Caning-English

Dictionary
Authors:

David Abbi Alfira

Timothy Kuku Kafi
Hassan Kuwa Kaki
Ali Alaliim Hasan
Anjo Kuku Anjo
Dayan Kuku Jas
Sadik Kafi Sarukh

with

Tim Stirtz

1
This book is a list of some of the most common words spoken by the Caning. The meaning of each word
is given in English.

2016, Caning Language Committee and Sudan Workshop Program

Trial Edition October 2013

Trial Edition May 2016

Publisher: Sudan Workshop Program

Place of Publication: Juba

Introduction

In the Caning language there are several different types of words: nouns, verbs, pronouns, adjectives,
adverbs, connectors, and others. This dictionary lists many words and tells what kind of word each is. It
also gives the meaning of each word in English. Each word is listed according to the order of the
alphabet letters so that it is easier to find the words. This book also shows how each word should be
spelled. The lessons of the Caning Consonant and Vowel Book and the Caning Grammar Book should be
learned and used along with this dictionary.

It is especially important for those writing books and translating Scripture to check the spelling of words
using this book. If all writers spell the way that words are written in this dictionary, it will be easier for
readers to recognize each word when they read them. Any words in this book that are not spelled
correctly or have the wrong English meaning should be marked in pencil. You should then tell the
authors the correct spelling or meaning so that they can correct the next printing.

4
How to Read an Entry in this Dictionary

When you look in the dictionary, you will see many lines of words. Some look similar to the example
below:

abad n stupid person abadiny /-iny

Heres what the words mean:

The word abad in bold is called the entry. All the words after it give information about this
word. All entries are listed according to the order of the Caning alphabet letters. See the Caning
Aphlabet Order below for the list of letters in order. Entries that are nouns or adjectives are the
singular (only one). Entries that are verbs are the incomplete form of the verb.
Next, the letter n in italics shows the word category (type of word) of the entry is a noun. See
the Word Category Abbreviations below for a list of all possible word category abbreviations.
Next, the words stupid person is the definition of the entry and shows its meaning in English.
The next word abadiny in bold is the plural of the entry. It is how to say more than one of the
noun. (Only entries that are nouns or adjectives have a plural.)
Next, /-iny shows the suffix (ending letters) of the plural. When the letters come after the slash
(/), it shows the suffix is attached to the plural, as /-iny in abadiny stupid people. When the
letters come before the slash, it shows the suffix is attached to the singular, as -ic/ in uxic
worm. Some nouns have suffixes before and after the slash, as -ic/-iny in winic vulture,
wininy bultures. See Suffixffixes of Singular and Plural Nouns below for a list of the most
common suffixes.

Now look at another example entry.

adi n 1) tradition, culture 2) taboo, unacceptable behaviour adidi /-di

adi is the entry and singular of the noun.

n shows the entry is a noun.
Next, we read 1) tradition, culture 2) taboo. These are two definitions (meanings) of the entry.
1) tradition, culture is the most common meaning. 2) taboo, unacceptable behaviour is a less
common meaning.
adidi is the plural of the entry.
/-di shows the suffix in the plural adidi.

Now look at another entry.

apadic Bw {Arabic} n duck (bird type) apadiny -ic/-iny

The words Bw {Arabic} show this entry abadic is borrowed from Arabic. Other entries may be
borrowed from English.

Now look at this entry.

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 amind apang n boyfriend, fianc (lit. friend of man) aminug apanginy

The words (lit. friend of man) show the literal meaning of amind apang.

Here are two other example entries.

me sed (ssed knot of rope) n weaver mengg sed m/m

sed n.pl knot of rope [me sed]

The words (sed knot of rope) show that sed is the root (original, simpler word), and that the
entry me sed comes from sed. It also shows you will find sed listed as another entry.
When you go to the entry sed, the word [me sed] is listed as a subentry between brackets [ ].
We dont know the meaning of [me sed] by looking at the entry sed. To learn this, we must go to
the entry me sed.

Here is another entry.

blede v.tr know bli, kable

blede is the entry. It is an incomplete verb.

v.tr shows the part of speech of the entry is a transitive verb.
know is the definition.
bli is the command of the verb, used when giving orders.
kable is the completive form of the verb. This form represents changes in subject prefixes for
complete verbs. The prefix ka- on a complete verb in the dictionary shows there are the
following other complete prefixes for that verb: ma- he, ca- she,, nya- it,, ka- we (not you),,
sa- they. The prefix k- on a complete verb in the dictionary shows there are the following
other complete prefixes for that verb: mg- he, cg- she,, nyg- it,, wag- we (not you),,
sg- they. See Diffe
fferent complete verb prefix
fixes for more information.

Here is another entry.

paye v.tr desire, want, like, love paya, kpay {gi mpaye}

paye is the entry and an incomplete verb.

v.tr shows it is a transitive verb.
desire, want, like, love is the definition.
paya is the command of the verb
kpay is the completive form of the verb.
{gi mpaye} is the incomplete verb form with subject pronoun gi you (sg). This verb
form represents changes that take place in the first consonant of the verb root for subject
pronouns ag I, gi you(sg) and anggayou(pl) in both incomplete and complete forms, and
for was we (not you) in the incomplete form. (p
p becomes mp in this verb). See First root
consonant changes for more information.

Here is one final entry.

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 lage1 v.tr wear laga, klaga

There is a small number 1 after the entry lage1. This means there is another word lage2 that has
the same letters but a completely different meaning. The word lage1 means wear and lage2
means hunt. The two words are not related, and just happen to have the same spelling.

Caning Alphabet Order

The words in this dictionary are listed according to the order of the Caning letters. Caning has 27 letters,
and they are in the following order.

Caning Alphabet
Aa [a] apang man
[] angxsic fly
Bb [] banyag warthog
Cc [c] cabr mountain
Dd [d] deny cow
D d [] dax stork
Ee [] eg giraffe
Ff [f] faranycal tomato
Gg [g] gax walking stick
Ii [i] is dog
Jj [] jengic pencil
Kk [k] kuppa hoe
Ll [l] lu hockey game
Mm [m] mgax buffalo
Nn [n] anapalic bow, arrow
Ng ng [] ngaluwec bell
Ny ny [] nyings rat
Oo [] osox lion
Pp [p] pipi baby
Rr [r] racca necklace
Ss [s] sicci planting stick
Tt [t] tumun ostrich
Uu [u] ux woman
Ww [w] winic vulture
Xx [x] xong sun
Yy [y] yog fish trap
Zz [z] zax roof of house

Word Category Abbreviations

Here is a list of all word category abbreviations in the dictionary, and what they mean:

7
adj adjective describes a noun; agrees with the noun in number
adv adverb describes a verb
con connector joins clauses or phrases
der.afx derivational affix a prefix, suffix, or noun phrase introducer that (unproductively) makes
a new word or phrase
exp expression a word that can be a sentence by itself
loc location shows the place of a following noun
n noun a person, animal, place, thing, or idea
n.pl plural noun a grammatically plural noun that does not have a singular
n.sg singular noun a grammatically singular noun that does not have a plural
num number tells the exact number of a noun
oth other shows the word category is not yet known
pos possessive takes the place of a possessed noun and its possessor pronoun
prep preposition introduces a noun or noun phrase
pron pronoun a substitute for a noun or noun phrase
quan quantity tells the approximate amount of a thing or person
ques question word asks a question
v.d verb derived an adjective or adverb used as a verb
v.t verb an action, motion, change that has an object
v.i intranstive verb an action, motion, change, state, or equal sign that has no object
v.n verbal noun a verb used as a noun

Suffix
ffixes of Singular and Plural Nouns

There are three ways that nouns have singular and plural forms. They can add suffixes to the singular
form as in uxic worm. They can add suffixes to the plural form as in axiny hut. They can also add
suffixes in both singular and plural forms as in winic, wininy vulture.

Three ways of forming singular and plural nouns

Singular suffix Root Plural suffix
-ic/ uxiic ux worm
/-iny ax axiiny hut
-ic/-iny winiic win- winiiny vulture, bird type

The following are the most common singular suffixes.

Singular Suffixes
Singular Plural
-ic/ uxiic ux worm
-c/ bebecc bebe gourd
-dic, -tic/ glddic gl egg
-wec/ ngaluw wec ngalu bell
-wic/ kadasuw wic kadasu foundation

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The following are the most common plural suffixes.

Plural Suffixes
Singular Plural
/-iny ax axiiny hut
/-u ux uxuu woman
/-da, -ta oxay oxayd da animal
/-di, -ti bul bulddi drum
/-de, -te jen jendde year
/-diny, -tiny ngas ngasttiny neck
/-ciny jenic jeniccciny season
/-dg ya yaddg meat
/-tudi sud suttudi mound, hump
/-nag ngole ngolen nag mothers brother

The following are the most common singular and plural suffix pairs.

