IGCSE Section B Option B3

Depth Study

Russia 1914 - 1924

Successes and Failures in WW1

The February Revolution
The Bolshevik seizure of power
Civil War
War Communism & the NEP
 Key Issue Content Revised?
Why was Russia so Nature of the Russian Empire:
difficult to govern? Size,
Nationalities,
Structure of society,
Nature of Tsarism
Growth of Nature of opposition to the Tsar
opposition to the Causes of the 1905 revolution
Tsar & 1905 Events of 1905
Revolution Consequences of 1905
How did the Tsar survive the revolution?
How strong was the Troubled years 1905 1914
Tsarist regime in Personality of Nicholas II
1914? Role of Rasputin
Stolypins reforms
The Duma
Impact of WW1 Military defeats (Tannenburg, Masurian Lakes, Brusilov Offensive)
how did this weaken Impact on the soldiers
the Tsarist Food shortages and transport dislocation at home
government? Impact on the popularity of the Tsar
Why did the Tsar Political upheaval
abdicate in February Strikes and demonstrations in Petrograd
(March) 1917? Tsars abdication
Why did the Creation of Russian Republic
Provisional Problems facing the Provisional Government
Government last for Failures of Provisional Government to deal with these
only 8 months? Dual Authority, Petrograd Soviet and Order No. 1
Return of Lenin & April Theses
Role of Kerensky
How were the Growth of Bolshevik organisation in summer/autumn 1917
Bolsheviks able to July Days
seize power in Kornilov Revolt
October 1917? Role of Lenin & Trotsky
Events of October 1917
Reasons for Bolshevik success
Bolshevik Rule & Nature of Bolshevik rule:
Civil War. Secret police,
How were the End of WW1 & Treaty of Brest Litovsk,
Bolsheviks able to Nature & Consequences of Civil War 1918-1921
consolidate their Reasons for Red victory
power? Propaganda
Role of Trotsky
War Communism Theory of War Communism
The reality & consequences of War Communism
Opposition to War Communism
Kronstadt Mutiny
New Economic Main feature of the NEP
Policy Successes & Failures of NEP
Opposition to NEP
 Death of Lenin
Creation of Soviet Union

1. THE TSARIST SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT

The Russian monarch was known as the Tsar. He ruled as an autocrat and believed that God had made
him Tsar and that he therefore had absolute authority to rule Russia. The Tsar ruled with the support
of the aristocracy (landowners), Church, army and the Civil Service.

2. RUSSIAN ECONOMY & SOCIETY

The Russian economy was developing quickly in the years before 1914, especially in the period 1908-
11. Russia however, was still far behind modern industrial powers such as Britain, Germany and USA.
There was also much discontent.

The number of workers in industry was growing fast. Between 1880 and 1900 the population
of Moscow doubled. As more and more people swarmed into the big cities, working and living
conditions deteriorated rapidly. Food shortages, poor wages and terrible living conditions were
commonplace.

More than 80% of the population were peasants living in the countryside on the estates of the
wealthy landlords. Most were unable to read or write and used outdated farming methods,
which produced barely enough to live on.

There was a significant minority of subject nationalities Finns, Estonians, Poles, Latvians
who hated Russia rule and wanted independence.

3. OPPOSITION TO THE TSAR

Several opposition groups had emerged by the early years of the twentieth century:

The SOCIALIST REVOLUTIONARIES

The SRs were the largest and most violent of the opposition groups, and were supported by
many peasants. They wanted to carve up the huge estates of the nobility and hand them over to
the peasants. They believed in violent struggle and were responsible for the assassination of two
government officials as well as the murder of a great number f the Okhrana (secret police).

The SOCIAL DEMOCRAT PARTY

This was a smaller party which followed the ideas of Karl Marx and believed in Communism.
This would be achieved through revolution by the proletariat (urban workers). In 1903 the
Social Democrat Party split into:

The BOLSHEVIKS led by Lenin, who believed that it was the job of the party to create a
revolution

The MENSHEVIKS who believed Russia was not ready for revolution.

MODERATE OPPOSTION
 Moderates did not want revolution. They included many different groups such as the
Constitutional Democrats (Kadets) which was set up in 1905 and was led by Paul Miliukov.
They were mostly lawyers, teachers, doctors and civil servants. They believed in working with
the constitution or laws of Russia to bring about change, especially through the Duma (after
1905). The Octobrists were another group which emerged after 1905 and they believed that
change could be made on the basis of the October Manifesto and the Duma.

