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Fault Analysis
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DC Component
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Synchronous Generator
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Reference: P. Kundur, Power sys. stability and control, USA: McGraw-Hill, 1994.
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Symmetrical Components
c1
c b2
a
a1 a2 c0
a0 b0
c2
b
b1
Unbalanced System Positive Sequence Negative Sequence Zero Sequence
3 unknown magnitudes 1 unknown magnitude 1 unknown magnitude 1 unknown magnitude
3 unknown angles 1 unknown angle 1 unknown angle 1 unknown angle
a = a1 + a2 + a0
b = b1 + b2 + b0
c = c1 + c2 + c0
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a complex operator
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Some Properties of
= 12/3 or 11200
3 = 12 or 13600 or 1
i.e. 3 - 1 = ( - 1)(2 + + 1) = 0
Since is complex, it cannot be equal to 1, so that - 1 cannot
be zero.
2 + + 1 = 0
This also has the physical meaning that the three sides of an
equilateral triangles must close as in the following figure
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a = a0 + a1 + a2
b = a0 + 2 a1 + a2
c = a0 + a1 + 2 a2
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a 1 1 1 a0
b 1 2 a
1
c 1 2 a2
Ph ASy
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a0 1 1 1 a
a 1 1 2 b
1 3
a2 1 2
c
Sy A Ph
-1
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1 1 1 1 1 1
1
A 1 2 A 1
1 2
3
1 2 1 2
A1 1 A*
3
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Sequence Impedances
Z s A1 Z p A 1 A* Z p A
3
Z AZ A
p s
-1
1
3
AZ s A*
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Ra La
Rb Mca Lb Mab
Rc Lc Mbc
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Mutual coupling
When a current passes in one phase
conductor, there would be induced
voltages in the other two phase
conductors.
In practice all three phase conductors
behave similarly, so that we could
consider the mutual coupling between
phases also to be equal
Mab = Mbc = Mca
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zs zm zm
Z p zm zs zm
zm zm z s
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Z s A1 Z p A 1 A* Z p A
3
1 1 1 zs zm zm 1 1 1
Z s 1 1 2 zm zs zm 1 2
3
1 2 zm zm zs 1 2
( z s 2 zm ) 0 0 z0 0 0
Z s 0 ( z s zm ) 0 0 z1 0
0 0 ( z s zm ) 0 0 z2
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zs zm zm ( zs 2 zm ) 0 0
Z p zm zs zm Z s 0 ( z s zm ) 0
zm zm z s 0 0 ( zs zm )
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S V p I p AV s
AI s *
T * T
S V s A A I s V s A 3A I s
T T * * T T 1 *
S 3V s AA I s 3V s I s
T 1 * T *
* * *
S 3(Va 0 I a 0 Va1I a1 Va 2 I a 2 )
P 3(Va 0 I a 0 cos0 Va1 I a1 cos1 Va 2 I a 2 cos2 )
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Va 0 0 Z 0 I a 0 Va 0 0 Z 0 0 0 I a0
V E 0 0 I a1
Va1 Ea Z1 I a1 a1 a Z1
Va 2 0 Z 2 I a 2 Va 2 0 0 0 Z 2 I a 2
Ea
Z1 Ia1 Z2 Ia2 Z0 Ia0
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a Va = 0
Supply Side b
Ib = Ic = 0
c
Ea
Z1 Ia1 Z2 Ia2 Z0 Ia0
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Zf
a Va = IaZf
Supply Side b Ib = Ic = 0
c
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Va = IaZf Va 0 Va1 Va 2 ( I a 0 I a1 I a 2 )Z f
Ib = Ic = 0
I a0 1 1 1 Ia
I 1 1 2 I b 0
a1 3
I a 2 1 2 I c 0
Ia
I a 0 I a1 I a 2
3
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Va = IaZf Va 0 Va1 Va 2 ( I a 0 I a1 I a 2 )Z f
Ia
I a 0 I a1 I a 2
3 E (Z0 Z1 Z 2 ) I a 0 3I a 0 Z f
Va 0 0 Z 0 I a 0 E
I a0
Va1 Ea Z1 I a1 Z 0 Z1 Z 2 3Z f
Va 2 0 Z 2 I a 2
3E
Fault Curret I a 3I a 0
Z 0 Z1 Z 2 3Z f
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Ia
I a 0 I a1 I a 2
3
Va0 Va1 Va 2 3I a 0 Z f I a 0 3Z f
Ea
Z1 Ia1 Z2 Ia2 Z0 Ia0
3Zf
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Single Windings
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