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anarchy (c.1)
literally, without rule; the absence of a central government or higher
authority, sometimes, but not necessarily, associated with instability and
chaos realism

advocacy NGOs (c.1)

NGOs that exist to promote or defend a particular cause; they are
sometimes termed promotional pressure groups or public interest
groups

autarky (c.2)
economic self-sufficiency, often associated with expansionism and
conquest to ensure the control of economic resources and reduce
economic dependency on other states

appeasement (c.2)
a foreign policy strategy of making concessions to an aggressor in the
hope of modifying its political objectives and, specifically, avoiding war

autocracy (c.2)
literally rule by a single person: the concentration of political power in
the hands of a single ruler, typically a monarch (but also e.g. Nazi
Germany)

Al-Qaeda (c.2)
Islam-oriented international terrorist network
B 30/01/2017 08:14:00

billiard ball model (c.1)

state-centric approach that suggests that states, like billiard balls, are
impermeable and self-contained units, which influence each other through
external pressure (realist)

balance of power (c.1)

a condition in which no one state predominates over others, tending to
create general equilibrium and curb the hegemonic ambitions of all states

belle poque (c.2)

(French) literally meaning beautiful era: a period of peace and prosperity
in Europe between the late nineteenth century and the outbreak of WWI
which was seen as a golden age

biopolarity (c.2)
refers to an international system which revolves around two poles

buffer zone (c.2)

an area, state, or collection of states located between potential (and more
powerful) adversaries, reducing the likelihood of land-based attack in
particular

brinkmanship (c.2)
a strategy of escalating confrontation even to the point of risking war
(going to the brink) aimed at persuading an opponent to back down

Brezhnev doctrine (c.2)

the doctrine, announced by Leonid Brezhnev in 1968, that Warsaw Pact
states only enjoyed limited sovereignty, justifying possible Soviet
intervention
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cobweb model (c.1)

a model that illustrates that states are drawn into cooperation and
integration by forces such as closer trading and other economic
relationships (liberalist)

collective dilemma (c.1)

a problem that stems from the interdependence of states, meaning that
nay solution must involve international cooperation rather than action by
a single state

cultural globalisation (c.1)

the process whereby information, commodities, and images that have
been produced in one part of the world enter into a global flow that tends
to flatten out cultural differences between nations, regions, and
individuals

constructivism approach to IR (c.1)

analytical tool which argues that people construct the world in which
they live, suggesting that the world operates through a kind of inter-
subjective awareness less focused on the state than realist/liberalist

collective security (c.1)

the theory or practice of states pledging to defend one another in order to
deter aggression or to punish a transgressor if international order has
been breached

cosmopolitanism (c.1)
means a belief in a cosmopolis or world state; the belief that the world
constitutes a single moral community

classical antiquity (c.2)

the period of ancient civilisations from around 1000 BCE until the Middle
Ages

chauvinism (c.2)
an uncritical and unreasoned dedication to a cause or group, typically
based on a belief in its superiority, as in national chauvinism
capitalist encirclement (c.2)
the theory, developed during the Russian Civil War (1918-21), that
capitalist states were actively engaged in attempts to subvert the SU in
order to bring down communism

clash of civilisations (c.2)

Huntingtons theory (1996) that suggests that twenty-first century conflict
will not primarily be ideological or economic but rather cultural, between
nations and groups of different civilisations (West vs. Islam)
D 30/01/2017 08:14:00

diplomacy (c.1)
a process of negotiation and communication between states that seeks to
resolve conflict without recourse to war; an instrument of foreign policy

domestic politics (c.1)

concerned with the states role in maintaining order and carrying out
regulation within its borders

dtente (c.2)
(French) literally loosening: the relaxation of tension between previously
antagonistic states, often used to denote a phase in the Cold War
E 30/01/2017 08:14:00

economic globalisation (c.1)

the process through which national economies have, to a greater or lesser
extent, been absorbed into a single global economy

the Enlightenment (c.2)

an intellectual movement that challenged traditional beliefs in religion,
politics, and learning in general in the name of reason and progress

empire (c.2)
a structure of domination in which diverse cultures, ethnic groups or
nationalities are subject to a single source of authority