4. WHY WAS THERE A REVOLUTION IN 1905?

In 1905 revolution broke out in Russia and for a year the Tsar was unable to control large areas of
Russia. People had been dissatisfied with the government for a long time and in 1905 other factors
came together to push Russia into revolution.

ECONOMIC PROBLEMS

Russia needed to develop its industries in order to change from a backward agricultural country into a
modern industrialised one, and to retain its military power. The government invested an enormous
amount of money in improving Russias industries. The main source of this was the Russian people.

The peasants had to pay heavy tax on grain. The taxes on everyday items such as alcohol and salt were
increased. The workers wages were kept low. It was hoped that although this would lead to short term
suffering eventually everybody would be better off when industry got going.

In 1902 there was an industrial slump and 1000s of workers lost their jobs. Strikes and demonstrations
broke out in many cities. Disaster also struck in the countryside when there were poor harvests in 1900
and 1902. There were outbreaks of violence and landlords houses were burned.

THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR

Russia went to war with Japan in 1904. This made the problems even worse. Prices rose in the cities, as
the war caused shortages of food and other goods. Lack of industrial materials caused factories to close
and unemployment increased.

The situation was made even worse for the Tsar by the fact that the Russians did very badly in the war.

BLOODY SUNDAY

At the start of 1905 tensions were very high in St. Petersburg. Father Gapon led march to deliver a
petition to the Tsar asking for his help. On Sunday 22nd January 200,000 people marched towards the
winter palace, they were met by troops who fired on the crowd. The estimated number of casualties on
Bloody Sunday has varied from 1000s to less than 100 (according to official government figures).

THE REVOLUTION

By the end of January there were more than 400,000 workers on strike and for the rest of the year the
government had little control. The Tsars uncle was assassinated in February and in June the sailors on
the battleship the Potemkin mutinied. In October a general strike spread from Moscow to other cities.

On 26th October the St. Petersburg Soviet of Workers Deputies was formed. By the end of the year the
Tsar realised that he had no choice but to make some changes to government.

THE OCTOBER MANIFESTO

The Tsar issued the October Manifesto which promised:

A parliament (or Duma) elected by the people

 Civil rights e.g. freedom of speech and conscience

Uncensored newspapers and the right to form political parties

By December the Tsar was back in control and he sent troops to close the St. Petersburg Soviet and
crush the armed uprising in Moscow. He sent troops to take revenge on the peasants who had rioted.

1906 1914

The Tsar made a number of mistake after the 1905 revolution:

He had only just survived the revolution through his promise of a Duma

The Tsar gave the Duma very little power. The first and second Duma were critical of the Tsar
and lasted only a year.

In 1906 the Tsar appointed Peter Stolypin as Prime Minister. Stolypin adopted a carrot and
stick approach to Russias problems. The carrot was to win over the peasants by land reform,
but this was too little too late. The stick was to come down hard on strikers, protestors and
revolutionaries. Over 20,000 people were exiled and over 1000 hanged by the noose known as
Stolypins necktie. He was assassinated in 1911.

In 1912 there was a downturn in the economy which caused unemployment and hunger.
Strikes were commonplace, the most important of which took place at Lena goldfields in 1912
where troops opened fire on the strikers.

5. THE IMPACT OF WW1

RASPUTIN

Many of the Tsars supporters were alarmed by the influence of the monk Rasputin over Nicholas and
his wife Alexandra, before and during the war. Through hypnosis Rasputin seemed to be able to
control the Tsars son of haemophilia.

Rasputin became unpopular because of his womanising and drinking. It was also thought that he had
too much control over the Government of Russia. This became especially bad when the Tsar left
Alexandra in control when he went to the front in 1915. Rasputin ensured the dismissal of capable
ministers and officials.

Rasputin was assassinated by a group of nobles at the end of 1916 by which time the damage had been
done.

MILITARY DEFEAT

Continued military defeat increased the unpopularity of the Tsar. The Russian soldiers were poorly
equipped due to shortages of weapons and ammunition. They suffered a series of crushing defeats at
the hands of the Germans. The Brusilov Offensive of 1916 was a great victory but the Russians failed
to take advantage of it and it was won at a high cost in terms of men and equipment. The Tsar took
personal control of the army in 1915. This was a mistake as he was then directly to blame for any
defeats.

