VETERINARY EPIDEMIOLOGY

Fill up the blanks

1. Four types of epidemiological studies are ________________,

__________________, _________________, and
_________________________
2. Three types of vector transmission are ___________________,
__________________ and __________________________.
3. Study of disease in population is called ______________________.
4. __________________, _____________________ and _______________ are
the important interlinking factors in epidemiology.
5. ________________________ and _______________________ are the
important agent factors in the production of disease.
6. Meteorological data is _____________________ environment. Ground level
data is ______________________ environment.
7. The study of cause, distribution and control of diseases which are of inherited
defects in the population is called ________________________.
8. The practitioners of shoe-leather epidemiology have developed the useful two
diagnostic methods ___________________ and _______________.
9. Robert Koch ignored the influence of _________________________ factors in
the disease production while framing his postulates.
10. The occupational or functional position of an organism in the community is
known as ________________, where as the physical address to an organism
is known as ______________________.
11. Types of epidemiological investigations are ________________________,
______________________________, ____________________________, and
________________________________.
12. Viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa are the extrinsic _________________
determinants, where as trauma, climate, stresses etc., are the extrinsic
_____________________ determinants.
13. In a population of 500 dairy cows, 400 cows were affected with Foot and Mouth
Disease and among affected, 10 cows died. In this, the mortality rate is
_______%, morbidity rate is ___________% and case-fatality rate is
_____________%.
14. Study of the patterns of disease occurrence in the avian population is called
________________________.
15. The deliberate killing of a minority of infected animals to protect the well
majority animals is called _______________________________.
16. A disease that occurs with predictable regularity in a population is said to
occurs _________________________.
17. In an epidemiological sense, directed actions against diseases include
________________, ___________________ and ____________________.
18. Production of disease is the deviation from normal health status and by
interaction of _____________, ________________ and _________________
factors.
19. A sufficient cause virtually always comprises a range of
____________________ causes, disease therefore is multifactorial.
20. The agents ability to induce disease is expressed in terms of
_________________ and _________________ and is related to the
__________________ of a host.
21. The population that is naturally susceptible to disease is called
________________________________.
22. Animals, which are deliberately exposed to risk of infection in order to detect or
quantitate the presence of the agent in a particular environment, are called
____________________________.
23. The population of resistant animals in the population is referred as
___________________________.
24. Two principle uses of epidemiology are ______________________ and
______________________.
25. Patterns of occurrence of diseases are classified into ________________,
___________________, ___________________ and extend to
___________________.
26. Main objectives of epidemiological investigation are ____________________,
__________________ and ____________________.
27. Genotypic changes in infectious agents can result from _______________,
_______________________ etc.,
28. The major intrinsic host factors are _________________, ______________
and ____________________.
29. Unit concern while studying about the disease event by epidemiologist is
________________________.
30. The most important directed actions against diseases viz., ___________,
_________________ and _________________.
31. Prevention of a disease can be carried by the methods such as
___________________, ______________________, ________________,
_______________________ etc.,
32. Taking all measures to exclude disease from the unaffected population of is
_____________________.
33. Physical separation of sick animals from healthy animals is _____________.
34. All measures used to reduce the frequency of illness already present in a
population is __________________.
35. The main object in the extinction of an infectious agent is ______________.
36. Inanimate carrier agents are called ________________.
37. ___________ and ______________ proportions provide probability of disease
occurrence at different levels of host factors.
38. Ability to induce disease is expressed in terms of __________ and
___________.
39. In cohort studies separate samples of ______________ and ___________
units are selected.
40. Active disease accounting process is known as ______________ whereas
____________ describes ongoing efforts directed at assessing the health and
disease status of a given population.
41. Information on the disease and associated events such as productivity can be
obtained from ______________.
42. The times of occurrence of cases of a disease are its __________ distribution
and the places of occurrence of are its spatial distribution.
43. The amount of disease is the _________ and the number of deaths is the
_________.
44. ____________ and ___________ are examples of primary prevention.
45. In a population of 50 animals 25 manifest signs of disease and 10 of them died.
The mortality is ________________ %.
46. Examination of aggregate of units is known as ___________________ .
47. When a disease is continuously present to high level, affecting all age groups
equally it is known as _________________.
48. Snap diagnosis is carried out by ___________________.
49. Epidemiology is the study of _________________, ________________ and
__________________ of health and disease in ___________________.
50. Any character that affects the health of the population is known as
_____________________.
51. Animals that excrete agent during the incubation period of the disease are
known as ______________________.
52. In cohort study, separate samples of ____________ and ____________ units
are selected.
53. Infectious diseases are the result of the ________________ of a host by a
_________________ organism.
54. Minute particles transmitted from one infected host to other by air are
_________________.
55. Active disease accounting process is known as __________________.
56. _______________ control strategy is implemented in tropical countries where
hosts are seasonally migrated from areas in which biological vectors are active.
57. Information on the disease and associated events such as productivity can be
obtained from ____________________.
58. Sources of infection before clinical manifestations may be termed as
________________________.
59. Comparison of data to understand a disease may be referred as
