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(increased k2) and thus lead to under- this extensive metabolism, the original 4. Gallagher BM, Ansari A, Atkins H, et al. Radio-
estimation of FDG phosphorylation FDG kinetic model was satisfactory as pharmaceuticals XXVII: 18F-labeled 2-deoxy-2-
fluoro-D-glucose as a radiopharmaceutical for mea-
(20). Additionally, the ratios of trans- long as analyses were performed with- suring regional myocardial glucose metabolism in
port activity to hexokinase activity may in the first 30 min after injection, but, vivotissue distribution and imaging studies in
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cant conversion of FDG-6-P to the also been confirmed and further char-
7. Biely P, Kovarik J, Bauer S. Lysis of Sacchromy-
corresponding FDG-phosphogluconate acterized by 19F NMR. NMR evidence ces cerevisiae with 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose, an
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fied FDG-nucleotide metabolites in phateFDM in the retained metabolite riol. 1973;115:1108 1120.
8. Bessel EM, Courtney VD, Foster AB, et al. Some
Rous sarcoma tumors in vivo in rats pool has challenged the dogma of the in vivo and in vitro antitumour effects of the de-
(20). The potential to use 19F-FDG role of glucose-6-phosphatase in the oxyfluoro-D-glucopyranoses. Eur J Cancer. 1973;
MRI to model for glucose metabolism variable (tissue to tissue) retention of 9:463 470.
in vivo motivated a series of 19F-FDG FDG metabolites (e.g., FDG-6-P), es- 9. Kassis AI, Adelstein SJ, Wolf AP, et al. Transient
toxicity of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose in
NMR studies beginning in the mid- pecially at longer intervals after dosing mammalian cells. J Nucl Med. 1983;24:1055
1980s. 19F NMR analysis of metabo- (29). This study (28) of FDG metabo- 1059.
lites in mice showed not only the pres- lism in porcine liver essentially echoes 10. Nakada T, Kwee I, Card PJ, et al. Fluorine-19
NMR imaging of glucose metabolism. Magn Reson
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Med. 1988;6:307313.
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phate (FDM-6-P), the latter being more are adequate for early studies, whereas oxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose as a functional probe for
prevalent in some tissues than 19F-FDG- the increasingly complex metabolic NMR: the unique metabolism beyond its 6-phos-
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6-P (22,23). Indirect evidence for con- profile necessitates the inclusion of ad-
12. Bessel EM, Foster AB, Westwood JH. The use of
version of 19F-FDG-6-P to FDM-6-P by ditional kinetic parameters for an ac- deoxyfluoro-D-glucopyranoses and related com-
phosphoglucose isomerase has been pre- curate interpretation of FDG-derived pounds in a study of yeast hexokinase specificity.
sented (24). This FDGFDM intercon- radioactivity within a specific tissue. Biochem J. 1972;128:199 204.
13. Brown RS, Leung JY, Kison PV, et al. Glucose
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been shown to reach a 1:4 concentration (30,31) and a recent summary of FDG human non-small cell lung cancer. J Nucl Med.
in favor of FDM at equilibrium (25). in PET (32) have been published. Un- 1999;40:556 565.
The reported formation of 19F-FDG- fortunately, although these reviews 14. Higashi K, Ueda Y, Sakuri A, et al. Correlation of
Glut-1 glucose transporter expression with
6-PG1 and 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-phospho- (30,31) present excellent overviews of [18F]FDG uptake in non-small cell lung cancer. Eur
gluconolactone in rat brain (26,27) glucose metabolism in general, they do J Nucl Med. 2000;27:1778 1785.
could not be confirmed in mouse brain not provide a comprehensive picture of 15. Sokoloff L, Reivich M, Kennedy C, et al. The
[14C]deoxyglucose method for the measurement of
studies (11). However, as with 19F- FDG metabolism as it stands today.
local cerebral glucose utilization: theory, procedure
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reported to be a major accumulated of FDG to FDG-6-P may be adequate tized albino rat. J Neurochem. 1977;28:897916.
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firmed that 19F-FDG and FDM are sub- University of Alberta fluorinated glucose analogue, 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-
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