Eastern question (c.2)

refers to the structural instabilities of the Balkans region in the late
nineteenth and early twentieth centuries
F 30/01/2017 08:14:00

feminism approach to IR (c.1)

has drawn attention to systematic and pervasive structures of gender
inequality that characterises global and all other forms of politics

feudalism (c.2)
a system of agrarian-based production that is characterised by fixed
social hierarchies and a rigid pattern of obligations

Forth World (c.2)

sub-Saharan Africa affected by widespread and sometimes acute poverty
G 30/01/2017 08:14:00

globalisation paradigm (c.1)

world affairs have been transformed in recent decades by the growth of
global interconnectedness and interdependence; the world no longer
operates as a disaggregated collection of states, but rather as an
integrated whole

great powers (c.1)

a state deemed to rank amongst the most powerful in a hierarchical
state-system

globalisation (c.1)
the emergence of a complex web of interconnectedness that means that
our lives are increasingly shaped by events that occur, and decisions that
are made, at a great distance from us

global governance (c.1)

broad, dynamic, and complex process of interactive decision-making at
the global level that involves formal and informal mechanisms as well as
governmental and non-governmental bodies

globality (c.1)
a totally interconnected whole, such as the global economy; the end-state
of globalisation

globalism (c.1)
an ideological project committed to the spread of globalisation, usually
reflecting support for the values and theories of free-market capitalism

globalony (c.1)
the myths of globalisation

green politics approach to IR (c.1)

focuses on growing concerns about environmental degradation,
highlighting the extent to which this has been a by-product of
industrialisation and an obsession with economic growth, supported by
systems of thought that portray human beings as masters over nature
German problem (c.2)
the structural imbalance that resulted from the unification of Germany
combined with its expansionism and annexationist ambitions

global South (c.2)

worldview based on the tendency for industrial development to be
concentrated in the northern hemisphere, and for poverty and
disadvantage to be concentrated in the southern hemisphere

glasnost (c.2)
(Russian) literally openness: used in the SU to refer to freedom of
expression within the context of a one-party communist state
H 30/01/2017 08:14:00

human rights (c.1)

rights to which people are entitled by virtue of being human; they are a
modern and secular version of natural rights

hyperglobalism (c.1)
the view that new, globalised economic and cultural patterns became
inevitable once technology such as computerised financial trading,
satellite communications, mobile phones and the Internet became widely
available

hegemon (c.1)
a leading or paramount power

hard power (c.1)

military power, threats / rewards

human security (c.1)

refers to the security of individuals rather than of states

hegemony (c.2)
the leadership or domination of one element of a system over others,
used by Gramsci to refer to the ideological leadership of the bourgeoisie
over subordinate classes implies that international / global leadership
operates through ideational or ideological means
I 30/01/2017 08:14:00

international paradigm (c.1)

states are taken to be essential building blocks of world politics, meaning
that world affairs boil down to the relations between states

inter-national (c.1)
the relationship between different countries

interdependence (c.1)
refers to a relationship between two parties in which each is affected by
decisions that are taken by the other

international politics (c.1)

concerned with relations between and among states

inside politics (c.1)

within a nations borders, orderly and regulated character that stems from
the ability of the state within the domestic sphere to impose rule from
above

international society (c.1)

suggests that relations between and amongst states are conditioned by
the existence of norms and rules that establish the regular patterns of
interaction that characterise a society

internationalism (c.1)
the theory or practice of politics based on cooperation or harmony among
nations, as opposed to the transcendence of national politics

international security (c.1)

conditions in which the mutual survival and safety of states is secured
through measures taken to prevent or punish aggression, usually within a
rule-governed international order

imperialism (c.2)
a policy of extending a countrys influence and power through
colonisation, military force, or other means