________________________.
60. When two living species coexist the invading species is referred to as a
____________________.
61. Deaths amongst clinically affected animals can be indicated by _________.
62. Usually high number of morbid animals in an outbreak is referred as an
______________.
63. Both in veterinary education and veterinary practice the emphasis shifts from
______________ animal towards _________________.
64. _______________ and _______________ proportion provides probability of
disease occurrence at different levels of host factors.
65. Virulent organisms are usually ______________ type.
66. Information on diseases and its associated events such as productivity can be
obtained from ____________________.
67. ________________ and __________________ may modify a host resistance
to infection and/or disease.
68. Three types of vector transmission are _______________, ____________, and
_____________________.
69. Persons at greatest risk of acquiring zoonoses are those who work in close
proximity to animals like ______________ and _______________.
70. Study of diseases in the population is called ____________________.
71. ________, ________, and _________________ are the most interacting
factors in epidemiology.
72. ______________ and ________________ are the important agent factors in
the production of disease.
73. Epidemiology serves as the ________________ and _______________
discipline for population or herd medicine.
74. The occurrence of disease in animal population according to the pattern is
referred as ___________, ___________, ___________ and ___________.
75. Morbidity rate = ______________________.
76. All infectious diseases are _________________ but all the contagious diseases
are ________________.
77. Recording an event over a period of time is known as ___________ survey.
78. Two principle uses of epidemiology are ____________ and ___________.
79. The study of disease in animal population excluding in human called
_____________________.
80. Epidemiology helps in ______________ and _______________ of disease
control programme.
81. Disease transmission from one animal to another susceptible animal depends
on the ______________ of the invading organism and _________________ of
the host.
82. Iatrogenically transmitted infections are induced by ____________ during
_____________ and _____________ practice.
83. Case fatality rate is higher in _____________ diseases than in __________
diseases and used to describe the ________________ of the agent.
84. India Act No.IX 1898 concerned to _______________ importation.
85. Epidemiology serves as the ________________ or _________________
discipline for population or herd medicine.
86. Tertiary prevention is more commonly known as ___________________.
87. ________________ and _______________ are the intrinsic characters of an
infectious agent.
88. The major intrinsic host factors are ______, ________ and ___________.
89. The geographic expression of data from a epidemic in the form of a frequency
histogram for a defined time interval is called an _______________.
90. The smallest geographical area that provides uniform condition for life is
referred as __________________.
91. If all the animals in a population are investigated then the survey is called
_______________.
92. The first act for control of contagious disease among animals in India was
formulated in the year 1866, it is known as _________________.
93. Epidemiological data may be _______________ or _______________ rate.
94. Quantitative epidemiological data may ____________ or ___________ data.
95. Continuous epidemiological data have any value within a defined __________.
96. Retrospective epidemiological data can be collected from _______________.
97. A simple measure of relative magnitude of two events or observations is
________________.
98. A measure of number of animals affected in the population is _____________.
99. A measure of number of new cases in the population is _________________.
100. If the course of the disease is very short, then the incidence rate is called
___________.
101. Prevalence of diseases includes ______________ and ____________ cases.
102. Incidence of disease includes only the ________________ cases.
103. Number of animals died in the population is measured by ____________ rate.
104. Number of animals died in the affected population is measured by _________
rate.
105. If the mortality rate is calculated from all the causes, then the rate is called
___________ rate.
106. Death within 4 weeks of birth out of total number of live birth is the
_________________ rate.
107. Number of calves died up to weaning out of total number of live born calves
__________ rate.
108. If the numerator is not included in the epidemiological calculation, then the
measure is _______________.
109. If the numerator is included in the epidemiological calculation, then the
measure is _________________.
110. Formula for foetal death ratio is _______________________________.
111. Formula for the calculation of vaccination efficiency is _______________.
112. Prevalence rate can be calculated from incidence rate using formula _______.
113. Survival of individuals from a disease is calculated using formula ___________.
114. ___________________ is the total mortality rate for all diseases.
115. Likelihood of positive test results in animals known to have the disease is the
_______________ of a diagnostic test.
116. Likelihood of negative test results in animals known to be free from the disease
is the _______________ of a diagnostic test.
117. Sensitivity and specificity of a diagnostic test is calculated by _____________
table.
118. ___________________ are the likelihood of positive test results in animals
known to be free of the disease.
119. ___________________ are the likelihood of negative test results in animals
known to have the disease.
120. A common method of displaying the geographical (spatial) distribution and
related factors is by drawing ________________.
121. The amount of disease in a population is the _______________.
122. The amount of death in a population is the _______________.
123. The time of occurrence of cases of a disease is its _____________ distribution.
124. The places of occurrence of a disease are its ________________ distribution.
125. The measurement and description of the size of populations and their
characteristics is ______________________.
126. The organization of animal populations can usually be described as either
_________________ or _____________________ population.
127. Populations of wild animals can be enumerated by ___________ and
____________ method.
128. A common method for the enumeration of wild animal populations is ________.
129. Separated populations occur as discrete units such as ____________ and
_____________.
130. A separated population can be ___________, with no movement of animals
into or out of the unit (except to slaughter) and can be ______________, with
limited movement of individuals in and out.
131. Methods of presentation of morbidity, mortality values and demographic data
include _______________, _______________ and _________________.