ECONOMIC CHAOS

The Russian economy could not cope with the increased demands of war. There was even greater
overcrowding in the towns and cities, accompanied by low wages and rising prices. The Russian
 transport system proved totally inadequate and food often failed to reach towns and cities. There were
serious fuel shortages by the end of 1916.

SOCIAL MISERY

By the end of 1916 there was discontent throughout Russia. In the towns and cities there were high
prices and food and fuel shortages. In the countryside there were too few peasants to work on the land
due to conscription and increasing food shortages. Conditions in the army were so bad that an
increasing number of soldiers deserted. There was also a severe winter in 1916-17 (even by Russian
standards) and this made things even worse for the Russian people.

6. THE FALL OF THE TSAR

The February (March) Revolution and the fall of the Tsar were both caused due to Long Term, Short
Term and Immediate factors. You must remember to explore all of these!

LONG TERM FACTORS:

These include the growth of opposition at the beginning of the 20th century, discontent amongst
several groups including the peasants, town worker and nationalities as well as the troubled years
between 1906 and 1914 especially the failure of the Duma and Stolypins repression.

SHORT TERM FACTORS:

Predominantly this revolves around the impact of WW1 on Russia; the effects of the war on the
soldiers, the Tsars decision to take personal control of the army, Rasputin, dislocation of the transport
systems and food shortages/over crowding in the cities.

IMMEDIATE FACTORS:

This invovles things which happened just before the outbreak of the revolution: The severe winter
1916-17, the situation in Petrograd (food and fuel shortages), demonstrations against the Tsar and the
war (supported by the army), Nicholas absence at the front.

WHAT HAPPENED IN THE FEBRUARY REVOLUTION?

This is often called the March revolution decide which one you are going to refer to and be
consistent!

o The unrest began in February 1917 with a strike at the Putilov Steel Works in Petrograd.

o Unrest and strikes spread quickly and bread queues turned into riots.

o The workers began to form Soviets (councils) and the leaders of the Duma (such as Kerensky)
began to openly oppose the tsar.

o By the end of February the troops had joined the rioters and the Tsar had no choice but to
abdicate on 3rd March.

o The Tsars regime was replaced by a Provisional Government.

7. WHY DID THE PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT COLLAPSE AFTER 8 MONTHS?

After the abdication of the Tsar in 1917 the Duma appointed a Provisional Government headed by
Prince Lvov. He was replaced by Alexander Kerensky (who had served in the Provisional Government
as Justice Minister and War Minister) in July of that year. Kerensky was also Deputy Chairman of the
Petrograd Soviet (workers council). Many people already believed the Soviets were more effective as a
means of government than the Duma.

THERE WERE MANY REASONS WHY THE PROVISIONAL GOVERMENT DID NOT
SURVIVE:

1. CONDITIONS IN 1917

The Provisional Government was faced with pressures from outside as well as its own weaknesses.
Continuing the war against the Germans made the P.G. deeply unpopular. This was made worse
by continued military failure and heavy casualties.

Mutinies broke out in the army and there was a revolt at the Kronstadt Naval Base in July.

Peasants who wanted land were simply taking over the landowners estates

Opposition was growing from the Bolsheviks.

The Petrograd Soviet was increasingly hostile to the P.G. as it failed to solve Russias economic
problems (food shortages, high prices, poor working conditions and low wages).

2. MISTAKES MADE BY THE P.G.

The P.G. made several mistakes which weakened its position. It continued the war effort out of
loyalty to Russias allies and in return for supplies. The offensive of June 1917 was disastrous and
was followed by further German advances and increased desertions from the Russian armed forces.

Failure to end the war worsened food shortages in the towns and cities.

Because of its temporary nature the P.G. would not carry out important reforms. For example it
failed to give land to the peasants which increased discontent in the countryside.

The P.G. allowed opposition parties to campaign in Russia, including Lenin and the Bolsheviks.
Real authority and support lay with the Petrograd Soviet.

3. LENIN AND THE BOLSHEVIKS

At the time of the February Revolution, Lenin, leader of the Bolsheviks, was in exile in Germany.
On his return, a month after the abdication of the Tsar, his aim was to overthrow the P.G. with a
second revolution of the working classes.

