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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
an information signal system much like the nervous system
uses chemicals to communicate HORMONES
HORMONES- specific messenger molecule synthesized and secreted by a
group of specialized cells called an ENDOCRINE GLAND
endocrine glands are ductless, thus, they secrete hormones directly into the
bloodstream
uses blood vessels as information channels to travel in to their target organs
upon which they act
works with nervous system to regulate metabolic activities
Main focus:
PANCREAS
weighs approximately 80 grams
situated in the upper abdomen
has 2 portions, the head and tail head located adjacent to the
duodenum; tail extends across the midline nearly to the spleen

HORMONES SECRETED BY PANCREAS:

By BETA CELLS of islets of Langerhans: INSULIN


transport of glucose and other substances into cells
lowers blood glucose level
conversion of glucose to glycogen
conversion of excess glucose to fats
anabolic hormone (building up or synthesis of complex substances
from simple molecules)

By ALPHA CELLS: GLUCAGON


glycogenolysis in liver
increases blood glucose level
conversion of glycogen to glucose

URINARY SYSTEM
For formation and elimination of urine which is composed of the waste
products from the body cells
Regulates volume of blood by excretion and conservation of water
Regulation of electrolytes content of the blood by excretion and conservation
of minerals
Regulation of acid-base balance of blood by excretion and conservation of
ions
Regulation of all the above in tissue fluid
KIDNEYS
- Removes waste from the blood and return the cleaned blood back to the body
- located in either side of the spine beneath lower ribs
Kidney inside ----- NEPHRON ----- a small filter (glomerulus) attached
to a tubule- (water that contains waste is separated from the blood by the filters and
directed into the tubules waste); (much of water returned to blood by the tubules is
excreted urine

The urine is collected from the tubules by a funnel- like structure (renal
pelvis) urine goes to the tube (ureter) that joins each kidney to the bladder

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY


*High levels of sugar (diabetes) in the blood damage millions of tiny filtering units
within each kidney that eventually leads to kidney failure

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