132. If a map illustrates outbreaks of disease in discrete locations by circle, squares,
dots or other symbols, then it is called ___________________________ map.
133. If a map is constructed on outbreaks of disease to show the area over which it
occurs, then the map is termed as __________________.
134. __________________ maps are depicting morbidity and mortality values using
circles whose area is proportional to the amount of disease or deaths.
135. ________ maps are used to display quantitative information as discrete shaded
units of area, graded in intensity to represent the variability of the mapped data
in which the boundaries between different recorded values are artificial.
136. _______________________ maps are used to display quantitative information
as discrete shaded units of area, graded in intensity to represent the variability
of the mapped data in which the true boundaries between different recorded
values are depicted by joining all points of equal value by a line.
137. The computerized systems for collecting, storing, managing, interrogating and
displaying data is called ___________________________.
138. _______________ of a datum indicates the extent to which an investigation or
measurement conforms to the truth.
139. The degree of detail in a datum is its __________________.
140. If a diagnostic technique produces similar results when it is repeated, is its
_______________.
141. _____________________ is a characteristic of a reliable diagnostic technique.
142. _____________________ and ___________________ are the indicators of a
valid diagnostic technique.
143. The value of a diagnostic technique is judged in terms of its _________ and
_________.
144. Data can be represented by ________ or __________ or _____________.
145. A ___________ chart is a circle in which individual characteristics are
represented as 'slice', the angle of a segment being proportional to the relative
frequency of the corresponding characteristic.
146. Information (sampling) on disease and associated events, such as productivity,
can be obtained by _________________.
147. A survey is an examination of an ___________________________.
148. If aggregate units of population is investigated and sampled, is termed
___________.
149. If all animals in a population are investigated then the survey is a __________.
150. The ____________ is the total population about which information is required.
151. The __________________ is the population from which a sample is drawn.
152. The study population consists of ______________ units, which cannot be
divided further.
153. The study population should be a 'representative' of the _______________
population.
154. A collection of elementary units, grouped according to a common characteristic,
is a _________________.
155. Before a sample is taken, members of the study population must be identified
and construct a list, is termed ________________________.
156. Each member of the sampling frame is a ___________________.
157. The __________________ is the ratio of sample size to study population size.
158. The main objective of sampling is to provide an ________________ estimate of
the variables that is being measured in the population.
159. The main two types of sampling are ____________ and _______________.
160. ________________ sampling in which the choice of the sample is left to the
investigator.
161. _________________ sampling in which the selection of the sample is made
using deliberate, unbiased process.
162. 'Each sampling unit in a group has an equal probability of being selected'; this
is the basis of ____________________ sampling.
163. The methods of non-probability sampling are __________ and ___________.
164. The methods of probability sampling are ________________,
________________, _________________ and _______________.
165. A common method practiced for the selection of sampling units from each
stratum is ________________.
166. In sampling methods, if strata are defined by geographical locations, such as
different countries, states, districts and villages or by other categories such as
veterinary practices or period of time during which samples are selected, then
these strata are termed ______________.
167. Different methods of cluster sampling are ________________,
______________ and ________________.
168. If all animals in each selected cluster are sampled, then this is
___________________.
169. If sub-sampling of some animals in the clusters is done in a sample of clusters
are selected, then the sampling is called ______________________.
170. A set of written questions for the collection of information is called
__________________.
171. A specialized questionnaire for the collection of technical information from
specialists, such as veterinary practitioners and laboratory staffs, is called
_________________.
172. Questions in a questionnaire may be ________________ or
__________________ type.
173. _________________ type of questions allow the respondent freedom to
answer in his or her own words.
174. ______________ type of questions have a fixed number of options of answers.
175. The closed type of questions may be __________________ (ie, Yes or No
type) or _____________________.
176. The success of a questionnaire depends on careful design and ________ rate.
177. Closed questions must be _____________ exclusive and ______________.
178. To ensure exhaustiveness, it may be necessary to include
_________________ categories that may accommodate all possibilities
remaining after the specified options are considered.
179. The commonly practiced two stages of testing are ________ and _________.
180. _______________ testing of a questionnaire is carried out on colleagues, who
can detect ambiguities and defects in questionnaire design.
181. ____________ testing of a questionnaire is undertaken on a small random
sample of the population on which the full survey will be conducted.
182. Formal testing of a questionnaire in a small random sample of the population is
called ________________.
183. The two main criteria for the success of a questionnaire are ________ and
__________.
184. A questionnaire, is ________________ if it produces consistent results.
185. Reliability of a questionnaire can be assessed by issuing the same questions to
the same respondents more than _____________.
186. __________________ of a questionnaire is a measure of the degree to which
answers, on average, reflect the truth.
187. Formula for zoonosis incidence ratio is _________________________.
188. Epidemiology is the study of pattern of diseases in the ___________________.
189. Study of pattern of diseases in the population is called ___________________.
190. Epidemiology is the study of the ________________, ___________________
and _____________________ of health and disease in human and animal
population.
191. Graphical representation of data collected during an epidemic is in the form of
histogram or frequency polygon is called an _____________________.
192. The population, which is naturally susceptible to infection, is referred as
_____________.
Choose the correct answer