Lenin published his views in April 1917 in the April Theses. These promised Peace, Bread and
Land and all power to soviets and were very popular amongst the Russian people.

The Bolsheviks were involved in an uprising in July (the July Days) but this was successfully
defeated by the P.G. Lenin was forced into exile and leading Bolsheviks were arrested.

4. KERENSKY, THE KORNILOV REVOLT

Kerensky began to tighten his grip on his opponents and Lenin was forced into hiding. However,
Kerensky was then challenged by the new commander of the army, General Kornilov, who wanted
to impose a strict regime and crush opponents, rather like the Tsar had done.

Kerensky asked the Bolsheviks to help him to defeat Kornilov, which they did. The attempted coup
was defeated when Kornilov and his troops were prevented from entering Petrograd by the
workers. Kerensky was now in trouble. He had lost the support of the army and was dependent
upon the Petrograd Soviet (with its strong Bolshevik influence) to run Russia.
8. THE BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION OF OCTOBER 1917.

Bolshevik support had increased during 1917 and by September the Bolsheviks were the largest party
in the Petrograd Soviet. They also controlled the Military Committee of the Soviet with Leon Trotsky
as chairman.

Trotsky used the Military Committee to carefully plan the revolution.

On 16th October Lenin returned from exile and was now convinced that the time was right to
overthrow the P.G..

On 24th and 25th October the Bolsheviks seized power. They took control of key areas of Petrograd and
Moscow, including the post office, bridges, states bank and railway stations.

Red Guards stormed the Winter Palace and arrested the ministers of teh P.G. Kerensky managed to
escape and tried to rally loyal troops. When this failed he fled into exile.

REASONS FOR BOLSHEVIK SUCCESS

Later the Bolsheviks would claim that the takeover was a popular revolution and that the Red Guards
succeeded against strong opposition. In fact the Bolsheviks did not have the support of the majority of
the Russian people. The Red Guards faced little opposition in either Petrograd or Moscow because
most of the people in these two cities seemed to have taken little notice of what was happening.

Bolshevik success was therefore a result of other factors:

The P.G. was very unpopular. Few rallied to support Kerensky and there were no massive
demonstrations demanding his return.

Lenin played an important part. He had spent many years organising a disciplined party dedicated to
revolution. His campaigning of 1917, especially his slogan of Peace, Bread and Land brought more
support. By October the Bolshevik Party had 800,000 members with supporters in strategic places.

At least half the army supported the Bolsheviks, as did the sailors at the important naval base at
Kronstadt near Petrograd. The major industrial centres, and the Petrograd and Moscow soviets were
also pro-Bolshevik.

The Bolshevik revolution is often described as a classic work of planning by Trotsky. He organised the
seizure of key buildings and positions in the two major cities.

9. BOLSHEVIK DICTATORSHIP & CIVIL WAR 1918 1921

The P.G. was replaced by the Council of Peoples Commissars under Lenin. Lenins aims were clear.
He followed the theories of the political thinker Karl Marx and wanted a dictatorship of the
proletariat (worker). This meant that the Bolshevik Party would govern Russia for the good of the
workers and the peasants.

Lenin had no interest in democracy. The elections that were held late in 1917 showed that the
Bolsheviks did not have the support of most Russians.

The Constituent Assembly, which met in January 1918, contained twice as many Socialist
Revolutionaries as Bolsheviks, and the SRs opposed Lenin. In response to this Bolshevik Red Guards
closed down the Assembly after its first meeting. By July 1918 the Russian Congress of Soviets had
agreed a new system of government for Russia.
The result was that Lenin effectively became a dictator, and his secret police (the Cheka) began to
intimidate, imprison and murder political opponents.

NEGOTIATING PEACE

The Bolsheviks had always planned to pull out of the war with Germany. They agreed to a ceasefire in
December 1917. Trotsky was given the job of negotiating terms but his only real achievement was to
hold up the Germans until March 1918 when the Bolsheviks were forced to sign the Treaty of Brest-
Litovsk.

Russia lost vast amounts of territory and Russia lost important coal and iron resources and about one-
third of its population.

Russia also had to pay about 300 million gold roubles in compensation.

LAND & THE ECONOMY

The question of land was vitally important in Russia as farming was still by far the most important
business. Lenin abolished the private ownership of land. This effectively meant that the peasants
stripped lands from landowners and the Church. In reality, the countryside was in a state of chaos in
the early Bolshevik days and no government really had control. Bolshevik control was strong in the
towns and cities but not in the countryside.

