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9 Design of Pavement
1 Input Data:
Initial Traffic in each direction on counting year = 880 CV/day
Construction period since last traffic count = 4 Years
Design Life of pavement to be considered = 15 Years
Design CBR of subgrade soil to be employed = 6 %
Traffic growth rate = 6.76 %
Vehicle damage factor as per axle load survey = 4.76
Lane Distribution factor = 0.75
Directional Distribution = 0.50
2 Design Calculation:
Initial Traffic in each direction in the year of completion of construction
A=P(1+r)x
Where,
P= Numer of commercial vehicles as per last count
r= Annual growth rate of commercial vehicles
x=Constuction perod since last traffic count
N= 365*((1+6.76/100)^15-1)*571.5*0.75*4.76/(6.76/100)/1000000
N= 18.3710903 msa = 18 Say 20 msa
1 The design equation in AASHTO METHOD for design of flexible pavements is given as under :-
PSI
log10 4.2 - 1.5
Log10 Ns = Zr*So+9.36 *log10 (SN + 1) - 0.2 + + 2.32* log10 (MR) - 8.07
0.4 + 1094
(SN +1) 5.19 (1)
Where,
Ns = Predicted number of 18 Kips (8.16 MT) equivalent single axle load aplications.
PSI = Dfference between the initial design serviceability index and the terminal
serviceability index.
MR = Resilient modulus (psi)
Where,
a1, a2 & a3 are the layer coefficients of surface course, base course and sub-base course respectively
The input parameters selected and used in the design are as follows:
For CBR value of 6%, MR (psi) is worked out from the following equation :-
MR (psi)=1500 X CBR
For Ns = 20 msa and using AASHTO design equation, the value of SN required has been calculated as 5.154. The
design thicknesses are worked out from equation. 2
SN= 0.44 x(BC+DBM thickness in inch) + 0.14 x 1 x(WMM thickness in inch) +0.11 x 0.9 x (GSB
thickness in inch)
SN= 0.44x (0.04+0.115)/0.0254 + 0.14x1x (0.125+0.125)/0.0254 + 0.11 x0.9x (0.15+0.15)/0.0254
= 5.232 > 5.15 Safe
1 In the HDM-III method, the strengthening requirement of overlay can be obtained by following equation :
For calculating the structural number of existing pavement based on deflection volume, the following equations
recommended in HDM-III model document.
SN exist = SN BBD - SN SG
SN BBD = 3.2 x (BBD)-0.63 ..(For Granular Base)
SN SG = 3.51x Log10(CBR) - 0.85 x (Log10(CBR)2 ) - 1.43
Where,
SN exist = Structural number of the existing pavement
SN BBD = Modified structural number contributed
SN SG = Structural number of the subgrade
CBR= Subgrade CBR
BBD= Benkelman Beam Deflection under 8.16 T Axle Load Taking mean of mean of BBD values
to be 1.83 mm
For CBR value of 6%, MR (psi) is worked out from the following equation :-
MR (psi)=1500 X CBR
or MR (psi)= 1500 X 6 = 9000 psi
SN required = 5.154
Zr*So = -0.577
RHS= 9.36 *log10 (SN + 1) - 0.2 = 7.187
log10(PSI/(4.2-1.5))/(0.4+(1094/(SN+1)5.19)) = -0.412
2.32* log10 (MR) - 8.07 = 1.104
Total= 7.302
SN needed = SN required - SN exit
= 2.97
For Ns = 20 msa and using AASHTO design equation, the value of SN required has been calculated as 5.154. The
design thicknesses are worked out from equation. 2
Provisions made to the Layers & Thk. Equivalent Thickness for DBM
BC= 0.040 m DBM BM
DBM= 0.135 m 0.085 m 0.075 m
WMM 1st Layer= 0.000 m
WMM 2nd Layer= 0.000 m
Total= 0.175 m
5.9.5 Design of Overly on Existing Flexible Pavement(AASHTO method)
For CBR value of 6%, MR (psi) is worked out from the following equation :-
MR (psi)=1500 X CBR
or MR (psi)= 1500 X 6 = 9000 psi
Provisions made to the Layers & Thk. Equivalent Thickness for DBM
BC= 0.040 m DBM BM
DBM= 0.140 m 0.090 m 0.075 m
WMM 1st Layer= 0.000 m
WMM 2nd Layer= 0.000 m
Total= 0.180 m
5.9.6 Design of Rigid Pavement as per IRC-58 2002
8 Fatigue Analysis
The fatigue analysis has been performed, taking the flexural strength of concrete equal to 45 Kg/cm for computing
stress ratios. The results are shown in the table.