1. The examples of primary prevention are

a). Quarantine and vaccination
b). Screening tests and metabolic profiles
c). Somatic cell counts to detect mastitis
d). Therapy

2. Practical multidisciplinary coordination to evolve strategies for disease and / or

health management is referred as
a). Clinical epidemiology
b). Analytical epidemiology
c). Applied epidemiology
d). General epidemiology

3. Disease accounting is best done by estimating

a). Predictive value
b). Antibody assay
c). Rates and ratios
d). Frequency of occurrence

4. Disease and causal factors are examples of

a). Determinants
b). Variables
c). Statistical analysis
d). Risk factors

5. Outbreak of disease that occurs irregularly and haphazardly is known as

a). Sporadic
b). Endemic
c). Epidemic
 d). Pandemic

6. Active disease accounting process is

a. Monitoring
b. Survey
c. Surveillance
d. Investigation

7. To give an opinion about the disease by merely looking the animal is

a. Tentative diagnosis
b. Symptomatic diagnosis
c. Snap diagnosis
d. Clinical diagnosis

8. All measures used to reduce the frequency of illness already present in a

population is
a. Eradication
a. Prevention
c. Control
d. Mass prophylaxis

9. Natural or native immunity is

a. Innate immunity
b. Species immunity
c. Racial immunity
d. Individual immunity

10. Unit of concern in epidemiology is

(a) Sick individual
(b) Dead individual
(c) Well, sick and dead
 (d) None of the above

11. Test and slaughter is a control procedure employed most beneficially in a

disease
(a) That is spreading rapidly through a population
(b) In which 50% of the cattle population may be infected
(c) With a low prevalence and for which a sensitive and specific diagnostic test
exists.
(d) None of the above