Singular and Plural Suffixes

Singular Plural
-ic/-iny winiic winiiny vulture, bird type
-ic/-u banyiic banyuu light
-wan/-wan penwwan penggw wan son
-x/-ny osox
x oson
ny lion
-d/-nu dawud d dawunnu fish type

The m/m is for the words me, mengg and the p/e is for the words px, engg. These make noun
phrases from simpler nouns. The X/X is for nouns that have the same form for both the singular and the
plural.

Other Singular and Plural Abbreviations

Singular Plural
m/m me pelow mengg pelow farmer, person of the field
p/e px deny engg dg calf, young cow
X/X ayis ayis goat

Diffe
fferent complete verb prefix
fixes

Nearly all verbs have subject prefixes that change with the subject pronoun before the verb. The subject
prefixes on incomplete verbs are different than on complete verbs.

Verb type 1
Incomplete Complete give back, return
Kig melee dog Kig kmeley dog Person . . . thing.
ag amelee ag kameley I
gi melee gi kmeley you (sg)
ma mmelee ma mgmeley he

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ce cmelee ce cgmeley she
nya nymelee nya nygmeley it
was wameliig ? was wagmeleyiig we (not you)
kog meliig ? kog kmeleyiig we (and you)
angga meleeng ? angga kmeleyeeng you (pl)
sa smelee sa sgmeley they

All verbs have the same subject prefixes in incomplete forms, but not all verbs have the same subject
prefixes in complete forms. There are two sets (groups) of subject prefixes in complete forms of verbs.
Some verbs (type 1) have complete form subject prefixes like mele give back above. These include
mg-, cg-, nyg-, wag-, sg-. Other verbs (type 2) have complete form subject prefixes like mene
take below. These include ma-, ca-, nya-, ka-, sa-.

Verb type 2
Incomplete Complete take
Kig menee dog Kig kamen dog Person . . . thing.
ag amenee ag kamen I
gi menee gi kmen you (sg)
ma mmenee ma mamen he
ce cmenee ce camen she
nya nymenee nya nyamen it
was wameniig ? was kameniig we (not you)
kog meniig ? kog kmeniig we (and you)
angga meneeng ? angga kmeneeng you (pl)
sa smenee sa samen they

In the dictionary, you can tell the difference between type 1 and type 2 verbs from the complete form. In
the dictionary, complete forms are listed after the meaning in English and after the command form.

mele1 v.tr give back mele, kmeley

mene1 v.tr 1) take, catch, hold, trap 2) care for mene/nang, kamen

The complete forms in the dictionary can be in the sentece Kig ____ (dog). The person ____ (thing). Type
1 complete verbs in this sentence have the prefix k- such as in kmeley gave back. Type 2 complete
verbs in this sentence have the prefix ka- such as in kamen took.

First root consonant changes

In some type 1 verbs, there are changes in the first consonant of the root. In the type 1 verb poko carry,
the first consonant p changes to mp for the subject pronouns ag I, gi you(sg) and anggayou(pl) in
both incomplete and complete forms, and for was we (not you) in the incomplete form.

Verb type 1
Incomplete Complete carry
Kig poko dog Kig kpok dog Person . . . thing.
ag ampokoo ag kampok I

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gi mpokoo gi kmpok you (sg)
ma mpokoo ma mgpok he
ce cpoko
o ce cgpok she
nya nypokoo nya nygpok it
was wampokiig ? was wagpokiig we (not you)
kog pokiig ? kog kpokiig we (and you)
angga mpokaang ? angga kmpokaang you (pl)
sa spoko
o sa sgpok they

However, type 2 verbs do not have changes in consonants like type 1 verbs. In the type 2 verb paxe kill,
the first consonant p remains p with all subject prefixes.

Verb type 2
Incomplete Complete kill
Kig paxee dog Kig kapax dog Person . . . thing.
ag apaxee ag kapax I
gi paxee gi kpax you (sg)
ma mpaxee ma mapax he
ce cpaxee ce capax she
nya nypaxee nya nyapax it
was wapaxiig ? was kapaxiig we (not you)
kog paxiig ? kog kpaxiig we (and you)
angga paxaang ? angga kpaxaang you (pl)
sa spaxee sa sapax they

Instead, type 2 verbs have changes in other root consonants. In the type 2 verb saxe refuse, the first
consonant s becomes z for the pronouns gi you(sg) and anggayou(pl) in incomplete forms.

Verb type 2
a Incomplete Complete refuse
Kig saxee dog Kig kasax dog Person . . . thing.
ag asaxee ag kasax I
gi zaxee gi ksax you (sg)
ma msaxee ma masax he
ce csaxee ce casax she
nya nysaxee nya nyasax it
was wasaxiig ? was kasaxiig we (not you)
kog saxiig ? kog ksaxiig we (and you)
angga zaxaang ? angga ksaxaang you (pl)
sa ssaxee sa sasax they

In type 1 verbs, there are other first root consonants that change, as shown below next to C1. There are
also some first root consonants that do not change in type 1 verbs, as shown below next to . The
changes in consonant are in bold and can be seen by comparing one column to the next.

Consonant changes in type 1 verbs

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 Incomplete Complete
person . . . I... you (sg) . . person . . .
C1 p kig pase ag am
mpase gi mpase kig kp
pase meet
c kig cogo ag an
nycogo gi nycogo kig kccogu arrive
b kig bolo ag am
mbolo gi mbolo kig kb
bol make
d kig dele ag an
ndele gi ndele kig kd
del decorate
d kig doco ag an
ndoco gi ndoco kig kdoc go
g kig gawe ag an
nggawe gi nggawe kig kg
gaw throw
z kig zeke ag an
nzeke gi nzeke kig kzzek block, cover
V kig oxo ag an
noxo gi noxo kig ko
ox see
m kig mesede ag am
mesede gi mesede kig km
mes loose (sm)
n kig nanange ag an
nanange gi nanange kig kn
nanange trick
ny kig nyame ag an
nyame gi nyame kig kn
nyam check
ng kig ngawe ag an
ngawe gi ngawe kig kn
ngaw catch
l kig lage ag allage gi lage kig kllag wear
r kig rake ag arrake gi rake kig krrak surround
w kig waye ag aw
waye gi waye kig kw
way cultivate

In type 2 verbs, only the first root consonants t, k, s can change, as shown below next to C2. Other first
root consonants do not change in type 2 verbs, as shown below next to . Many of the same first root
consonants can be in type 1 or type 2 verbs, but t, k, s can only be in type 2 verbs.

Consonant changes in type 2 verbs

Incomplete Complete
person . . . I... you (sg) . . person . . .
C2 t kig teye ag ad
deye gi deye kig kad
dey create
k kig kre ag ag
gre gi gre kig kag
grt think
s kig saxe ag assaxe gi zaxe kig kassax refuse
p kig paxe ag ap
paxe gi paxe kig kap
pax kill
b kig bate ag ab
bate gi bate kig kab
bag take, get
d kig dse ag ad
dse gi dse kig kad
dst advise
d kig danye ag adanye gi danye kig kadany hide
c kig codo ag accodo gi codo kig kaccod drop, fall
y kig yaxse ag ay
yaxse gi yaxse kig kay
yaxs send
x kig xonyo ag ax
xonyo gi xonyo kig kax
xony rescue
m kig mene ag am
mene gi mene kig kam
men take
n kig niye ag an
niye gi niye kig kan
niy help, deliever
ny kig nyase ag an
nyase gi nyase kig kan
nyas rescue
ng kig ngade ag an
ngade gi ngade kig kan
ngad speak
l kig laley ag allaley gi laley kig kallaley look, see
w kig wanye ag aw
wanye gi wanye kig kaw
wany play (instrument)