Trial thickness = 33 cm
Axle A x 1.2 Edge load Stress Design Allow. Fatigue
load stress
(P) Rept. To resistance used
(A) S le ratio repetitions
Tonnes (kg/cm 2) fatigue (%) Col.5/Col.6
Tonnes (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) x 100 (7)
(1)
Single Axle
1 1.2 1.488 0.03 0.0E+0 Unlimited 0.00
3 3.6 3.88 0.09 781.4E+3 Unlimited 0.00
5 6 6 0.13 2.8E+6 Unlimited 0.00
7 8.4 7.991 0.18 1.2E+6 Unlimited 0.00
9 10.8 9.9 0.22 1.1E+6 Unlimited 0.00
11 13.2 11.745 0.26 300.5E+3 Unlimited 0.00
13 15.6 13.536 0.30 901.6E+3 Unlimited 0.00
15 18 15.279 0.34 60.1E+3 Unlimited 0.00
17 20.4 16.982 0.38 0.0E+0 Unlimited 0.00
19 22.8 18.649 0.41 0.0E+0 Unlimited 0.00
21 25.2 20.285 0.45 0.0E+0 62790761 0.00
23 27.6 21.893 0.49 0.0E+0 1286914 0.00
Total 0
In PCA method, for design of highway concrete pavements, use is made of fatigue characteristics of concrete in repeated
flexure. When plain concrete is subjected to repeated loading, the number of repetitions of load it will sustain depends upon
the magnitude of load. Research findings on fatigue behaviour of concrete under repeated loading have demonstrated that
the concrete will generally sustain an infinite number of stress repetitions, as long as the flexural strength of concrete. For
higher stress values, the concrete will sustain a lesser number of load repetitions. The data are presented in the form of
stress ratios and these values are used to modify the thickness determined using static loads.
Generally, the 28-days flexural strength of concrete is used for the thickness design of street and road concrete pavements.
In this method, however, designs are based upon a flexural strength of concrete at 90-days, that is taken about 112.5
percent of the 28-days strength.
This method recommends that the actual wheel load that will be applied to the pavement be increased by a factor of 20 per
cent. This increase accounts for possible increase of load due to impact and adds a factor of safety to the design as well.
The traffic is categorized, for design purposes, into axle - load groups and stress for assumed thickness of pavement are
determined. The allowable repetitions for each load are determined and this value is compared to the estimated number of
load applications. By applying the Minor's principle on cumulative damage, the consumption of concrete fatigue life generally
shall not exceed 100 per cent.
The type of the subbase under the rigid pavement has been considered. When extra drainage layer is installed under
concrete pavement, provision of a cement treated subbase such as lean cement concrete of adequate thickness is
beneficial because it is stronger than converntional untreated granular material, besides being erosion resistant. Such a
subbase would also serve many other functions : (1) control of pumping (2) provides uniform suport (3) control of shrink and
swell of the subgrade (4) Control of frost action (5) smooth working platform to expedite construction
In the case of jointed plain concrete pavement, design consideration for different types of joints in PCC pavement has also
be addressed for long-term performance of concrete pavements.
Where,
P= Design wheel load in Kg.
h= Pavement slab thickness in cm.
m=Poissions ratio for concrete
E=Modulus of elasticity of concrete
Fatigue Analysis
The fatigue analysis has been performed, taking the flexural strength of concrete equal to 45 Kg/cm for
computing stress ratios. The results are shown in the table.
s of concrete in repeated
will sustain depends upon
g have demonstrated that
strength of concrete. For
presented in the form of
1) Construction of Bituminous
Conscrete as per XClause
BC=1000 8.75 X509
0.04 = 350.00 m3 @ Rs. 4169.45 = Rs. 1459308.00
of M.O.S.T. Specification.