12. The species or environment in which pathogenic organism is maintained and

upon which the organism depends for survival is called as
(a) Carrier
(b) Vector
(c) Source
(d) Reservoir

13. In a herd of 120 deer, 75 have diarrhea and vomiting within the last 24 hours.
All the animals were normal 48 hours ago. Only adult animals are affected.
The most likely source for the outbreak is:
(a) Exposure to a common source
(b) An infection propagated in the herd and spread from animal to animal
(c) A change in the diet of younger animals
(d) None of the above

14. Early detection (e.g. through screening programs) designed to minimize the
health and economic effects of disease in populations is known as
(a) Primary prevention
(b) Secondary prevention
(c) Tertiary prevention
(d) All the above
15. The continuous, longitudinal collection of data on the occurrence and spread of
disease in a specified population and geographic area is known as:
(a) A disease survey
(b) Sampling
(c) Surveillance
(d) None of the above

16. The length of a quarantine period in disease control is based on the

(a) Duration of communicability of the disease
(b) Duration of agent shedding (patent period)
(c) Incubation period
(d) None of the above

17. The ability of a screening test to correctly identify individuals in a population

that are truly free of disease (nondiseased) is a measure of the tests
(a) Sensitivity
(b) Specificity
(c) Reliability
(d) None of the above

18. Efforts directed toward reducing frequency of existing disease to; biologically or
economically acceptable levels is known as
(a) Disease prevention
(b) Disease control
(c) Disease eradication
(d) None of the above

19. Seroepidemiologic studies of canine distemper virus reveal that antibody may
be present in up to 50% of the adult canine population without a history of
 disease or vaccination. The antibodies in these seropositive dogs are most
likely a result of:
(a) Inapparent infections
(b) Cross reactions with measles virus
(c) Lack of diagnostic specificity
(d) Anamnestic responses

20. All measures used to reduce the frequency of illness already present in a
population is
a). Eradication
b). Prevention
c). Control
d). Mass prophylaxis

21. Test and slaughter is a control procedure employed most beneficially in a

disease
a). That is spreading rapidly through a population
b). In which 50% of the cattle population may be infected
c). With a low prevalence and for which a sensitive and specific diagnostic test
exists.
d). None of the above

23. The species or environment in which pathogenic organism is maintained and

upon which the organism depends for survival is called as
a). Carrier
b). Vector
c). Source
d). Reservoir

24. The ability of a screening test to correctly identify individuals in a population

that are truly free of disease (non-diseased) is a measure of the tests
 a). Sensitivity
b). Specificity
c). Reliability
d). None of the above

25. Animals that shed infectious agents when they are recovering from a disease
a). Incubatory carriers
b). Convalescent carriers
c). Animals with latent infection
d). Animals at clinically peak

26. A variable which is the effect of an extraneous variable that can wholly or partly
account for an apparent association between variables.
a). Confounding variable
b). Response variable
c). Explanatory variable
d). Study variable

27. Proportion of non-diseased individuals at the beginning of a period of study that

become diseased during the period is the
a). Period prevalence
b). Point prevalence
c). Attack rate
d). Cumulative incidence

28. The ability of an infectious agent to induce disease is expressed in terms of

a). Virulence
b). Pathogenicity
c). Virulence & Pathogenicity
d). Infectivity
29. A host in which an agent is transferred mechanically
a). Intermediate host
b). Paratenic host
c). Link host
d). Reservoir host

30. The ways in which infectious agents are maintained and avoiding a stage in the
external environment by
a). Vertical transmission
b). Venereal transmission
c). Vector transmission
d). All the above

31. Disease accounting is best done by estimating

a). Predictive value
b). Antibody assay
c). Rates and ratios
d). Frequency of occurrence

32. Disease and causal factors are examples of

a). Determinants
b). Variables
c). Statistical analysis
d). Risk factors

33. In a herd of 120 deer, 75 have diarrhea and vomiting within the last 24 hours.
All the animals were normal 48 hours ago. The most likely source for the
outbreak is:
a). Exposure to a common source
b). An infection propagated in the herd and spread from animal to animal
c). A change in the diet of younger animals
 d). None of the above