12
 A
abad n stupid person abadiny /-iny
abisolo n sweet sorghum abisoloda /-da
abogic n lower cheek near mouth abog -ic/
acaya n branch of tree acayada /-da
accang surely
adaka con so that
adi n 1) tradition, culture 2) taboo, unacceptable
behaviour adidi /-di
ag pron I
agnang pron I
agwan n.pl 1) face 2) eyes
agega adv naming
agwang n.pl name
ajis n bile, gall, bitter liquid from body ajisiny
/-iny
aka oth do not
akadoko n praying mantis (insect type)
akadoku /-u
akalandi n gecko, lizard type akalandu /-u
ak not
ak makala juwic n pumpkin aku makalaju
ak sog n path, road akngg sota
ak sogal n doorway (lit. at door) akngg
sogaliny
akudeka n turtle (in water) akudeku /-u
alacca v.tr come alezi, kaleza {gi nalacca}
alax n shin [alaxtwan] alany -x/-ny
alaxtwan (alax shin) n leg alanywan -wan/-
wan
alkodos Bw {Arabic} n pipe alkodosiny /-iny
ama guy, hey, you
amax n dwarf, uncommonly short person amany
-x/-ny
13
amin n friend aminu /-u
amind apang n boyfriend, fiance (lit. friend of
man) aminug apanginy
amind ux n girlfriend, fiance (lit. friend of
woman) aminug uxu
amkadad Bw (Arabic) n chisel for carving
wood amkadadiny /-iny
amo hey
amusu n debt to repay amusudi /-di
anadaruwic n glassess, spectacles anadaru
-wic/
anapalic1 n arrow anapaliny -ic/-iny
anapalic2 n bow anapalu -ic/-u
andwan n hand [px bonu andwan]
asnggwan -wan/-wan
angsic n flying termite angs -ic/
angxsic n fly (insect type) angx -sic/
angg leke n.pl salt
anggerepene n bed anggerepunu -ene/-unu
anggo pron you (pl) (not us)
anya ques why, how
apadic Bw {Arabic} n duck (bird type)
apadiny -ic/-iny
apang n man apanginy, apangas /-iny, -as
apangg oth big
apaxk agwan n.pl eyebrow (lit. hair of face)
apaxtic n hair apax -tic/
aprnduwec n intestinal worm aprndu
-wec/
aprgenuwec n bat aprgenu -wec/
apo adj good apoccu /-ccu
apoco n hare, rabbit apocu /-u
apoydg v.n goodness
appa n father appanag /-nag
apudonyo n small crocodile apudonyu /-u
aran num six
aroppolic n zebra aroppolu -ic/-u
artamug n baboon (large monkey) artamuginy
/-iny
aru n marsh, wet land arudi /-di
asac n tamarind tree asayda /-da
asarngadic n rainbow asarngadu -ic/-u
asaydic n hail, ice asayda -ic/
asiny num ten
asiny wang nuxu num eleven
asiny wang ptax num twelve
asmati n.sg dry food for journey
asmex n 1) moon 2) month 3) mentrual period
asminy -ex/-iny
asug Bw {Arabic} n market asuginy /-iny
atapige n spear type atapigu /-u
atogonow n jackal, wild dog atogonowiny /-iny
atorndori n fox atorndoru /-u
atoro n giant, uncommonly tall person atoru /-u
awad n bird awiny -ad/-iny
awagic n chest awa -gic/
awiny n.pl flock of birds
awunwan n eye agwan -wan/-wan
awune n kernel of maize age -/-
ax n hut axiny /-iny
bac n upper arm [baccwan, bacu] bacu /-u
baccwan, bacu (bac upper arm) n shoulder
bacugwan -wan/-wan
bad v.n beat, hit
14
ax dog n hole [px ax dog] axngg
wek ?
ax gayad n latrine, toilet axngg gayad
ax iyed n womb axngg iyed
ax mas n gun (lit. hut of fire) axngg masta
ax ngeyig n.pl place of spirit of dead person
(hut of mourning)
ax odsani same place
ax pdo n spring of water axngg pdoda
ax sng n bedroom (lit. place of sleeping)
axngg sindi
ax sus n.pl bladder
ax zg n hole (lit. hut of dirt) axngg zg
axka n large bird type axku /-u
axse v.tr tie (rope) axsa, kaxs {gi naxse}
axsic n fish as -ic/
axungg duta n.pl bump, hump
ayadog n everything
ayagig every person
ayda n relative by marriage aydag /-g
aydan apang n brother-in-law (lit. in-law of
man) aydak apanginy
aydan ux n sister-in-law (lit. in-law of woman
aydak uxu
ayis n goat, female goat [px ayis] ayis X/X
azaf Bw {Arabic} n palm tree azafiny /-iny
xzg oth living
xse v.i die, be dead xse, kxs {gi nxse}
bada n palm of hand [badanwan] badanda
/-da
badanwan (bada palm of hand) n foot
badada -wan/-da
badnya exp stupid
bade v.tr decorate, make attractive bada, kabad
bagagi n snake type bagagu /-u
baleg n belly, stomach balegwan /-wan
bang n remainder banda -g/-da
bangacca v.i be called bandsi, kabandsa
bange v.tr 1) call to come 2) follow banda,
kaband
banyag n warthog banyagu /-u
banyic n light banyu -ic/-u
barug n 1) fence 2) courtyard 3) cattle pen
baruginy /-iny
baruks turug n camp (lit. courtyard of army)
baruginyg turug
basa unless, except
batad (bate1) v.n marriage, wedding ceremony
bate1 v.tr 1) get, take, marry 2) use 3) carry
baga, kabag, bakedig batad
bate2 v.i be stupid bata, kabate
bdg n spear type bdgu /-u
blax1 quan few blaxiny
blax2 adj shallow blaxiny /-iny
blede v.tr know, realize bli, kable
Brkili n.sg mountain name
bxadic n fever (body warm from sickness)
bxadiny
bebec n gourd bebe -c/
bede adj 1) difficult, trying, tough 2) intelligent
bedecc
bedic n pain bedidg -c/-dg
beged v.n gift
bene v.tr wait for bende, kbend
bisko n friend biskoda /-da
biyi adj small biyeng /-eng
15
bo colonggo (colonggo 1 lake, place of water)
n big river bong colongota
bocca adv usually, always
bodo v.tr agree boda, kabod
bokada v.tr bring boti, kbota
bokng v.tr remove bokng, kabokng
bokosnag v.n usher
bolic n agreement bol -ic/
bolo v.tr make bola, kbol {gi mbolo}
bonwan n mother bonggwan -wan/-wan
bonog n friend, person boniginy, bony -iny
bonggon cengic n step mother (lit. your (pl)
mother of side) bongggog cengic
botac n backbitting
box1 n likeness, resemblance
box2 badness, evil
boxene n old eyes boxngganag
boxux n grandmother boxunggxu
budurug n sow, female pig [px budurug]
buduruginy /-iny
buga ? spoon
bugan log n ladle, cooking spoon for asida (lit.
spoon of sauce) bugadag log
buguning n king buguninginy /-iny
bul n drum (big) buldi /-di
bulda biye n small drum bulduga biyeniny
bung n deaf person bunginy /-iny
bur n crack in dry ground burti
bus n.pl silk, hair of maize
butug n.pl kingdom
bux n.pl wine, beer
buxu v.tr roast buxi, kbux
cabr n 1) mountain, hill 2) land, world cabrta
/-ta
cadigo n fog, mist, white air from ground
cadigoda
cagwiyang n hernia, intestines coming out of
body cagwiyanginy /-iny
camiye v.i meet
Canic n Caning person [px canic] Caning
-ic/-ing
cata v.i sit icca, kcca {gi nycata}
cate v.tr separate, differentiate, decide between
several choices caga, kcakda {gi nycate}
cax n anus [caxse2] caxsiny /-siny
caxswan1 n tribe, ethnic group caxsnggwan
-wan/-wan
caxswan2 n descendant caxsiny -wan/-iny
caxse1 adj handsome
caxse2 (cax anus) adv under
cpari n.sg thread, string
ce pron she
celuwec n side of body, body handle of fat celu
-wec/
cengekxong adv afternoon (lit. side of sun)
cengiccwan n side of body cendegwan
-wan/-wan
ceremegic n bird trap ceremeg -ic/
ceri n basket to carry grain from fields ceridi /-di
cic n vagina of woman [px cic] cicciny /-ciny
dage v.tr chop (with axe) daga, kdag {gi
ndage}
daraga n shield daragu /-u
dlwec n sand dlweciny /-iny
dn n scorpion dnu /-u
16
cid n eagle (bird type) cidu /-u
cigiyene n mane, hair on neck of lion, horse
cigidi yene/-di
cilx n slave cilxiny /-iny
cilegs log n soup spoon cileginyg log
ciling n parrot (bird type) cilinginy
cilxaya n snail cilxayu /-u
cobos, cobog n jaw cbony -s/-ny
cocolacca v.tr descend, go down cocolizi,
kacocoleza
codo1 v.tr make fall, overpower, defeat, over
turn, wrestle cotda, kacotd
codo2 v.i fall, drop coda, kacod
codo3 v.tr wrestle, fight coda, kacod
cog v.i reach, arrive
cogo v.tr arrive, reach coga, kcogu {gi nycogo}
colada v.tr pour coli, kcola
colo v.i 1) serve 2) pour cola, kacol
colonggo n 1) lake, place of water [bo
colonggo] 2) dried up place of water, river
colonggoda /-da
copo v.tr look at, visit copa, kcopo {gi nycopo}
coxowa v.i hurry coxawa, kacoxowa
cukulug n ripe pumpkin cukuluginy /-iny
culudic n charcoal culu -dic/
curu n granary, grain storage place curudi /-di
dnd ma n leech (water insect sucking blood)
(lit. scorpion of water) dnug ma
dnge v.tr listen to dnge, kdng {gi ndnge}
dse v.tr advise dste, kadst {gi dse}
dtax two, so that ?
dx 1) v.tr treat (sickness, wound) 2) n sick
person ? dxi, kdx {gi ndx}
del n.pl decoration
dele1 v.tr decorate dele, kdel {gi ndele}
dele2 v.tr make fall teli, kadel
deny1 n cow, female cow [px deny] dg -/-
deny2 v.tr ignore
deny ma n hippo (lit. cow of water) dg ma
dibiri n lip ornament dibiru /-u
dimidi v.tr complete, finish dimi, kdimi {gi
ndimini}
diniye n storm diniyu /-u
dobolog n ram, male sheep dobologiny /-iny
dokolo v.tr stand, stop dokoli, kdokol {gi
ndokolo}
dol n snake dolu /-u
dolezi v.i lead dolezi, kdoleza {gi ndolezi}
dolo v.tr line-up dola, kdole ? {gi ndolo}
dong adv backward
dami n fig tree damu /-u
danywan n palate, roof of mouth danyda
-wan/-da
danye v.tr hide danya, kadany
dawic n broom dawucu -ic/-ucu
dawud n mud fish dawunu -d/-nu
dax n stork, large bird type daxiny /-iny
daye v.tr wash (clothes, body) daya, kaday
ddo v.tr tear, pull apart duta, kadd
dgane v.i hurry dgana, kadgane
dmd n heifer, young cow dmnu -d/-nu
dngak xong adv sunset (lit. going down of
sun)
dox1 n mud [doxaded] [doxajul]
[doxotonyad] doxta /-ta
dox2 n person
doxaded (dox1 mud) n.pl lump of clay
doxajul (dox1 mud) n.sg clay
doxotonyad (dox1 mud) n.pl mud block, brick
duc n flour duciny /-iny
dudulusic n flower dudulus -ic/
dukutsa v.tr pour (grain), raise, overturn
dukusa, kdukusa {gi ndukutsa}
dul ? n stump dulung ? /-ung
duld ed n tree stump dulungg ewe
dulubusic n tumor, cancer dulubus -ic/
duric (duru) n gathering of traders, merchants
in the market duricciny /-ciny
duru v.tr gather (people) duri, kduri {gi
nduru} duric
duwu v.tr soak, make wet duwi, kduw {gi
nduw}
D d
drg n brain in head drginy /-iny
dege v.tr ascend, climb dege, kadeg
degecce v.i ascend, go up desi, kadese
derem n tree type dereminy /-iny
dingi v.tr cut dingi, kading
diy v.tr not know, forget diyi, kadiya
diyada v.tr forget [ze kdiyasa] diy, kadiya
doco v.i go, move, separate from wede, kdoc
{gi ndoco}
dog n thing weg -/-
doga oth stupid
doga sogowadng song adv never (lit. thing
happening not)
17
donge v.tr care for, treat well
dosto v.tr pull dosta, kadoskd doskodig
doxo v.tr obtain, get, find doxa, kadox
e oth yes
ed n tree, wood [kaxsed] [me ewe] [ned]
[px ed] ewe -/-
edekeny adv tomorrow, next day
eg n giraffe eginy /-iny
faranycal n tomato faranycaliny /-iny
fatela n match box fatelu /-u
gal ??
ganang adv now
gang now
ganggaxuwic n gravel ganggaxu -wic/
gany n weapon
garabe v.i be near
gaw n hawk (bird type) gawiny /-iny
gawe v.tr throw gawa, kgaw {gi nggawe}
gax n cane, walking stick gany -x/-ny
gaxs- der.afx gathering of . . .
gaxsngga middle
gaxsiny nyaxic (nyaxic blade, piece of grass,
thatch) n grass gaxsinyg nyaxta
doxti n person nycoki -/-
dugog n.pl puss of infection
duwaduwasic n worm type duwaduwas -ic/
endu you (sg)
enge v.tr skin (animal) ende, kend {gi nenge}
exenwan n leg [nyxt exene] [px bonu
exenwan] exenggwan -wan/-wan
exenggukal n yam, sweet potatoe
exenggukalu
filindi n spear type filindu /-u
gbo v.tr bury gba, kgb {gi nggbo}
gdang be before
gldic n 1) egg 2) fetus gl -dic/
gpca already
geldwic n wildcat geldwiny -ic/-iny
gele v.tr peel, shell (hard things) gele, kagel {gi
nggele}
gexte v.i limp gexkte, kgexkdu {gi nggexte}
gi pron you (singular)
gidiki v.tr shake gidiki, kgidiki {gi
nggidiki}
gining pron you
gingang pron you (pl)
18
gisin n anteater gisininy /-iny
gol n water well, water hole golda /-da
gom adv afterwards, later
guguric n fish type guguru -ic/-u
guldwan n navel, belly button guliny -wan/-
iny
gulonggulong n dung beetle gulonggulonginy
/-iny
gulugulusic n bubble, foam, air in water
gulugulus -ic/
i con and, but
ig n water
ikang now
ikwan n 1) mouth 2) language ikinggwan
-wan/-wan
ila unless, until, except
jeded n.pl harvest season
jen n year jende /-de
jenic n season of year jenicciny /-ciny
jengic n pencil, pen jengcu /-u
kabasic n tattoo, facial marking kabas -ic/
kaborne n horn, musical instrument type
kabornu /-u
kaboxtonic n frog kaboxtonu -ic/-u
19
gulumun n millipede gulumuniny /-iny
gunic n knuckle, bending gun
gunid n.pl hem of clothe, clothing
gurumadig n wasp (stinging insect)
gurumadiny -ig/-iny
gurumgurum oth down, darkness
gurwec n millet gurweciny /-iny
guzun n owl (bird type) guzini /-i
ins con but if
ip n tail of animal iptiny /-tiny
is n dog [px is] isu /-u
iyng v.tr produce iyng, kiyng {gi niyng}
iye v.i 1) give birth 2) produce iye, kiye {gi niye}
iyex v.tr know yex, kalayex {gi yex}
jesic Bw {Arabic} n soldier jesiny -ic/-iny
jog oth click in mouth jojoge
juldg n.pl blackness
kabug n spoon kabuginy /-iny
kacalubugic n intestine kacalubug -ic/
kacc n donkey kaccu /-u
kace adv that she
kacikay n rattle (musical instrument type)
kacikayiny /-iny
kadasuwic n foundation kadasu -wic/
kada n fishing net kadada /-da
kag adv that me
kagi adv that you (sg)
kagog adv that us (and you)
kal n room, hut of compound kalda /-da
kala con 1) so, then 2) like, as
Kalg n God, god kalta -g/-ta
kalg n charm, amulet, idol, thing with magical
power [me klg] kalta, kalkta /-ta
kalumpoc n bamboo kalumpociny /-iny
kalung others
kama adv that him
kamal Bw {English} n camel kamalu /-u
kampng n leftover food kampnginy /-iny
kamuga n boar, male pig kamugu /-u
kanggo adv that you (pl)
kanya adv that it
kanyaguwec n fin of fish kanyagu -wec/
kanyaxan n razor kanyaxanu /-u
kapaldg n.pl 1) woman who has not yet given
birth 2) virgin
kardeg n hoe scraper, cleaner kardeginy /-iny
kasa adv that them
kawa oth no (reject a request)
kawas adv that us (not you)
kawi what
kawing n fat person kawingi /-i
kawong adv yesterday
kawuzi adv day before yesterday
kax con 1) supposed to, ought to, must 2) if
kaxs n inner part, side (of something) [kaxsed]
kaxsngga
20
kaxs gal n compound, courtyard (lit. inside
compound) kaxsngg galda
kaxspa (pa 1 homestead, compound) n town,
city kaxspadg /-dg
kaxse n stone, pit of fruit kaxsingge /-ingge
kaxsed (kaxs inner part, side (of something),
ed tree, wood) n forest, bush [me kaxsed]
kaxsinggewe -d/-inggewe
kayudic n rubbish kayu -dic/
kbadic n shoe, sandal kbada -ic/
kdataxowic n criket (insect type) kdataxo
-wic/
kdbx n trap kdbxiny /-iny
kday quan all [tota kday]
kdayge n.pl whole, all of something
kg escort
kgl n calf of leg kgliny /-iny
klad n.pl braid of hair
kn kday quan everyone, everybody (lit.
people all)
kpgne n beach, sand at edge of body of
water kpgnu /-u
kre v.tr think krte, kagrt {gi gre}
kredng v.tr remember krng, kagrng {gi
gredng}
ktandali n pelican (bird type) ktandalu /-u
ktbxs adv limping
ktos adv full, completely
kx n person kn
kxa bu n white person kngga bawiny
kxa caka n different person kngga cakuwiny
kxa ngonde n master, important person
knggga ngoniny
kxa semen n prisoner, captive kngga semen
kxa ze tas n mad, crazy person kngga
zngga tasiny
kxa- der.afx person that is . . . kngga-
kxse adj dead kxseng ? kolar n 1) throat 2) voice box kolariny /-iny
ke ques how kolos1 n arm, elbow kolosiny /-iny
kedenwec n virgin, bride kedenewiny -wec/- kolos2 n edge of something kolosingge
ewiny
kom n chair komda /-da
kee yes
kompa n axe kompu /-u
kelegele n monkey kelegelu /-u
korongic n pasture, grassy area for cows
kemis n leopard kemusu /-u korongo -ic/-o
kerekerec n spot (like on leopard) koxa n.sg rain
kerekereciny /-iny
koxic n palm tree koxiciny /-iny
keskow 1) n dawn 2) adv dawn, before sunrise
koying v.tr bring koying, kagoying
keyenggen n bush, small tree keyenggenu /-u
koyodng v.tr bring kowng, kagoyng {gi
kezic n day keziciny /-iny goyodng}
kidic n breast kidi -c/ kred n boundary marker of field krete /-te
kig n person kn -/- kreny ques how many krenyag
kijis n pounding stick kijisu /-u kubundic n bark of tree kubundu -ic/-u
kilingic n bracelet kilinginy -ic/iny kubunduwic n peel (of fruit) kubundu -wic/
kindarag n winnow, rake for gathering cut grass kuburic n bench for sitting on kuburu -ic/-u
kindaraginy /-iny
kubutic n wing kubug -tic/
kinggi others
kuc n sorghum kuny -c/-ny
kipin n civet cat kipinu /-u
kuc daba n maize kucungg dabu
kixi v.tr respond, answer kixi, kagixi {gi gixidi}
kudura n strength [me kudura] kudurada /-da
kiyaud v.tr collect, gather
kudutud n bird type kudutudu /-u
kobox gourd kobony -x/-ny
kudongic n stem, stalk (etc of dura) ku'dong
koboxs ma (ma1 water) n bucket, pail -ic/
kobonyg ma
kuku n first born male child kukudi /-di
kocogoric n hoof (of cow, horse) kocogor -ic/
kulic n sesame seed kuliciny /-iny
kodogol n large bird type kodogoliny /-iny
kulubic n mushroom kulubu -ic/-u
kodokodosic n ankle kodokodos -ic/
kulung quan some
kodos num three
kumagi n wall kumagidi /-di
kodoseneng third
kunun n.sg locust (insect type)
kodog n valley kodota /-ta
kuny1 n thorn kunyu /-u
kog pron we (and you)
kuppa n hoe, digging tool kuppu /-u
kogoldic n 1) shell (of nut, turtle, etc) 2) skin of
kupuppusic n lung kupuppus -ic/
fruit kogol -dic/
kogolge n peel kuric n dove kuru -ic/-u