There were soon food shortages because Russian money was worthless and the peasants were not being
paid for their produce. Peasants did not trust the Bolsheviks who wanted to reorganise farming from
individual to collective (or co-operative) farming.

OPPOSITION TO THE BOLSHEVIKS

The Bolsheviks did not have the support of all Russians when they seized power. By May 1918 they
had more enemies still, especially after the losses of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. By the summer of 1918
the Bolsheviks (REDS) were faced with a range of opponents united only by their opposition to the
Bolsheviks. These opponents (WHITES) were made up of former tsarists, the Mensheviks, SRs and
foreign powers opposed to the new regime in Russia.

In the early stages of the CIVIL WAR the Bolsheviks faced several threats:

The Czech Legion (made up of former prisoners of war) had seized sections of the vital Trans-
Siberian railway.

Admiral Kolchak had set up a White government in Siberia and was marching on Moscow.

General Denikin was advancing with his army from southern Russia.

Northern Russia, led by General Yudenich, was opposing the Bolsheviks.

There were also risings against the Bolsheviks in Ukraine and Turkestan.

Foreign powers supplied the Whites with arms and weapons and later landed troops to help the
Whites. American, Japanese, French and British troops landed at Archangel, Murmansk and
Vladivostok.

WHY DID THE REDS WIN?

Against what seemed to be overwhelming odds the Bolsheviks won the Civil War the crucial year was
1919.

Under Trotskys leadership the Red Army defeated Kolchak and destroyed the Czech Legion.
Denikens advance on Moscow was stopped and, by 1920, he was being pushed back. By late 1920
 White forces were completely defeated. The Bolsheviks had won due to their ruthless, disciplines
commitment and the failings of their enemies.

STRENGTH OF THE REDS

They had large, well-organised armies under the leadership of Trotsky, and good
communication.

They made good use of propaganda to show that the Whites were in league with foreigners and
wanted to bring back the Tsar.

Together with the Cheka (secret police) they kept a ruthless control over the Bolshevik
territories making sure that more people obeyed Lenins rule.

The Red Army was supplied by the brutal policy of WAR COMMUNISM which ensured that
troops and towns were fed and supplied.

The Reds held major towns with factories and industries to support the war effort.

FAILINGS OF THE WHITES

They had no aim upon which they agreed in some cases, they disliked each other almost as
much as they opposed the Reds.

Their forces were spread across a huge area and they could not co-ordinate their attack. They
were beaten one by one.

Their harsh treatment of the people in the lands they captured led many to support the
Bolsheviks against them.

The Civil War was a chaotic and confused time in Russias history. Many records have been lost or
were destroyed at the time; some have been tampered with since and some are simply unreliable.

10. WAR COMMUNISM & THE NEP

WAR COMMUNISM

To defeat his enemies in the Civil War & to start implementing communist ideas in Russia, Lenin
introduced the policy of War Communism. The intention was to keep his armies well fed and well
equipped.

Land and industry were nationalised (taken over by the state)

In the factories there was harsh discipline (strikers could be shot) and key items such as food
and coal were rationed.

In the countryside peasants were forced to hand over their surplus produce (that which they
did not need themselves) to the government.

Opposition was rooted out and destroyed by the Cheka (even the royal family was executed).

THE IMPACT

By 1921 Lenin was facing a shattered and demoralised country. War communism had made the
industrial workers poor and restless. War Communism and war damage led to famine in the
countryside millions died in 1921.
 The Kronstadt mutiny of 1921 was a turning point. The Kronstadt sailors had been leading supporters
in the revolution, but they revolted against War Communism in February 1921.

Although this revolt was put down by Trotsky and the civil war was being won it was clear in 1921 that
Lenin had to do something to improve peoples living conditions. His solution was the New Economic
Policy.

THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY (NEP)

Lenin introduced the NEP at the Party Congress in March 1921. Its measures were simple but
controversial.

Peasants could keep part of their surplus goods to sell at a profit.

Small factories were given back to private ownership.

Small private businesses could be set up to trade at a profit.

Some Communists saw the NEP as a betrayal, but Lenin saw it as a temporary measure to keep the
Russian people happy and to get the economy moving again. All of the major industries remained in
state hands and political control (under the Cheka) remained very strict.