34. Early detection (e.g. through screening programs) designed to minimize the
health and economic effects of diseases in a population is known as
a). Primary prevention
b). Secondary prevention
c). Tertiary prevention
d). All the above

35. The length of a quarantine period in disease control is based on the

a). Duration of communicability of the disease
b). Duration of agent shedding (patent period)
c). Incubation period
d). None of the above

36. The ability of a screening test to correctly identify individuals in a population

that are truly free of disease (nondiseased) is a measure of the tests
a). Sensitivity
b). Specificity
c). Reliability
d). None of the above

37. Time series analysis is used to detect

a). Temporal trends
b). Spatial trends
c). False changes in morbidity & mortality
d). None of the above

38. Surveillance is referred as

a). Intensive follow up
b). Monitoring
 c). Active disease accounting process
d). Survey

39. The species or environment in which pathogenic organisms are maintained and
upon which the organisms depend for survival is called as
a). Clinical carriers
b). Vectors
c). Incubatory carriers
d). Reservoir

40. Etiologic epidemiology primarily concerned with

a). Establishing causal association with environment
b). Forecasting possible causes of a disease
c). Agent host relationship
d). Identification of an infectious agent

41. The examples of primary prevention are

(a). Quarantine and vaccination
(b). Screening tests and Selective slaughter
(c). Isolation and identification
(d). Chemotherapy and disinfection

42. Outbreak of disease that occurs irregularly and haphazardly is known as

(a). Sporadic
(b). Endemic
(c). Epidemic
(d). Pandemic

43. Active disease accounting process is

(a). Monitoring
(b). Survey
 (c). Surveillance
(d). Census

44. To give an opinion about the disease by merely looking at the animal is
(a). Tentative diagnosis
(b). Symptomatic diagnosis
(c). Snap diagnosis
(d). Clinical diagnosis

45. Endemic occurrence of a disease means

i). Usual frequency of occurrence
ii). Constant presence of a disease in the population
iii). A type of epidemiology
iv). Occurrence of a disease in excess of its expected frequency

(a). All are correct (b). i, iii & iv are correct

(c). i, iii & iv are correct (d). i & ii are correct

46. The number of cases of a disease occurring in a population at a particular time,

including old and new cases is known as
(a). Incidence rate
(b). Morbidity rate
(c). Case fatality rate
(d). Prevalence

47. Test and slaughter is a control procedure employed most beneficially in a

disease,
(a). that is spreading rapidly through a population
(b). in which 50% of the cattle population may be infected
(c). which occurs in excess of its expected frequency
 (d). with a low prevalence and for which a sensitive and specific diagnostic test
exists

48. The species or environment in which pathogenic organism is maintained and

upon which the organism depends for survival, is called as
(a). Carrier
(b). Vector
(c). Source
(d). Reservoir

49. Proportion of non-diseased individuals at the beginning of a period of study that

become diseased during the period is
(a). Period prevalence
(b). Point prevalence
(c). Attack rate
(d). Cumulative incidence

50. The way in which infectious agents are survived by avoiding a stage in the
external environment by
(a). Sporulation strategy
(b). Rapidly-in and rapidly-out strategy
(c). Wide host range
(d). In-utero infection

51. A type of epidemiological investigation first applied during an outbreak of

animal diseases is
(a). Experimental epidemiology
(b). Mathematical epidemiology
(c). Descriptive epidemiology
(d). Theoretical epidemiology
52. Study of pattern of disease in avian population
(a). Epizootiology
(b). Epidemiology
(c). Epornitics
(d). None of the above

53. The cause must be present to produce infection

(a). Multifactorial causes
(b). Component causes
(c). Necessary cause
(d). Sufficient causes

54. The measurement and description of the size of populations and its
characteristics is
(a). Mapping
(b). Graphical representation
(c). Survey
(d). Demography

55. The percentage of death due to a disease in the population is

(a). Death rate
(b). Morbidity rate
(c). Mortality rate
(d). Case fatality rate

56. An infectious agents ability to induce disease is

(a). Invasiveness
(b). Concentration of inoculums
(c). Livability
(d). Virulence
57. An ecosystem is created by man is
(a). Autochthonous ecosystem
(b). Anthropurgic ecosystem
(c). Synanthropic ecosystem
(d). Biotope

58. The smallest geographical area that provides uniform condition for life
(a). Niche
(b). Biotope
(c). Nidus
(d). Nosoarea

