THEORIES:

1. Freuds Psychosexual Development Theory

STAGE AGE CHARACTERISTICS
Center of pleasure: mouth (major
Birth to source of gratification & exploration)
1. Oral 1 y/o Primary need: Security
Major conflict: weaning
1 to 3 Source of pleasure: anus & bladder
2. Anal y/o (sensual satisfaction & self-control)
Major conflict: toilet training
Center of pleasure: childs genital
4 to 6 y/o (masturbation)
3. Phallic
Major conflict: Oedipus & Electra
Complex
Energy directed to physical &
intellectual activities
6 y/o to
Sexual impulses repressed
4. Latency puberty
Relationship between peers of same
sex

Energy directed towards full sexual

Puberty
maturity & function & development of
5. Genital onwards
skills to cope with the environment

2. Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial Development Theory

CENTRAL (-)
STAGE AGE (+) RESOLUTION
TASK RESOLUTION
Birth- Mistrust,
Trust vs
1. Infancy 18 Learn to trust others withdrawal,
Mistrust
mos estrangement

Compulsive,
Self control w/o loss of
self-restraint or
Autonomy self esteem
2. Early 1 to compliance.
vs Shame &
childhood 3 y/o
doubt Ability of cooperate &
Willfulness &
express oneself
defiance.

Lack of self-
confidence.
Learns to become Pessimism,
assertive
3 to 5 Initiative vs fear of
3. Late
y/o guilt wrongdoing.
childhood Ability to evaluate
ones own behavior Over-control &
over-
restriction.
 Loss of hope,
Learns to create,
sense of being
develop & manipulate.
6 to mediocre.
4. School Industry vs
12
Age Inferiority Develop sense of
y/o Withdrawal
competence &
from school &
perseverance.
peers.

Feelings of
confusion,
12 Identity vs Coherent sense of self.
5. indecisiveness,
20 role
Adolescence Plans to actualize ones & possible
y/o confusion
abilities anti-social
behavior.

Impersonal
relationships.
Intimate relationship
with another person. Avoidance of
6. Young 18-25 Intimacy vs
Adulthood y/o isolation relationship,
Commitment to work
career or
and relationships.
lifestyle
commitments.

Self-
indulgence,
Generativity
25-65 self-concern,
vs Creativity, productivity,
7. Adulthood y/o lack of
stagnation concern for others.
interests &
commitments.

Acceptance of worth &

65 uniqueness of ones Sense of loss,
Integrity vs
y/o to own life. contempt for
8. Maturity despair
death others.
Acceptance of death.

3. Havighursts Developmental Stage and Tasks

DEVELOPMENTAL
DEVELOPMENTAL TASK
STAGE
eat solid foods

walk

talk
1. Infancy & early
childhood control elimination of wastes
relate emotionally to others

distinguish right from wrong

through development of a conscience
 learn sex differences and sexual
modesty

achieve personal independence

form simple concepts of social &

physical reality

learn physical skills, required for

games

build healthy attitudes towards

oneself

learn to socialize with peers

learn appropriate masculine or

feminine role

gain basic reading, writing &

2. Middle childhood mathematical skills

develop concepts necessary for

everyday living

formulate a conscience based on a

value system

achieve personal independence

develop attitudes toward social

groups & institutions

establish more mature relationships

with same-age individuals of both
sexes

achieve a masculine or feminine

social role

accept own body

establish emotional independence

3. Adolescence
from parents

achieve assurance of economic

independence

prepare for an occupation

prepare for marriage &

establishment of a family
 acquire skills necessary to fulfill
civic responsibilities

develop a set of values that guides

behavior

select a partner
learn to live with a partner

start a family

manage a home
4. Early Adulthood
establish self in a career/occupation

assume civic responsibilities

become part of a social group

fulfill civic & social responsibilities

maintain an economic standard of

living

assist adolescent children to

5. Middle Adulthood become responsible, happy adults

relate ones partner

adjust to physiological changes

adjust to aging parents

adjust to physiological changes &

alterations in health status

adjust to retirement & altered

income

adjust to death of spouse

6. Later Maturity
develop affiliation with ones age
group

meet civic & social responsibilities

establish satisfactory living

arrangements

4. Levinsons Seasons of Adulthood

AGE SEASON CHARACTERISTICS
Early adult Seeks independence by separating
18-20 yrs
transition from family
 Entrance into
Experiments with different careers
21-27 yrs the adult
& lifestyles
world

28-32 yrs Transition Makes lifestyle adjustments

33-39 yrs Settling down Experiences greater stability

Is self-directed & engages in self-

45-65 yrs Pay-off years
evaluation

4. Sullivans Interpersonal Model of Personality Development

STAGE AGE DESCRIPTION
Infant learns to rely on
Birth to caregivers to meet needs &
1. Infancy
1yrs desires

