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Differentiation
Power Rule
f ( x) nxn1
Ex 8 Differentiate f ( x) 3x2 x 2 .
Rules of Differentiation
In calculating derivatives, we can use the following results to speed up the calculation.
(a) , f is differentiable at c
(b) f g is differentiable at c
(c) fg is differentiable at c
f
(d) If g (c) 0 then is differentiable at c
g
f f (c) g (c) f (c) g (c)
and (c) 2
g g (c)
Remarks: By using these rules, we can simplify the calculation in finding the
derivatives. For example, we can use the power rule and the above rules to
differentiate any polynomial.
Ex 9
Differentiate f ( x) 3x2 x 1 x3 2 .
Solution: Applying the rules,
f ( x) 3x 2 x 1 x 3 2 3x 2 x 1 x3 2
6 x 1 x 2 3x x 1 3x
3 2 2
15x 4 4 x3 3x 2 12 x 2
Math 2351 Tutorial notes
Ex 10 Differentiate f ( x) x .
x 12
Ex 11 Differentiate f ( x) x sin x .
ln x
Solution: Using the results above,
x sin x ln x x sin x ln x
f ( x)
ln x
2
sin x x cos x ln x x sin x 1x
ln x
2
Remarks: There are two different versions of Chain Rule, but they are all equivalent.
(1) d g f ( x) g f ( x) f ( x)
dx
(2) dy dy du
dx du dx
99
Ex 13 Differentiate f ( x) x 2 1 .
df df du d sin u d cosx
Solution: cos u sin x cos cos( x) sin x
dx du dx du dx
Math 2351 Tutorial notes
Integration
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Then F ( x) f ( x) x (a, b)
(2nd part): G is an antiderivative of f on [a, b]
b
a f ( x)dx G(b) G(a)
d x
(1st part): f (t )dt f ( x)
dx a
x
(2nd part): a G(t)dt G( x) G(a)
b
a x dx .
2
Ex 23 Evaluate
3
Solution: Let G( x) x . Then G( x) x2 . By Fundamental Theorem of Calculus,
3
b b
a x2dx G(t )dt G(b) G(a )
a
b3 a3 1 3 3
b a
3 3 3
0 cos xdx .
Ex 24 Evaluate 2
2 cos xdx 2 G (t )dt
Solution: Let G( x) sin x . Then G( x) cos x .
0 0
Integration by Substitution
(2 x 1)
99
Ex 27 Evaluate dx .
Integrating by Parts
Thm 28 (Integrating by Parts)
Let f , g :[a, b] be continuously differentiable functions. Then
b b b
a f g fg a fg
a
Ex 29 Evaluate ln xdx .
Solution: Integrating by parts,
ln xdx ln x x dx ln x x x ln x dx
ln x x x 1 dx ln x x x C
x
Complex Number
Def 30 A complex number is an expression of the form z x iy ,
(complex conjugate of z) z x iy
(modulus of z) z x2 y 2
y
(argument of z) arg(z) is such that tan
x
If is taken between ( , ] then it is called the principal argument.
z z
(b) z1 z2 z1 z2 (c) z1z2 z1 z2
2
(a) zz z (d) 1 1
z z
2 2
n
Def 30 We define exp( z) z z .
n0 n!
Remarks: (a) This series converges for all complex z. (can be proved by ratio test)
(b) exp( x) ex x
(c) exp( z) has the similar properties of e x .
Def 30 We define cos Re exp(i ) & sin Im exp(i ) for all real .
Or, ei cos i sin
Remark: This definition matches the geometric meaning of the trigo. functions.