59. If all the animals in a population are investigated then the survey is called
(a). Cross sectional survey
(b). Census
(c). Longitudinal survey
(d). Case control survey

60. Virulence is a determinant of a disease associated with

(a). Agent
(b). Host
(c). Environment
(d). Vaccine
State TRUE or FALSE

1. In a population of 50 animals 25 manifested signs of disease and 10 of them

died. The mortality is 40%.
2. Epidemiologist is interested in the ground level climate and other so called
microclimate.
3. Infection with macro parasites particularly helminths have no widespread
regulatory effect on animal protection.
4. Iatrogenic, literally means epidemiology of diseases pertaining to hearts.
5. If an infective organism is present in a definitive host it will produce the disease.
6. Snap diagnosis is carried out by just looking at an animals.
7. When two living species coexist, the invading species referred to as an infective
agent.
8. In epidemiology longitudinal study reveals more information than cross-
sectional study.
9. In certain countries maintenance of certified herd is mandatory while
accreditation is optional.
10. Micro climate is measured by meteorology and is applicable to a vast area.
11. Epidemiologist is interested in the ground level climate and other so called
microclimate.
12. Surveillance is the back-bone for most of other Veterinary activities by the
government.
13. When two living species coexist, the invading species referred as an infective
agent.
14. In the cohort study, the exposed group is compared with non-exposed group
with hypothesized causal factor with respect to the development of disease.
15. Case-control study is carried out in the group of animals experimentally with
hypothesized causal factor.
16. Unit concerned with Clinician and Pathologist is sick and dead individual
respectively, where as with Epidemiologist is the population (well, sick and
individuals).
17. Deliberate killing of a minority of infected animals based on screening test is
referred as depopulation.
18. Treatment of animals is the primary preventive measure, where as quarantine
and vaccination are the secondary and tertiary preventive measures.
19. High proportion of animals affected due to the continuous presence of disease
to a high level affecting all age groups equally is said to be hyperendemic
occurrence of disease.
20. When there is pandemicity of particular disease occurrence, there will be
clustering of disease events in space but not in time.
21. Preimmunity is due to continual presence of residual parasites in the host.
22. Adjuvants are used to enhance the immunogenecity of modified live virus
vaccine.
23. All measures to reduce the frequency of illness already present in a population
is called prevention
24. Latent period is the period between infection and shedding of the organisms
and is usually longer than the incubation period
25. Disease, which occurs irregularly and haphazardly, is said to be sporadic.
26. Breed, species and sex are extrinsic determinants.
27. Carriers that excrete infectious agents during the diseases incubation period
28. Monitoring is the more intensive form of data recording than surveillance
29. Actions exerted by disinfectants may not suppressed by the presence of
organic matters.
30. Reproduction rate will not interfere with the level of herd immunity in the
population.
31. The causative agents require two vertebrate hosts for completion of their life
cycle is classified as direct zoonosis
32. Epidemiologist is interested in the ground level climate and other so called
microclimate.
33. Surveillance is the backbone for most of other Veterinary activities by the
government.
34. When two living species coexist, the invading species referred as an infective
agent.
35. Species and breeds vary in their susceptibility and responses to different
infectious agent.
36. Many bacterial and viral diseases for instances are more likely to occur not to
be fatal in young than in old animals.
37. Robert Koch formulated his postulates to determine the cause of infectious
disease.
38. Endemic diseases are a result of a predictable, probably long-term balance
between the agent and host.
39. Despite the higher rate of occurrence in the young, the severity of disease often
is less in the young than in the old.
40. In a highly specific test false positive reactions will be absent or minimal.
41. Transmission by milk to offspring is also considered by some to be vertical.
42. Infection if the placenta not always produces infection of the fetus.
43. Surveillance is a more intensive form of data recording than monitoring.
44. Mixed grazing of susceptible animals with stock that are genetically or
immunologically resistant to helminths reduces pasture contamination to an
acceptable level.
45. Sequential grazing at different times of resistant and susceptible animals of the
same species reduces pasture contamination.
46. Poor hygiene has been incriminated as the most important environmental
cause.
47. Over 70% of the known pathogens are infectious to both man and other
animals.
48. Control and particularly eradication of an infectious agent may disturb the
balance of nature in an ecosystem.
49. The OIE was established to standardize the veterinary quarantine procedures
and regulations throughout the world.
50. The mass treatment approach to disease control depends upon the availability
of safe and cheap therapeutic agents.
51. At least 70 to 80% of the population in a herd should have been vaccinated
against the particular disease to induce herd immunity.
52. Changes in the herd immunity may occur when new susceptible individuals are
introduced into a population.
53. Ecological studies have a valid role to pay in investigating exposure-disease
association.
54. Pathogenicity can be used as synonym for virulence.
55. Use of quantitative methods became widespread in the epidemiological
research.
56. Initial clues about the etiology of a disease are often provided by its distribution.
57. Some infections originate from organisms that normally free existence in
nature.
58. Breed differences in risk of disease and level of productivity are common.
59. Invasiveness means that the organisms actively drive or bore their way into the
tissues.
60. Most toxins require a period of incubation.
61. Non-specific diseases are systematic and temporary in nature.
62. Control particularly eradication of an infectious agent may disturb the balance
of nature in an ecosystem.
63. In all the epidemiological studies both diseases and healthy animals should be
present.
64. Imported cattle are usually placed in quarantine station for the period usually
maximum incubation period.
65. The presence of one organism within a niche can prevent its occupation by
another organism.
66. All vaccines could not be used in the phase of an outbreak.
67. Zoonosis An infectious disease shared by both animals and man.
68. Every veterinarian is, ipso facto, an epidemiologist.
69. Surveillance is a routine work.
70. Eradication programme requires public awareness.
71. Glanders and Farcy Act is a state of act.
72. Isolation and quarantine means the same.
73. The contagious disease is one that may be transmitted from one individual to
another by direct or indirect contact.
74. Most sanitary method of destroying the carcass is to burn them at a distant
location.
75. Moist heat is the simplest and most reliable means of sterilization.
76. Veterinary applications in public health are mainly to improve the well being of
an individual.
77. Prevalence rate in an outbreak provides information on clinical cases of the
disease at any period of time.
78. Zoonotic pox diseases can be categorized under direct viral amphixenosis.
79. Pathogenicity and virulence are determined by a variety of host and agent
characteristics.
80. The environment of an ecosystem will not affect the survival rate indirectly act
upon vector populations as well as free-living stages of infectious agent.
81. P = IR x D.
82. A subtype of an incident rate is a morbidity rate.
83. CFR = CSMTR / IR
84. Surveillance means an active intelligence and accounting process intended to
continuously monitor the overall disease and health status of population.
85. The efficiency of sunlight in destroying bacteria is not proportional to directness
and intensity of light.
Short answers

1. Selective slaughter Vs Herd depopulation

2. Developmental transmission Vs Propagative transmission with examples
3. Definitive host Vs Intermediate host with examples
4. Incidence Vs Prevalence
5. Artificial passive immunity Vs Natural passive immunity with examples
6. Intensive follow-up Vs Surveillance
7. Incubatory carriers Vs Convalescent carriers
8. Mortality Vs Case-fatality rate
9. Ring vaccination Vs Frontier vaccination
10. Surveillance
11. Quarantine
12. Herd immunity Vs Individual immunity
13. Biosecurity
14. Infection
15. Quarantine.
16. Herd immunity
17. Virulence
18. Specificity
19. Surveillance
20. Paratenic host
Essays
1. Role of epidemiologists in the study of disease occurrence in the population.
2. What are the general principles and methods of disease control, eradication,
isolation and quarantine and their strategies?
3. Approaches for testing of causal association.
4. Determinants associated with agent, host and environment.
5. Discuss the applications and uses of epidemiology.
6. Discuss in detail of transmission occurs by vehicle and vector.
7. Discuss the applications and uses of epidemiology
8. Write the characteristics of an epidemic disease and the approach to be taken
for investigation during an outbreak of a disease.
9. Describe the procedure for outbreak investigation.
10. Etiologic disease epidemiology.
11. Write the characteristics of an epidemic disease and the approach to be taken
for investigation during an outbreak of a disease.
12. Discuss in detail about the agent determinants in disease production.
13. Discuss in detail about the importance of surveillance.
14. Define immunization and write in detail about general instructions, which are
carrying out while vaccination.
15. Define hypersensitivity and discuss in detail about the types of hypersensitivity.
16. Differences between active and passive immunity with examples.