International Monetary Fund (IMF) (c.2)

intergovernmental organisation, charged with overseeing the international
monetary system to ensure exchange rate stability and encouraging
members to eliminate restrictions on trade and currency exchange
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just war theory (c.1)

addresses the right to go to war in the first place (jus ad bellum) and
the right conduct of warfare (jus in bello)
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liberalism approach to IR (c.1)

optimistic vision of global politics based on a belief in human rationality
and moral goodness, the principle of balance or harmony operates in all
forms of social interaction

liberal internationalism (c.2)

the assumption that international affairs would in the future be guided by
a harmony of interests, inclining the haves (WWI victors) to disregard
bids for power by the have-nots (i.e. Germany and Italy)
M 30/01/2017 08:14:00

mixed-actor model (c.1)

the theory that, while not ignoring the role of states and national
governments, international politics is shaped by a much broader range of
interests and groups

Marxism approach to IR (c.1)

emphasis not on patterns of conflict and cooperation between states, but
on structures of economic power and the role played in world affairs by
international capital; brought international political economy into focus

modernisation (c.2)
the process through which societies become modern or developed,
usually implying economic advancement, technological development and
the rational organisation of political and social life

multipolarity (c.2)
refers to an international system in which there are three or more power
centres

Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) (c.2)

a condition in which a nuclear attack by either state would only ensure its
own destruction, as both possess an invulnerable second-strike capacity

Muslim Brotherhood (c.2)

the first group that turned to politics, helped to create political Islam
N 30/01/2017 08:14:00

nation-states (c.1)
an autonomous political community bound together by the overlapping
bonds of citizenship and nationality, meaning that political and cultural
identity coincide

non-governmental organisation (NGO) (c.1)

a private, non-commercial group or body which seeks to achieve its ends
through non-violent means

Neo-Marxism approach to IR (c.1)

highlights inequalities in the global capitalist system, through which
developed countries or areas dominate and exploit developing countries
or areas

nationalism (c.2)
patriotism marked by a feeling of superiority over other countries

neoconservatism (c.2)
approach to foreign policy-making that sought to enable the USA to take
advantage of its unprecedented position of power and influence in a
unipolar world spread of democracy
O 30/01/2017 08:14:00

outside politics (c.1)

outside of a nations border, no authority in the international sphere
higher than the sovereign state

operational NGOs (c.1)

NGOs whose primary purpose is the design and implementation of
development-related projects; they may be either relief-oriented or
development-oriented, and they may be community-based, national, or
international
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political globalisation (c.1)

the process through which policy-making responsibilities have been
passed from national governments to international organisations

positivism (c.1)
the theory that social and indeed all forms of enquiry should conform to
the methods of natural sciences

power politics (c.1)

an approach to politics based on the assumption that the pursuit of power
is the principal human goal; the term is sometimes used descriptively

poststructuralism approach to IR (c.1)

emphasises that all ideas and concepts are expressed in language which
itself is enmeshed in complex relations of power

postcolonialism approach to IR (c.1)

emphasises the cultural dimension of colonial rule, showing how western
cultural and political hegemony over the rest of the world has been
preserved despite the achievement of formal political independence
across almost the entire developing world

Peace of Westphalia (c.2)

1648, ended the Thirty Years War & established the notion of state
sovereignty

poles (c.2)
major power blocs

perestroika (c.2)
(Russian) literally restructuring: used in the SU to refer to the
introduction of market reforms to a command or planned economy

pre-emptive military strikes (c.2)

military action that is designed to forestall or prevent likely future
aggression
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realism approach to IR (c.1)

pessimistic view on global politics: international politics is marked by
constant power struggles and conflict, and a wide range of obstacles
standing in the way of peaceful cooperation

