be limited by 0.75 factor. Thus,

c.1 f s f y ;
'
'
s y
the maximum permissible As 0.75 b bd As , and
'

c.2 f s f y ; ( s y )
' '

f s'
The maximum permissible As 0.75 b bd As
'
, and
fy
fy
As' As2
f s'