kokomic n umbilical cord kokominy -ic/-iny

21
kuric tabaldi n dove with yellow breast (lit.
dove of Tabldi tree) kurug tabaldi
lage1 v.tr wear laga, klag
lage2 v.tr hunt [me lag] laga, klag
laley v.tr look, see lala, kalaley
lang n basket langda /-da
lange v.tr sing langi, kalanga
lare v.tr devide, distribute lara, klar
lasa remain kalasa
lawe v.i scream lawzi, klawza
laxng v.i pass by laxng, klaxng
laye v.i be, remain kalay
layis v.tr become, be, remain layizi, kalayis
lg n.sg 1) dust 2) smoke lg
lgo v.tr smoke something lga, klgoy
lmosn collect, gather
lpede v.tr tell lpi, kalpe
led n joy, happiness letede /-tede
lede n owner letuge -de/-tuge
lege v.tr speak, say lege, kalege
legednic n story legedniny -ic/-iny
legeresic n gravel
legey n.pl speech, talking
lemic n root (edible) lemanyu -ic/-anyu
lenge oth open area [odalenge1]
ma1 n.pl water [koboxs ma]
22
kutunwan n abdomen, belly kutugwan
kuwagoga n bird type kuwagogu /-u
lete v.i 1) dance 2) be happy
leye v.tr refuse ley, kaley
leza v.i appear kleza
ligid n 1) shadow 2) spirit of dead person ligiti
/-ti
ligita apo n soul, spirit (lit. spirit good) ligitiga
apoccu
lilim v.i be sweet
lilingicci v.tr bend over lilingzi, kalilingzi
limicc xong adv sunrise (lit. rising of sun)
log n sauce lota, lokta /-ta
lorto n grasshopper (insect) lortu /-u
loy1 adj tall
loy2 adv flat
lu n local hockey garme with football and sticks
ludi /-di
lugulogdi n inheritance
luguwic n premolar tooth lugu -wic/
luku n pool of water lukudi /-di
lunguric n bird like duck lunguru -ic/-u
lunguric ba n turkey lungurug ba
luw v.tr 1) cut 2) interfere with 3) respond,
answer luwi, kluw
luwid n.pl circumcision
ma2 pron he
macudic n co-wife, second wife macudic X/X
mada v.i be satisfied
madaga n glue for catching birds madagu /-u
mafara n cassava, manioc mafarada /-da
maga petecc n.pl current, moving water (lit
water running)
mag ya n.pl soup, broth (lit water of meat)
magic n sap of tree mag -ic/
majwan n polygamy, marriage of more than
one wife majudi -wan/-di
malas n spear type malasu /-u
male domestic, farm animal maleda /-da
malezic n guinea fowl maleza -ic/
mandarna n snake type mandarnanginy
/-nginy
mandur n widow, woman or man whose
husband or wife died manduriny /-iny
mange adj many, more mangecc /-cc
mangecc very much
manycal n sickle, grass cutter manycaliny /-iny
marany n scar maranyda /-da
maranyd mas n burn on body (lit. scar of fire)
maranydag mas
marnyang n dance type marnyanginy /-iny
mas n fire masta /-ta
masak goxa n.sg drought, famine
mase v.tr dry, make dry masa, kamas
matadawic n fish type matadawiny -ic/-iny
maya v.i be satisfied may, kamaya
mdg num five
mdac n container, mould for shaping mettal or
clay mdacciny /-ciny
mgacng adv long ago
mgax1 n heart mgany -x/-ny
mgax2 n buffalo mgany -x/-ny
mlage n fish type mlagu /-u
23
mnang adv like that
mnde adv again, also
mne v.tr ask mne, kamn
msa n fist of hand msta -a/-ta
mso close
mxem n antelope mxeminy /-iny
mxic n 1) root, bulb of plant [px mxic] 2)
muscle mx -ic/
mxo v.tr sink, dunk mxa, kamx
me- der.afx person that . . . mengg-
me br n thief mengg brata m/m
me cagad n sorcerer mengg cagad m/m
me celdug n liar, lying person mengg celdug
m/m
me dabi n poor man mengg dabi m/m
me dany n brave person mengg dany m/m
me ded n blacksmith, iron worker mengg ded
m/m
me dolic n guide mengg dolic m/m
me enged n butcher mengg enged m/m
me ewe (ed tree, wood) n medicine man,
traditional healer mengg ewe m/m
me golong n merchant, seller mengg golong
m/m
me isid n jealous person mengg isid m/m
me kaxsed (kaxsed forest, bush) n bush
dweller mengg kaxsed m/m
me klg (kalg charm, amulet, idol, thing
with magical power) n witch, sorcerer, diviner
(man or woman) mengg klkta
me kudura (kudura strength) n strong person
mengg kudura m/m
me lag (lage2 hunt) n hunter mengg lag m/m
me marog n ghost mengg marota m/m
me menekas (mene1 1 take, catch, hold, trap)
n fisherman mengg menekas m/m
me niyed n midwife mengg niy
me nganyad n trader, buyer mengg nganyad
m/m
me nyxay n beggar mengg nyxay m/m
me nyugatug n coward mengg nyugatug
m/m
me pa (pa 1 homestead, compound) n host
mengg badg
me pelow (pelow field) n farmer mengg
pelow m/m
me pungud n stranger mengg punguti
me sed (sed knot of rope) n weaver mengg
sed m/m
me tekbetu n potter mengg tekbetu m/m
me walang n wanderer, person walking around
from place to place mengg walang m/m
me wanag n father mengg wanag m/m
me wedg (wedg journey, trip) n traveler
mengg wedg m/m
me yaxis n messenger mengg yaxis m/m
mec n mosquito meciny /-iny
mege n 1) wind storm, wind [pen mege] 2) air
megede /-de
megen n orphan megenu /-u
megetudi adv morning (lit. wind early/cold)
meld n 1) bellow for pumping air on fire 2)
bladder that holds urine meldu /-u
meldnny n bladder
meldic n.sg argument
mele1 v.tr give back mele, kmeley
mele2 v.i return meli ?, kmele
mem n.pl milk
menwan n father menggwan -wan/-wan
mene1 v.tr 1) take, catch, hold, trap [me
menekas] 2) care for mene/nang, kamen
mene2 v.tr hold mende, kmend
mene sog v.i begin a journey (lit. make a
journey?) mene sog, kamen sog
24
menetsa v.tr use for trapping menesa,
kamenesa
menggpa (pa 1 homestead, compound) n
family menggpadg /-dg
mes1 n penis of man mestiny /-tiny
mes2 n father meg
mese1 n stinger of insect mestiny -e/-tiny
mese2 v.i disappear, get lost kmese
mese3 v.tr loose mese, kmes
meske v.tr protect, keep, care for, raise up
meskide, kameskd
mexes n crippled person mexesu /-u
meyge n winter season meygede /-de
meyin n ant meyininy /-iny
meza n creator, spirit mezada /-da
mezana n spirit
mezana tas n demon, evil spirit (lit. creator
bad) mezadaga tasiny
mid n fat, oil midi /-i
mid tumox n.sg honey (lit. oil of bees)
mil n song mildi /-di
mimacad v.n traitor
miy n skin, hide of animal miydi /-di
mo adv just
modic n peace mode -ic/
modolong n cock, rooster, male chicken
modolonginy /-iny
moladaswa v.i 1) be silent 2) remain moliwa,
kmolaswa
moliwa v.i remain moliwa, kamolaswa
morog n grave, cemetary morota /-ta
moso v.tr rot, decay mosa, kmose
moxkol n kitchen moxkoliny /-iny
moxsoc n vine moxso -c/
moxta n horse moxtu /-u
mudic n.sg nasal mucus
mumus n toad (reptile type) mumusu /-u munodang adv coming
munwan (mune point, tip of something) n mus n bowl, pot for pounding into mustudi
nose mudkwan -wan/-wan /-tudi
mune n point, tip of something [munwan] musku oth still
muduke
muso v.tr cause, make unsatisfied musi, kamsa

na1 prep with [ned] nce pos hers

na2 con and nma pos his
na and banic adv rightward (lit. with hand nnog pos ours (and yours)
right)
nnggi pos yours (sg)
na and nyagol adv leftward (lit. with hand
nnggo pos yours (pl)
left)
na canyicc xong adv towards the sun (lit. nnya pos its
with direction of sun) ns be, is, are, which, that
na dabi adv poorly, without money (with nsa pos theirs
poverty?)
nsko pos ours (not yours)
na zngnga adv truely (lit. with truth)
nstire adv truely (lit be true)
nace adv with her
ndakabuc n groundnut, peanut ndakabucciny
naga oth is for, about
/-ciny
nag adv with me ndak n so that not
nagi adv with you (sg) nd con and, then
nagog adv with us (and you) ndendengic n feather ndendenginy -ic/-iny
nama adv with him ndi ques where
nanange v.tr trick, deceive nananga, ndos n anus
knanange
ndukurudic n dust ndukurudi -c/
nani there
ned (na1 with, ed tree, wood) n rafter, beam in
nano very
ceiling newe -d/-we
nangg pos mine neng had, so
nanggo adv with you (pl) nimi v.tr scatter nimng, kanimng
nanya, nang adv with it nimic n vision (of angel , etc. while awake) nimi
napl adv quietly -c/

nasa adv with them niye v.tr help to deliver birth, produce niye,
kaniy
nawas adv with us (not you)
no seem

25
nolo v.i go ngte2 (ngte1 near) v.der be near ngite,
noxsi v.tr raise (from dead), make alive noxsi, nge v.i cry, wail ngede, knged
knoxsa
nge ikwegong n.pl noise, sound
nunuxundi one by one
ngec n bone ngay
nung n.pl breath
ngecc awagic n rib (lit. bone of chest) ngayg
nuxu 1) num one 2) adv only [tax nuxu] awa
[taxnuxu] ngecc onggwan n spine, back bone (lit. bone
nuxu dokandng soxong quan nothing (lit. of back) ngayg onggwan
only there is a thing not) ngecc wanwan n bone of body (lit. bone of
nuxung kikandng song quan nobody, no body) ngayg wanwan
one (lit. only there is a person not) ngecc zwan n skull (lit. bone of head)
nuxus adv maybe, perhaps ngayg znggwan -wan/-wan

nga n voice, word nyadad -/- ngeyig n.pl crying, funeral, mourning ngeyig

ngad, ngadag n.pl 1) word [serek nga] 2) ngeyitede n.pl funeral, mourning
matter ngga n mother ngangganag /nga--nag
ngade v.tr speak, say ngada, kangad nggux n 1) tortoise 2) hunchback person ngguny
ngake n word, matter -x/-ny

ngaluwec n bell ngalu -wec/ ngojox n blind person ngojeny -ox/-eny

ngan sister nganag ngole n mother's brother ngolenag /-nag

nganwan n sister nganakwan -wan/-wan ngome n weed ngomeda /-da

nganye v.tr sell nganya, kangany ngonde adj big, important ngoniny -de/-iny

ngas n neck ngastiny /-tiny ngondow n elder, old person (man or woman)
ngondowiny /-iny
ngasacca1 n abscess, infection with puss
ngongoxosic n gill of fish ngongoxos -ic/
ngasaciny -ca/-iny
ngasacca2 n goiter, growth on face ngasayda ngotorobo n chief ngotoroboda /-da
-ca/-da ngunyangunyang n hedgehog
ngasang n myself ngastngwan ngunyangunyanginy /-iny

ngas andwan n wrist (lit. neck of hand) nya1 pron it

ngastinyg asnggwan -wan/-wan nya2 think
ngastnggog ourselves nyadada n.pl chaff, remains after dura is
ngawe v.tr catch ngawa, kngaw harvested

ngayic n small stone [px ngayic ngori] nyame v.tr check nyama, knyam
nganyu -yic/-nyu nyamusow n army ant, safari ant nyamusowiny
ngc n dung ngciny /-iny /-iny

ngsata v.tr stand ngsa, kangsa nyandng exists

ngso v.tr wake up, stand ngsa, kngsa nyang1 n crocodile nyanginy /-iny

ngte1 adv near [ngte2] nyang2 it be

26
nyara n cousin, son or daughter of mother's or
father's brother or sister nyaru
nyase v.tr pull out from, destroy nyase, kanyas
nyatoga have, possess kagong ?
nyaw n udder of cow for giving milk nyawda
/-da
nyaxay n.pl request
nyaxic n blade, piece of grass, thatch [gaxsiny
nyaxic] nyaxta -ic/-ta nyaxiccaru
nyaxiccaru (nyaxic) n reed nyaxiccarudi /-di
nyaxolow n hyena nyaxolowiny /-iny
nygate v.tr fear, be afraid of nygata,
kanygate
nypxkic n flame, flicker nypxki -c/
odalenge1 (ow place, lenge open area) n open
place, clearing odalengec /-c
odalenge2 adv daytime
od kayu n garbage dump (lit. place of rubbish)
otag kayu
od nganyed n market otag nganyed
odudi n morning odudiny /-iny
odoccig v.tr must go onoci, kodoccig
oge ques when
oloxti adv early
olug n.pl saliva
omo n leprosy omoda /-da
ongd n night ongdiny /-iny
ongwan n back of body ondunggwan -wan/-
wan
onge behind
op n young man opiny /-iny
27
nyxt exene (exenwan leg) n finger, toe
nail nyxtngg exengga
nyxte n side (of river) nyx -te/
nycamiye n meeting nycamiyu /-u
nyenyewesic n star nyenyewes -ic/
nyigidi n.pl dew, water on ground
nyimec n liver inside body nyimeciny /-iny
nyings rat nyings /-
nyingsa jul n mouse (lit. rat that black)
nyingsga juliny
nyinyebed n.pl drizzle, light rain
nyipr n tongue nyiprti /-ti
nyixtwan n tooth nyix -twan/
nyonggo n item of clothing nyonggu /-u
oranyca Bw {English} n orange oranyca X/X
oso n rainy season osoda /-da
osox n lion osony -x/-ny
ow n place [odalenge1] ota /-ta
owanaskux n mother-in-law owanaskuxo /-o
owda ? n weather
owda tudi n cold weather
oxadi ques what
oxay n animal oxayda /-da
oxo v.tr see oxa, kox {gi noxo}
oxsondug n.pl pregnancy
oxsong v.i be pregnant koxsonga {gi noxsong}
oxsongada v.i become pregnant oxsongi,
koxsonga {gi noxsongada}
oxtic n fish trap oxticiny /-iny
oyo v.tr run fast, escape oya, koy {gi noyo}

pa n 1) homestead, compound [kaxspa] [me
pa] [menggpa] 2) inhabitant, resident
padg /-dg
pacce adv fast, a lot, very
palangasic n guest, visitor palangas -ic/
pale v.tr pray pala, kapale palic
palic (pale) n prayer paliciny /-iny
pan n child
panggal n homestead, home panggalda /-da
pappadasic n earring pappadas -ic/
parada v.tr arrive at, reach pari, kapara
paratic n bud of new tree leaf paraticiny /-iny
parnig n hat parniginy /-iny
pasada v.i be met by pasi, kpasa {gi
mpasada}
pase v.i meet pasi, kpase {gi mpase}
pax n.pl miscarriage, pregnancy ends in death of
child
paxatwan n waist paxatagwan -wan/-wan
paxe v.tr kill paxa, kapax
paxedic n diarrhea paxediciny /-iny
paxsec n garden paxseciny /-iny
paxtnding num seven
paye v.tr desire, want, like, love paya, kpay {gi
mpaye}
paye nuxu num nine
pkdng v.i come ptng, kptng {gi
mpkdng}
pla n baldness plada /-da
plada 1) v.i be quiet 2) v.tr make quiet pli,
kpla {gi mplada}
ple v.tr steal ple, kapl
pngic n upper cheek near ear png -ic/
pri v.tr touch pri, kpr {gi mpri}
P
pse v.tr fill (container) pse, kps {gi mpse}
ptax num two
px n python (snake type) pxiny /-iny
px- der.afx young, small of . . . engg-
px alkadis Bw {Arabic} n kitten, young cat
engg alkadisu p/e
px atu n grandchild engg atu p/e
px ax dog (ax dog hole) n ditch, trench
engg axngg dokta p/e
px ayis (ayis goat, female goat) n kid, young
goat engg ayis p/e
px blec n nephew, son of brother or sister
engg bleg p/e
px bonu andwan (andwan hand) n
thumb of hand engg bonggu asnggwan
p/e
px bonu exenwan (exenwan leg) n toe
of foot engg bonggu exenggwan p/e
px budurug (budurug sow, female pig) n
piglet, young pig engg buduruginy p/e
px canic (Canic Caning person) n human
being engg caning p/e
px cic (cic vagina of woman) n clitoris engg
cicciny p/e
px deny (deny1 cow, female cow) n calf,
young cow engg dg p/e
px ed (ed tree, wood) n shoot, new plant
starting to grow engg ewe p/e
px is (is dog) n pup, young dog engg isu p/e
px kuwan n person with old eyes
px kuxug n chick, young chicken engg
kuxuwiny p/e
px mxic (mxic 1 root, bulb of plant) n
vein engg mx p/e
px ngayic ngori (ngayic small stone) n
small, upper grinding stone engg nganyugu
ngori p/e
28
px oxay n insect engg oxayta p/e
px pipi (pipi baby, child) n child engg pipu
p/e
px ponwan n brother engg ponggwan
p/e
px sad (sad bowl, calabash) n plate engg
satu p/e
px sagun (sagn ewe, female sheep) n lamb,
young sheep engg sagunu p/e
px ux (ux woman) n girl, young woman
engg uxu p/e
px uxic (uxic1 worm, catapillar) n maggot
(worm in rotten meat) engg ux p/e
pes adv raw, uncooked
pese v.tr talk pese, kapes
pete v.i run pekde, kapekd
peten zx (zx food) n clay cooking pot
petug zx
pezngga adv truely
picca v.i lead picci, kapicca
pidiny n heel of foot pidinydiny /-diny
piduwic n twin pidu -wic/
pigi v.tr defend pigi, kpig {gi mpigi}
pipi n baby, child [px pipi] pipu /-u

px xong (xong1 sun) n dragonfly (insect pipin zlgic n first born child pipugu zlg
type) engg xong p/e piri v.i surprise piri, kapiri
pxkun ux (ux woman) sister nycok uxu
pisow n spider web pisowiny /-iny
peck ma n.pl wave of water
pixi n barren woman pixu /-u
peda v.i wait bende, kapada
podi n loincloth podu /-u
pele v.tr finish pele, kpel {gi mpele}
pogo v.tr fight poga, kapoge {gi pogo}
pelewa v.i is finished pelwa, kpelwa
pogud n war pogutada /-tada
pelow n field [me pelow] pelowde /-de
poko v.tr carry poka, kpok {gi mpoko}
pen n wound, sore pendu /-du
pologic n beam, rafter of house pologiny -ic/-
pen mege (mege 1 wind storm, wind) n iny
bastard, illegitimate child whose parents were poroga n mat porogu /-u
not married pengg mege
poxoja n.sg okra
pen ux (ux woman) n daughter pengg uxu
pugusic n buttock pugus -ic/
pen- der.afx child of . . . pengg-
pumpung n forest, bush pumpunginy /-iny
penwan n son penggwan -wan/-wan
purupuru n butterfly, moth purupuru X/X
peremperang n harp peremperanginy /-iny

rabsi v.i diverge, go around rabsi, krabsa rake v.tr surround raka, krak
racca n necklace raccu /-u rap n small bird type rapiny /-iny
raj n trick, deception rajta /-ta rejic n command reje -ic/

29
 S

sa1 pron they sxd n yolk, yellow part of egg sxdiny /-iny
sa2 be, is, are sxong adv not
sad n bowl, calabash [px sad] satu /-tu sxt n rhino sxtu /-u
sagal n girl saliny -iny sye v.tr ??
sagaldg n.pl ceremony for girl becoming a sed n.pl knot of rope [me sed]
woman
segu n.pl fresh milk
sagn n ewe, female sheep [px sagun]
sele surely
sagnu /-u
sage1 v.tr scatter, spread out saga, kasag {gi sepextic n piece of something sepeny -xtic/-ny
zage} serek nga (ngad, ngadag 1 word) n proverb
sage2 v.i come in together in numbers zagi, serek lege
kasag {gi zage} sicci n stick drill for planting sicciny /-iny
sagic n headpad for carrying sagicu /-u singgadicca tas (tas bad, brave) n adultery
salangic n stem, stock of dura salangicu /-u singga tasiny

sal n sword salu /-u siyad v.n food, eating

sane v.i fly, jump, be surprised sana, kasan {gi siyak odidi n breakfast siyak odidi X/X
zane} siyak waccid (waccid dusk, twilight, after
sangad oth rumor, talk of possible danger sunset) n.sg evening meal
sangadasa siye v.tr eat siye, kasiy {gi ziye}
sangang this soc n fruit soyda -da
sat ma n cup satug ma sog n road, path sota /-ta
saxad (saxe) v.n divorce sogig n way sotag
saxe v.tr 1) refuse 2) divorce saxa, kasax, {gi sogo v.tr make, do, happen soga, kasog {gi
zaxe} saxad zogo}
saye v.tr see, claim za, kasay sogowa v.i pretend sogowa, kasogowa {gi
zogowa}
slka n handle slku /-u
sol v.tr carry
slekey v.tr discuss
song adv not
sndwan n knee sndinginy -wan/-inginy
soru n book sorudi /-di
sng n.pl downness
soto v.tr transfer sokda, kasokd {gi zoto}
sngga v.n sleep, day
sud n mound (from termites), hump (of cow)
snggada v.i sleep sngga, kasngga {gi sutudi /-tudi
znggata}
sug n.pl urine, pee
spr n.pl cobs of maize
sukiyad n.pl semen from man
sprtic n husk of maize (peel) spr -tic/

30
suxulum n lizard suxuluminy /-iny

taba n tobacco tabu /-u tastd v.n danger

tabax n prostitute tabany -x/-ny tastg n.pl problem, trouble
tabewa1 oth poorly tawage 1) n bottom of something 2) adv below,
under, down tawaga -e/
tabewa2 v.i suffer tabawa, kadabewa {gi
dabewa} tawiny adv westward
tag 1) adv to, for me 2) loc in front of, before tax nuxu (nuxu 2 only) n sometime
nunuxundi
tagwan adv forward, in front of , before (lit. to
face) taxkic n thigh of leg taxkicu /-u
tage adv ahead, before, in front of taxnuxu (nuxu 2 only) adv once, one time
tagene n.sg front of something taxodi adv from there
tamic1 n blood tamicu /-u tayow n large bird type tayowiny /-iny
tamic2 n sacrifice tamiciny /-iny t prep to, for, at
Tampilig n.sg place name tbag bitter
tampililig adv forever tbange adv afterwards, following
tanda adv at tboxe adv under, below
tand n shirt, clothing tandu /-u tcaxs loc below, under
tanganic n 1) bull (male cow) 2) rich man tce adv to, for her
tanganu
tcengic adv beside, next to (lit. to side)
tanggo adv to, for you (pl)
tcengicc loc next to, beside
tanyara n celebration, festival tanyarada /-da
tdx adj important tdxiny /-iny
tanye 1) v.i be brave 2) adj brave
tdxte adv importantly
tappa n rock (large) tappu /-u
tgaxs loc inside
tari surely
tgaxse adv inside
tarjange attack kadarjange
tgi adv to, for you (sg)
tarlostg n.pl ceremony for boy becoming a
tgog adv to, for us (and you)
man
tarupus n.sg mat tlng adj short

tas adj bad, brave [singgadicca tas] tma adv to, for him

[zkadasiny] tasiny /-iny tng adv from, at, there

tasan n young female goat (not yet producing tng, tnya adv to, for it
milk) tasanu /-u

31
tnggxsic n louse, lice (insect on human head) ti1 ques where
tnggx -sic/
ti2 there
tnya, tng adv to, for it
tibidi ? adv middle ?
tpeye v.i be hot laya tpey, ktpey
tidi adj 1) tasty 2) happy tidiny
tpox adv away
tidi song much
trpe adv following, after
timinggaruwec n cloud timinggaru -wec/
tsa adv to, for them
tipidi adv half, between
tsed v.n promise, duty, obligation
tire oth certain, sure
twas adv to, for us (not you)
tireneng adv really, truly
txande adv far (lit. to far)
tiriga n fishing line, hook tirigu /-u
txd v.n illness, disease
tisi n ladder tisiny /-iny
tyati 1) n heaven 2) adv up, over, above 3) adv
toc n forehead tocta /-ta
north
tzag adv southward todi adv there

tz loc over, above todong adv here

tzg1 n 1) floor 2) earth, land zg t-/ toga v.tr 1) put 2) has togi, kadoga {gi doga}

tzg2 adv down (lit. to soil, down) togada1 v.tr give togi, kadoga ? {gi dogada}

tzlg adv fast, first, early
tze oth itself (reflexive ?) tzngga
te con until
tebezic n letter tebeziny -ic/-iny
tec adj green teciny /-iny
tegede v.tr 1) defeat 2) exist tegi, kadege {gi
degede}
tegeriny ques how often, how many times
telng v.i fall telng, kadelng telasng
telegu n shelter from rain and sun telgudi /-di
telgedng v.i beging to fall telng, kadelng
{gi delgedng}
tene n dry season tenede /-de
tesped num four
tespedeneni fourth
tespetespe num eight
tetex adv quickly
teye v.tr create teya, kadey {gi deye}
togada2 v.tr escort, go with togi, kadoga ? {gi
dogada}
togo v.tr carve (wood), make cabinets, furniture
toga, katog {gi dogo}
togodng v.tr bring tong, kadogng {gi
dogodng}
tol only
tolang everyday
tolojog v.i be loose ktolojog
tondoc n termite tondocu /-u
tongang adv back
tong loc behind, in back of
tonge adv behind (lit. to back)
tongge n back of something tondungge -ge/-
dungge
tonggoloxosic n bed bug tonggolox -osic/
tota kday (kday all) adv everywhere
totodosic n crop of rooster, cock under beak
totodos -ic/
totong here

32
towa adv inside tumox n bee tumony -x/-ny
toxkad n shrub, small tree toxkanu -d/-nu tumsagu n unfermented asida tumsagu X/X
toxo v.tr light, ignite toxa, kadox {gi doxo} tumun n ostrich tumunu /-u
tug n ebony tree tuginy /-iny tunyu adv outside
tugu v.tr share tugi (sg), dugi (pl), kadug {gi turay n.pl thunder of storm
dugu}
turkas n quiver, bag for carrying arrows
tuluba Bw (Arabic) n tax tulubada /-da turkasiny /-iny
tumong n venom, poison of snake tumonginy turugic n army turug -ic/
/-iny
tusic n testicle tus -ic/
tumos n elephant tumosu /-u
tux n porcupine tuxti /-ti

uccu v.i stay uccudi, kuccu {gi nycu} ux n woman [px ux] [pxkun ux] [pen
ud num twenty ux] uxu /-u

ud wang asiny num thirty uxa kapaksa n married wife uxuga kapaksa

udodng v.i coming ux apang n married wife (lit. woman of man)

uxug apanginy
urdug adv forever
ux penang n daughter-in-law (lit. woman of
uskic n ash uskuciny /-iny my son) uxug penggang
uuxu one uxic1 n worm, catapillar [px uxic] ux -ic/
uxic2 n tear of eye ux -ic/

waccid adv dusk, twilight, after sunset [siyak wane adv past time, long ago
waccid] wang 1) near 2) con and (for numbers)
wadi wrong wange v.tr leave, allow, let wanga, kawang
wala not yet, or wanys v.tr destory, spoil wanydesi,
walangic n journey, trip walang -ic/ kawanyds

-wan der.afx body part, relative, inherently wanye v.tr play wanya, kawany
possessed person or thing -wan wanyig n.pl game
wanagiwetu n.sg scabies, iching skin rash with war among
many small dots
warandi adv in new way
wanwan n body wadkwan -wan/-wan

33
warawara n spider warawaru /-u wi ques what
was pron we (not you) wiccisi v.i disappear wiccisi, kwiccisi ?
wasi v.tr gather wasi, kawasa wicid v.n bruise on body
watke alone windiwic n 1) cooking stone 2) place of fire
windu -wic/
wati fast
winic n vulture (bird type) wininy -ic/-iny
wawa n 1) ancestor 2) grandparent wawanag
/-nag wingidi v.i be fat wingi, kawing
wawansko apang n father-in-law (lit. our winy adv just
man parent) wawanaksko apanginy
wizi v.tr fed-up, discusted with wizi, kawiz
waxad v.n dowry, payment for bride
wolong n male goat wolonginy /-iny
wayag n.pl clan, group of people in tribe,
wucic n reed, strong grass type in water uwiciny
relatives
-ic/-iny
waywan n relative by blood wayag -wan/-ag
wude twist, tie wude, kawud
waye1 v.tr fail, not succeed waya, kaway
wulad n needle for sewing wuladu /-u
waye2 v.tr cultivate waya, kway
wulegic n weapon wuleg -ic/
waye3 v.i disappear waya, kaway
wund ed n leaf (lit. ear of tree) wungg ewe
wx n.pl tears
wundwan n ear wunggwan -wan/-wan
wedg n.pl journey, trip [me wedg]
wundung adv not exist, finished, absent
wede v.i walk, go wede, kwet
wunodng v.i come, arrive bo, kawung
wedik wanwan n.pl skin rash type (lit. rash
wung v.i go bo, kawung
of body?)
weg kday n everything (lit. things all) wuxed n.pl lightning in a storm

wejuwic n hip weju -wic/ wuxi v.tr drink wuxsi, kawuxsi

wele v.tr peel (soft fruits) wele, kaweley wuxid n.pl 1) alcohol 2) smoke
wuxika liliminy n.pl juice of fruit

xa con because xnang ques who xnanang

xagare v.tr undermind, be stronger than xagara, xs n.pl death
kaxagare
xidi n crowd xiditi
xanya ques why
xocad n.pl plastering, mudding
xapa n spear type xapu
xodo v.tr put, smear xoda, kaxode
xas n.sg hunger
xong1 n.sg sun [px xong]
xasa oth wanting, taking interest in
xong2 n day, time xongda /-da

34
xong tibidi adv noonday (lit. sun middle)
xongondong adv today
xongong adv today
ya n meat yadg /-dg
yawe v.tr collect yawa, kyaw
yaxayi now
yaxse v.tr send yaxsa, kayaxs
yaxtic n horn of animal, anetenna of insect yaw
-xtic/-w
yexic n meaning yex -ic/
zacca v.tr see, look at za, ksayza
zalg n leading
zane v.tr make jump, fly zana, ksane {gi
nzane}
zax, z ax n roof of house zngg axiny ?
zaye v.tr look, see za, ksay {gi nzaye}
z bedic n headache (lit. head pain) zngg
bededg
z buxic n kidney (lit. head wine?) zngg bux
zbe v.tr plant, cultivate zbe, ksb {gi
nzbe}
zg n.pl dirt, soil, ground, land [zkadasiny]
zkadasiny (zg dirt, soil, ground, land, tas
bad, brave) n.pl barren land, bad soil
zko v.tr report, tell zkey, kzkeyza {gi
nzko}
zwan n head znggwan -wan/-wan
xonyo v.tr rescue, save xonya, kaxony
xoyi adv carefully
yinyt finish
yog n fish trap yota, yokta /-ta
yogo v.tr collect yoga, kyoge
yox n husband yu -ox/
yox penang n son-in-law (lit. husband of my
daughter) yug penggang
yugic n seed of plant yug -ic/
zx n food [peten zx] zxti /-ti
zxa kawacc n.sg fermented asida (lit. food
fermented?)
ze n 1) head 2) top of something zngge /-ngge
ze gimzi n cliff zngg gimzi
ze kdiyasa (diyada forget) n old senile
person who forgets (lit. head of forgeting)
zngga kdiyasa
zeke v.tr obstruct, block, cover zeke, kzek {gi
nzeke}
zi v.tr tighten zi, ksi {gi nzi}
zid n rope zi -d/
zika apoccu n.pl fertile soil (lit. soil good?)
zoto v.tr collect sokota, ksokd
zugoxa n.sg sky
zure n horn from gourd, musical instrument type
zuru /-u
35
36