RUSSIA/USSR 1914 1924

KEY QUESTION: WHY DID THE RULE OF THE TSAR COLLAPSE IN FEB 1917?

Use points 1 4 in the revision guide and also your class notes or information from www.johndclare.net. Make
bullet point notes in the boxes below:

The Tsarist System of Government RUSSIAN ECONOMY & SOCIETY

RUSSIA BEFORE THE FIRST WORLD WAR

THE TSARs MISTAKES 1906 - 1914 OPPOSITION TO TSARIST RULE

These factors were important in the collapse of Tsarist rule but the impact of WW1 was critical in this
process. Complete the diagram below to explain why.

You can use your own notes and also point 1 in the revision guide.

An electronic version of the diagram with notes can be found at this web address:
http://www.schoolhistory.co.uk/lessons/russia/impact_wwi.shtml

Social Conditions - Urban

The Army Social Conditions - Rural

HOW DID WW1 BRING

ABOUT THE FALL OF
NICHOLAS II?
Results of the war
The Tsarina
 HOW DID WW1

Nicholas himself

THE RESULT

The fall of the tsar in February 1917 was due to a combination of long-term and short-term and immediate
factors. Use your notes to complete the following:

LONG TERM FACTORS:

SHORT TERM FACTORS:

IMMEDIATE FACTORS:

 THE FEBRUARY REVOLUTION 1917

Task: Describe the February Revolution in detail below.

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THE OCTOBER REVOLUTION

KEY QUESTION: HOW WERE THE BOLSHEVIKS ABLE TO SEIZE POWER IN OCTOEBR 1917?

Once the Tsar had abdicated, the Duma appointed a Provisional Government. Using points 7 8 in the
revision guide and your own notes, answer the following questions:

1. Descibe how the situation in Russia made life difficult for the Provisional Govenrment.

2. What mistakes did the Provisional Governmetn make?

3. Why was Lenin, the leader of the Bolsehviks, a problem for the Provisional Government?
 4. Why did the Kornilov revolt:

a. Weaken the position of the Provisional Government?

b. Strengthen the position of Lenin and the Bolsevhiks?

Use the information in the study guide and your own notes + information from www.johndclare.net to
complete the diagram below:

An electronic version of the diagram with notes can be found at this web address:
http://www.schoolhistory.co.uk/lessons/russia/october1917.shtml

Provisional Government

Individuals Bolsheviks

Why did the October

Revolution of 1917 succeed?
 Events

BOLSHEVIK RUSSIA

KEY QUESTION: HOW DID LENIN & THE BOLSHEVIKS IMPOSE COMMUNIST CONTROL ON
RUSSIA?

Use points 9 10 in the revision guide, your own notes and information from www.johndclare.net to make
notes on the following things make sure you include evidence to support your ideas:

LENINS ATTITUDE TO DEMOCRACY

THE BOLSHEVIK RESPONSE TO WW1

THE BOLSHEVIKS & THE ECONOMY

THE CIVIL WAR

The Bolsheviks did not have the support of all Russians when they seized power. By 1918 they had more
enemies still. Fill in the box below listing the enemies of the Bolsehviks:
OPPOSTION TO THE BOLSHEVIKS:

COLLECTIVELY THESE GROUPS WERE CALLED_______________________________________

Use the information in the study guide and your own notes + information from www.johndclare.net to
complete the diagram below:

An electronic version of the diagram with notes can be found at this web address:
http://www.schoolhistory.co.uk/lessons/russia/civilwar.shtml

Geography

Leadership Foreign Support

 THE IMPACT OF LENIN

Using the study guide and your own notes + information from www.johndclare.net answer the following
questions:

1. What was War Communism?

2. What was the effect of War Communism?

3. What was the Kronstadt Naval Mutiny?

4. What policy did Lenin introduce in March 1921 and what were the details of this policy?

5. What had been the impact of Lenin when he died in January 1924?

WHAT QUESTION WILL I BE ASKED ON RUSSIA?

The Russia section of the exam will contain 3 questions (25 marks in total).
 Q1. Give THREE statements which can be inferred from Source X about a particular
aspect of Russian history.
3 marks

Q2. Does Source X support the evidence of Source Y about a particular aspect of Russian
history?
7 marks

Q3. Use all the sources and your own knowledge to explain whether you agree with a
particular view.
15 marks

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