Child begins learning to delay

1 to 6
immediate gratification of
2. Childhood yrs
needs & desires

Child forms fulfilling peer

6 to 9 yrs
3. Juvenile relationships

9 to 12 Child relates successfully to

4. Preadolescence yrs same-sex peers

Adolescent learns to be
12 to 14 independent & forms
5. Early
yrs relationships with members of
Adolescence
opposite sex

Person establishes an intimate,

14 to 21
long-lasting relationship with
6. Late Adolescence yrs
someone of the opposite sex

5. Piagets Phases of Cognitive Development

PHASE AGE DESCRIPTION
Birth to 2 Sensory organs & muscles
a. Sensorimotor
yrs become more functional
Birth to 1 Movements are primarily
Stage 1: Use of
month reflexive
reflexes
Perceptions center around ones
body.
1-4
Stage 2: Primary
months
circular reaction Objects are perceived as
extensions of the self.

4-8 Becomes aware of external

Stage 3: Secondary
months environment.
circular reaction
 Initiates acts to change the
movement.

Stage 4:
Coordination of 8-12 Differentiates goals and goal-
secondary months directed activities.
schemata

Experiments with methods to

reach goals.
Stage 5: Tertiary 12-18
circular reaction months Develops rituals that become
significant.

Uses mental imagery to

Stage 6: Invention 18-24 understand the environment.
of new means months
Uses fantasy.

b. Pre-operational 2-7 years Emerging ability to think

Thinking tends to be
Pre-conceptual egocentric.
2-4 year
stage
Exhibits use of symbolism.

Unable to break down a whole

into separate parts.
Intuitive stage 4-7 years
Able to classify objects
according to one trait.

c. Concrete 7-11 Learns to reason about events

Operations years in the here-and-now.
d. Formal Able to see relationships and
11+ years
Operations to reason in the abstract.
6. Kohlbergs Stages of Moral Development
LEVEL AND STAGE DESCRIPTION
LEVEL I: Pre-
Authority figures are obeyed.
conventional
Misbehavior is viewed in terms of
(Birth to 9 years)
damage done.

A deed is perceived as wrong if

Stage 1: Punishment & one is punished; the activity is
obedience orientation right if one is not punished.

Right is defined as that which is

acceptable to & approved by the
Stage 2: Instrumental- self.
relativist orientation
When actions satisfy ones needs,
they are right.
 Cordial interpersonal relationships
LEVEL II: Conventional
are maintained.
Approval of others is sought
(9-13 years)
through ones actions.

Stage 3: Interpersonal Authority is respected.

concordance
Individual feels duty bound to
maintain social order.
Stage 4: Law and order
orientation Behavior is right when it
conforms to the rules.

Individual understands the

LEVEL III: Post-
morality of having democratically
conventional
established laws.
(13+ years)

It is wrong to violate others

Stage 5: Social contract
rights.
orientation
The person understands the
principles of human rights &
Stage 6: Universal ethics personal conscience.
orientation
Person believes that trust is basis
for relationships.

7. Gilligans Theory of Moral Development

LEVEL CHARACTERISTICS
Concentrates on what is best for self.
I. Orientation
Selfish.
of Individual Survival
Transition Dependent on others.

Recognizes connections to others.

Transition 1: From
Selfishness to Makes responsible choices in terms of
Responsibility self and others.

Puts needs of others ahead of own.

Feels responsible for others.

II. Goodness as Self-
Is dependent.
sacrifice
May use guilt to manipulate others
when attempting to help.

Decisions based on intentions &

Transition 2: From consequences, not on others
Goodness to Truth responses.
 Considers needs of self and others.

Wants to help others while being

responsible to self.

Increased social participation.

Sees self and others as morally equal

Assumes responsibilities for own

decisions.

Basic tenet to hurt no one including

self.
III. Morality of
Nonviolence Conflict between selfishness and
selflessness.

Self-judgment is not dependent on

others perceptions but rather on
consequences & intentions of actions.

8. Fowlers Stages of Faith

STAGE AGE CHARACTERISTICS
Trust, hope and love
compete with
Pre-
Infant environmental
stage: Undifferentiated
inconsistencies or threats
faith
if abandonment.

Imitates parental
behaviors and attitudes
about religion and
Toddler-
Stage 1: Intuitive- spirituality.
preschooler
projective faith
Has no real understanding
of spiritual concepts.

Accepts existence of a
deity.

Religious & moral beliefs

are symbolized by stories.
School-aged
Stage 2: Mythical-
child
literal faith Appreciates others
viewpoints.

Accepts concept of
reciprocal fairness.

Stage 3: Synthetic- Adolescent Questions values &

conventional faith religious beliefs in an
 attempt to form own
identity.

Late
Assumes responsibility
adolescent
Stage 4:Individuative- for own attitudes &
& young
reflective faith beliefs.
adult

Integrates other
perspectives about faith
Stage 5: Conjunctive Adult
into own definition of
faith
truth.

Makes concepts of love &

Stage 6:Universalizing Adult
justice tangible.
faith