Renaissance (c.2)
(French) literally meaning rebirth: a cultural movement inspired by
revived interest in classical Greece and Rome that saw major
developments in learning and the arts

reparations (c.2)
compensation, usually involving financial payments or the physical
requisition of goods, imposed by victors on vanquished powers either as
punishment or as a reward

rogue states (c.2)

a state whose foreign policy poses a threat to neighbouring or other
states through its aggressive intent, build-up of weapons, or association
with terrorism
S 30/01/2017 08:14:00

state (c.1)
a political association that enjoys sovereign jurisdiction within defined
territorial borders

state-centrism (c.1)
an approach to political analysis that takes the state to be the key actor in
the domestic realm and on the world stage

state-system (c.1)
a pattern of relationships between and amongst states that establishes a
measure of order and predictability

sovereignty (c.1)
the principle of supreme and unquestionable authority, reflected in the
claim by the state to be the sole author of laws within its territory

security (c.1)
to be safe from harm, the absence of threats; security may be understood
in national, international, global or human terms

self-help (c.1)
a reliance on internal or inner resources, often seen as the principal
reason states prioritise survival and security

scepticism in the context of globalisation (c.1)

the portrayal of globalisation as a fantasy and the dismissal of the idea of
an integrated global economy

structural power (c.1)

whenever A gets B to get or do something that B would not otherwise
have done

soft power (c.1)

power as attraction rather than coercion, the ability to influence others by
persuading them to follow or agree to norms and aspirations, as opposed
to using threats or rewards

security dilemma (c.1)

a condition in which actions taken by one actor to improve national
security are interpreted as aggressive by other actors, thereby provoking
military counter-moves

security regime / community (c.1)

a framework of cooperation amongst states and other actors to ensure
the peaceful resolution of conflict

short twentieth century (c.2)

the period during which world politics was dominated by the ideological
struggle between capitalism and communism

social Darwinism (c.2)

the belief that social existence is characterised by competition or struggle,
the survival of the fittest, implying that international and probably war
are inevitable

superpower (c.2)
predominant actor on the world stage

Sinatra doctrine (c.2)

allowing the states of Eastern Europe to do it their way, causing the
communist regimes and thus the SU to collapse
T 30/01/2017 08:14:00

territorial trap (c.1)

three assumptions within IR created by thinking in the inside/outside
divide
1) state is a clearly bounded territorial space
2) domestic and foreign affairs are entirely different realms
3) states are containers of society; the boundaries of a state coincide
with the boundaries of society

transnationalism (c.1)
political, social, economic, or other forms that transcend or cut across
national borders

transformationalism in the context of globalisation (c.1)

middle-road view of globalisation; accepts that profound changes have
taken place in the patterns and processes of world politics without its
established or traditional features having been swept away altogether

total war (c.2)

a war involving all aspects of society, resulting from large-scale
conscription, the gearing of the economy to military ends, and the mass
destruction of enemy targets, civilian and military

Third World (c.2)

Asia, Africa, Latin America: former colonies under the sphere of influence
of the West

transnational corporations (TNCs) (c.2)

a company that controls economic activity in two or more countries
U 30/01/2017 08:14:00
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westernisation (c.2)
the modelling of non-Western societies on the economic, political, and
cultural structures of Western societies

the West (c.2)

1) refers to the cultural and philosophical inheritance of Europe, which
has often been exported through migration or colonialism
2) USA-dominated capitalist bloc during the Cold War

World Bank (c.2)

intergovernmental organisation that provides loans and financial and
technical assistance to support reconstruction and development, with a
growing emphasis on the task of reducing poverty

Washington consensus (c.2)

describes the policies that the IMF, the World Bank, and the US Treasury
Department, had come to favour for the reconstruction of economies in
the developing world: neoliberalism (stabilise, privatise, liberalise)

World Trade Organisation (WTO) (c.2)

intergovernmental organisation aimed at upholding the principles of a
multilateral trading system, a negotiation forum above all
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