4) Providing Priming coat on WMM surface as per Clause 502 of M.O.S.T. Specification.
Over W.M.M - 1000 X 8.75= 8750.00 m2 @ Rs. 18.14 = Rs. 158725.00
6) Construction of granular sub-base (Drainage layer) ad per Clause 401.1 of M.O.S.T. Specification.
1000 X 11.445 X 0.15= 1716.75 m3
@ Rs. 642.23 = Rs. 1102548.00
Total Cost = Rs. 11036475.00
5.14.2 Rigid Pavement for Additional Lane
Width of Different Layers Rate Provisions made to the Layers & Thk.
Width of PQC= 8.750 m @ Rs. 4450.00 PQC= 0.330 m
Width of DLC= 9.215 m @ Rs. 2475.00 DLC= 0.150 m
Width of GSB = 9.515 m GSB = 0.150 m
Width of GSB(Drainage Layer = 11.425 m GSB(Drainage Layer = 0.150 m
Width of Cement soil stablisation 11.425 m Cement soil stablisation 0.500 m
Total= 0.780 m
1) Construction of M - 40 pavement quality concrete as per Clause of M.O.S.T. Specification.
PQC=1000 X 8.75 X 0.33 = 2887.50 m3 @ Rs. 4450.00 = Rs. 12849375.00
3) Construction of granular sub-base (Drainage layer) as per Clause - 401of M.O.S.T. Specification.
GSB=1000 X 9.515 X 0.15 = 1427.25 m3 @ Rs. 642.23 = Rs. 916623.00
4) Construction of granular sub-base (Drainage layer) as per Clause - 401 of M.O.S.T. Specification.
GSB=1000 X 11.425 X 0.15 = 1713.75 m3 @ Rs. 642.23 = Rs. 1100622.00
Total = Rs. 18287689.00
2) Providing Primer coat on WMM surface as per Clause - 502 of M.O.S.T. Specification.
Over WMM:- 1000 X 2.35= 2350.00 m3 @ Rs. 18.14 = Rs. 42629.00
4) Constructionof granular sub-base (Drainage layers) as per Clause - 401 of M.O.S.T. Specification.
GSB=1000 X 3.61 X 0.15 = 541.50 m3 @ Rs. 642.23 = Rs. 347768.00
Total Cost (A) = Rs. 1379329.00
5.14.4 A.-Overlay on Existing Pavement
1) Construction of Bitiminous Macadam as a profile corrective layer as per Clause 504 of M.O.S.T. Specification.
Recycled BM=1000 X 6.55 X 0.075 = 491.25 m3 @ Rs. 3021.24 = Rs. 1484184.00
3) Construction of Dense Bituminous Macadam (two layer) Clause 507 of M.O.S.T. Specification
DBM=1000 X 8.9 X 0.09 = 801.00 m3 @ Rs. 3803.55 = Rs. 3046644.00
5) Providing tack coat on black top surface Clause 503 of M.O.S.T. Specification.(Two layer DBM & BM one layer)
3 X 1000 X 8.75 = 26250.0 m2 @ Rs. 6.36 = Rs. 166950.00
6) Providing Primer coat over scarified to surface as per Clause - 402 of M.O.S.T. Specification.
1000 X 6.55= 6500.00 m2 @ Rs. 18.14 = Rs. 117910.00
Total (B) = Rs. 6274996.00
Total Cost (A + B) = Rs. 7654325.00
Option 2 : Strengthening of existing two lane bituminous pavement and Construction of New Rigid Pavement
(Total Length = 34.65 Km.)
Assumption:-
1. Inflation: 6%
2. Discount Rate 12 %
Assumption:-
1. Inflation: 6 % Design CBR Value - - - - 6%
2. Discount Rate 12 % M.S.A. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -100