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DR. S.M.

SHIVA NAGENDRA
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
ENVIRONMENTAL AND WATER RESOURCES DIVISION
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MADRAS
Email:snagendra@iitm.ac.in
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF INDUSTRIAL CLUSTERS

Critically polluted industrial areas are not just an environmental challenge, but
they are a public health challenges. 85% of big industrial clusters in India are
health hazards as air, water and land pollution levels are not fit for human
habitants. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) released a study Criteria
for Comprehensive Environmental Assessment of Industrial Clusters ranking the
environmental pollution in 88 industrial clusters across the country. The study
formulates a comprehensive environment pollution index (CEPI) on the basis of
water, land and air pollution. All available data on water and air pollution,
biodiversity conservation, land degradation, ecological damage and waste
management has been used to make this assessment. The exercise would be
undertaken once in two years.
The study, Comprehensive environmental assessment of industrial clusters,
undertaken by IIT Delhi and the CPCB, found that the environmental pollution
levels in 10 major industrial hubs had reached a very alarmingly high level.
This list includes Ankleshwar and Vapi in Gujarat , Ghaziabad and Singrauli in
Uttar Pradesh, Korba (Chhattisgarh), Chandrapur (Maharashtra), Ludhiana
(Punjab), Vellore (Tamil Nadu), Bhiwadi (Rajasthan) and Angul Talcher (Orissa).

Source: http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=56483
CRITERIA FOR COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
OF INDUSTRIAL CLUSTERS

Methods like ecological risk assessment and environmental impact


assessment are being used to determine the impact of
developmental projects and other human activities in a region.

Geographic information systems (GIS) has been used for


environment assessment but there is a critical need for adopting
spatially explicit modelling approaches to handle the dynamics
imposed by heterogeneous environments.

One of the reasons that the demand for integrated environmental


information has recently increased in many countries is because
integrated information is essentially used in evaluating the
performance of environmentally sustainable development.
CEPI

The present CEPI is intended to act as an early warning tool, which is


handy to use.

It can help in categorizing the industrial clusters/areas in terms of priority


of planning needs for interventions.
COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION INDEX (CEPI)

A Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Index (CEPI), which is a rational


number to characterize the environmental quality at a given location following
the algorithm of source, pathway and receptor.

The index captures the various health dimensions of environment including air,
water and land

SCOPE OF CEPI

The CEPI evaluate the areas primarily subjected to industrial


pollution and assess the effect of pollution at local level.

The global environmental issues are not covered by the CEPI.

The CEPI does not reflect the potential accidental release of


pollutants in the area or in a nearby area
OBJECTIVES OF THE CEPI

To identify problem industrial clusters/areas


from pollution point of view for taking
concerted action and for being centrally
monitored at the national level to improve
the current status of environmental
components e.g. air and water quality data,
public complaints, ecological damage, and
visual environmental conditions.

To facilitate the definition of critically


polluted industrial clusters/areas based on
the environmental parameter index and
prioritization of economically feasible
solution through adequate action plan
formulation for environmental sustainability.
CEPI FRAMEWORK

Source -> Pathway -> Receptor


Source and receptor related information to be used for screening of
polluted areas
Pathway related information to be used for calculating CEPI for the
selected areas

CEPI = + +
Source Pathway Receptor

- Human
Quantity of Quality of Air Water Ground Population
emissions emissions . water -Flora/ fauna
and waste and waste . -Sensitive
. environment

Number/ size and Type of toxins -SPM -DO -DO


type of industries -NOx -BOD -BOD
and magnitude of -SO2 -COD -COD
other polluting -CO -Metals -Metals
activities -O3 -Other toxic -Other toxic
-HC, etc substances substances
CEPI FRAMEWORK

Assessment of the industrial clusters/ areas is a three step process:

STEP I:
Assessment of the status of the area is done based on CEPI. The
framework is
Source -> Pathways -> Receptor

STEP II:
Assessment of various environmental indicators and investigation of the
status of environmental resources such as land, vegetation, air and water
spatial and temporal data/ information shall be used for this purpose.

STEP III:
Development of remedial action plan in consultation with,
Local stakeholders
Experts
Policy makers
CEPI DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

Sub-Index is to be
calculated separately
for air, water and
land in the selected
industrial cluster/
area,
and aggregated to
CEPI
Estimate Score A1: Based on the
data on the presence of Toxins
Pollutant Score A
= A1 x A2
Estimate Score A2: Based on the (6 x 5 = 30)
scale of industrial activities

Estimate Score B1: Based on the


Pollutant concentration data
Pathway Score B
Estimate Score B2: Based on the = B1 + B2 + B3
Impact on people (8 + 6 + 6 = 20)
Sub-Index = A+B+C+D
Estimate Score B3 : Based on the (Max Score =
Impact on Eco-geological features 30 + 20 + 30 + 20=
Estimate Score C1: Based on
100)
Potentially affected population
Receptor Score C
= (C1 x C2)+ C3
Estimate Score C2: Based on the
level of exposure
(5 x 5) + 5= 30

Estimate Score C3: Based on the risk


to sensitive receptors

Additional High Risk Element D:


Based on the information on Pollution
Control Facilities (Max = 20)
POLLUTANT (upto 3 most critical pollutants to be taken)

Factor #A1 - Presence of Toxin

Group A - Toxins that are not assessed as acute or systemic = 1


Group B - Organics that are probable carcinogens (USEPA Class 2 and 3) or
substances with some systemic toxicity. e.g. VOC's, PAHs, PCBs, air pollutants such
as PM10 and PM2.5 = 2
Group C - Known carcinogens or chemicals with significant systemic or organ
system toxicity. e.g. vinyl chloride, benzene, lead, radionuclide, hexachromium,
cadmium, organophosphate pesticides. = 4

Penalty values for combination of most critical pollutnats: Factor A1

S. NO. Pollutant 1 Pollutant 2 Pollutant 3 Penalty

1 C C C 2.0
2 C C B/A 1.75
3 C B B/A 1.5
4 B B B/A 1.0
DETERMINING CRITICAL POLLUTANTS

Three most critical pollutants are to be considered for calculations and


these are selected in the beginning of the process.

The pollutants have been divided into three groups, i.e. A, B and C. This
information can be obtained from the Annexure.

Pollutants belonging to group C are more critical than those belonging to


group B which is more critical than those in group A.

In cases with more than 3 pollutants in the same category, the ones with
higher concentrations in the surroundings would be considered critical.
CALCULATING POLLUTANT FACTOR A1

Based on the groups of the 3 critical pollutants, following values are used
for calculating A1:
Group A A1 = 1
Group B A1 = 2
Group C A1 = 4
The final value of A1 is calculated by the addition of penalty for the
given combination of critical pollutants to the maximum value of A1
for them.
Eg. Critical Pollutants: Benzene 35.8 g/m3 (C), RSPM 172 g/m3
(B), SO2 130 g/m3 (A); so, maximum value of A1 is for benzene = 4
and from the table: this lies in any other combination and hence the
penalty = 0.0. Hence, A1 = 4 + 0 = 4.0
Category - Red

POLLUTANT CONTD
Factor #A2 Scale of industrial activities

Large = 5 (if there are


> 10 R17 per 10 sqkm area or fraction OR
> 2 R17 + 10 R54 per sqkm area or fraction OR
> 100 R54 per 10 sqkm area or fraction

Moderate = 2.5 (if there are


2 to 10 R17 per 10 km2 area or fraction OR
10-100 R54 per km2 area or fraction

Limited = 1 (else there is any industry within 10 km2 area or fraction)

SCORE A = A1 x A2 (max score = 6 x 5 = 30)


Red category: All hazardous/noxious/heavy and large industries
RED CATEGORY INDUSTRIES
ALL HAZARDOUS/NOXIOUS/HEAVY AND LARGE INDUSTRIES
1. ALUMINIUM SMELTER
2. CEMENT
3. CHLOR ALKALI
4. COPPER SMELTER.
5. DISTILLERY INCLUDING FERMENTATION INDUSTRY
6. DYES AND DYE-INTERMEDIATES.
7. FERTILIZER (BASIC) (EXCLUDING FORMULATION)
8. IRON AND STEEL (INVOLVING PROCESSING FROM ORE/SCRAP/INTEGRATED STEEL
PLANTS.)
9. OIL REFINERY (MINERAL OIL OR PETRO REFINERIES).
10. PESTICIDES (TECHNICAL) (EXCLUDING FORMULATION).
11. PETROCHEMICALS (MANUFACTURE OF AND NOT MERELY USE OF AS RAW MATERIAL)
12. PHARMACEUTICALS (EXCLUDING FORMULATION).
13. PULP AND PAPER (PAPER MANUFACTURING WITH OR WITHOUT PULPING).
14. SUGAR (EXCLUDING KHANDSARI)
15. TANNERIES.
16. THERMAL POWER PLANTS.
17. ZINC SMELTER.
FACTOR # A2

The number of R17 and R54 (as given in list of industries in the Annexure)
industries per 10 km2 area or fraction is determined and A2 is calculated
based on the given criteria:
Large A2 = 5 : if there are 10 R18 OR
2 R17 + 10 R54 OR
100 R54
Moderate A2 = 2.5 : if there are 2-10 R18 OR
10-100 R54
Limited A2 = 1 : in all other cases

Eg. An area has: 5 thermal power plants, 10 mining industries and 40 small
scale industries of various kinds. Now, since both thermal power plants
and mining industries lie in the R17 category, total R17 industries = 15 and
hence A2= 5.

Then calculate the pollutant factor A using: A = A1 x A2


PATHWAY

Factor #B1 Ambient Pollutant Concentration

Critical = 6 (when exceedence factor is > 1.5)


High = 3 (when exceedence factor is between 1- 1.5)
Moderate = 2 (when exceedence factor is between 0.5 1.0)
Low = 1 (when exceedence factor is < 0.5)

Penalty values for combination of most critical pollutants: Factor B1


S.NO. Pollutant 1 Pollutant 2 Pollutant 3 Penalty
1 Critical Critical Critical/High/ Moderate 2.0
2 Critical High High/ Moderate 1.75
3 High High High 1.5
4 High High Moderate 1.0
PATHWAY contd

Factor #B2 Evidence of adverse impact on people

No = 0 (when no reliable evidence is available)


Yes (when evidence of symptoms of exposure) = 3
Yes (when evidence of fatality or disease(s) leading to fatality such as cancer due
to exposure) = 6

Factor #B3 - Reliable Evidence of Adverse Impact on eco-geological features

No = 0 (when no reliable evidence is available)


Yes (when evidence of symptoms of exposure) = 3
Yes (when evidence of loss of flora/ fauna/ significant damage to eco-geological
features, irreparable loss/ damage) = 6

These three factors are taken as additive and so the overall score for this element is
as follows:

SCORE B = B1+B2+B3 (max score = 8 + 6 + 6 = 20)


CALCULATING PATHWAY FACTOR B
Factor # B1
This is calculated based on the exceedence factor (F). (Calculation of
exceedence factor is given in Annexure V)
Critical B1 = 6 (F 1.5)
High B1 = 3 (F = 1.0 to 1.5)
Moderate B1 = 2 (F = 0.5 1.0)
Low B1 = 1 (F < 0.5)

The final value of B1 is calculated by the addition of penalty for the given
combination of critical pollutants to the maximum value of B1 for them.

Eg. Critical Pollutants: Benzene 35.8 g/m3 (15), RSPM 172 g/m3 (150), SO2
130 g/m3 (120). So, F (Benzene) = 2.4 and hence it is critical (6).

F (RSPM) = 1.14 and hence it is high (3).


F (SO2) = 1.08 and hence it is high (3).

So, this is corresponding to S No. 2 in the table for Factor # B1 and hence
penalty = 1.75 so, B1 = 6 + 1.75 = 7.75
PATHWAY FACTOR B CONTD

Factor # B2 : Reliable evidence of symptoms of adverse impact on people or


fatality due to exposure is collected. Reliable evidence is in the form of
media reports, hospital records, PIL and NGOs reporting, academic
research reports, published literature.
No B2 = 0
Evidence of symptoms B2 = 3
Evidence of fatality B2 = 6

Factor # B3 - Similar to the previous factor, reliable evidence of adverse


impact on ecological features is collected.
No B3 = 0
Evidence of symptoms B3 = 3
Evidence of significance damage B3 = 6

B = B1 + B2 + B3
RECEPTOR
Factor #C1 - Number of People potentially affected within 2 km boundary
from the industrial pollution source

<1,000 = 1
1,000 to 10,000 = 1.5
10,000 to 100,000 = 3
>100,000 = 5

Factor #C2 - Level of exposure

A surrogate number which will represent Level of Exposure (SNLF) is calculated


using % violation of ambient pollutant concentration, which is calculated as

SNLF = (No. of samples exceeded/ total no. of samples) x (Exceedence factor)

Low = 1 (SNLF = 0)
Medium = 1.5 (SNLF < 0.25)
High = 2 (SNLF 0.25 0.5)
Critical = 3(SNLF > 0.5)
RECEPTOR contd

Penalty Values for combination of most critical pollutants: Factor C2


S.NO. Pollutant 1 Pollutant 2 Pollutant 3 Penalty
1 Critical Critical Critical/High/ Moderate 2.00
2 Critical High High/ Moderate 1.75
3 High High High 1.50
4 High High Moderate 1.00

Factors C1 and C2 are taken as multiplicative.

Factor #C3 Additional risk to sensitive receptors


No = 0
Yes (if >500 sensitive people/ a sensitive historical/
aechaeological/ religious/ national park/ sanctuary/ ecological
habitat are within 2 km distance from source, additional risk) = 5

SCORE C = (C1xC2) + C3 (max score = (5 x 5) + 5= 30)


CALCULATING RECEPTOR FACTOR C

Factor # C1 - For air pollution, number of people affected within 2 km


boundary from the industrial pollution source including industrial workers
and their families is estimated. For all others, total population of the area
can be considered.

<1,000 = 1
1,000 to 10,000 = 1.5
10,000 to 100,000 = 3
> 100,000 = 5
FACTOR # C2
To calculate C2, SNLF is first calculated where
SNLF = (No. of Samples exceeded the Standards / total no. of Samples) x
(Average Exceedence factor).
Low C2 = 1 (SNLF = 0)
Moderate C2 = 1.5 (SNLF < 0.5)
High C3 = 2 (SNLF 0.5 - 1)
Critical - C3 = 3 (SNLF 1)

The final value of C2 is calculated by the addition of penalty for the given
combination of critical pollutants to the maximum value of C2 for them.

Eg. Critical Pollutants: Benzene exceeded for 8 out of 12 days of monitoring,


RSPM 11 out of 12, SO2 4 out of 12
Using the exceedence factor (F) calculated in B1;
SNLF (Benzene) = 2.4*8/12 = 1.6 => Critical (3)
SNLF (RSPM) = 1.14*11/12 = 1.045 => Critical (3)
SNLF (SO2) = 1.08*4/12 = 0.36 => Moderate (1.5)

So, this corresponds to S No. in the table for Factor # C2 and hence the penalty
= 2.0. So, C2 = 3 + 2 = 5.0
FACTOR # C3

Additional risk to sensitive receptors, i.e. sensitive people/ a


sensitive historical/ archaeological/ religious/ national parks/
sanctuary/ ecological habitat are within 2 km distance from
source is estimated.
No C3 = 0
Yes C3 = 5

Now calculate receptor factor C using: C = (C1 x C2) + C3


ADDITIONAL HIGH RISK ELEMENT

Factor #D - Additional High Risk Element (Inadequacy of pollution control


measures for large scale, medium and small scale industries and also due
to unorganized sector). It is cumulative of ETPs, CETPs, Air Pollution
Control Devises (APCDs) and unorganized waste disposal. Max. Score = 20

If all the industries in the area have adequately designed/ operated and
maintained pollution control facilities and also common facilities such as
CETP/ FETP/ CHWDF are having adequate capacity and are having state
of art technology = 0

If all the large industries in the area have adequately designed/ operated
and maintained pollution control facilities but small and medium
industries are defaulting. Common facilities such as CETP/FETP/CHWDF
are having adequate in capacity or operation/ maintenance = 5
ADDITIONAL HIGH RISK ELEMENTCONTD

If all the industries in the area have adequately designed/ operated


and maintained pollution control facilities but the common facilities
such as CETP/FETP/CHWDF are having inadequate in capacity or
operation/ maintenance = 10

If all the large industries in the area have adequately designed/


operated and maintained pollution control facilities but small and
medium industries are defaulting. Common facilities such as
CETP/FETP/CHWDF are having inadequate in capacity or operation/
maintenance = 15

Inadequate Facilities of individual as well as common facilities, full


penalty = 20
ADDITIONAL HIGH RISK ELEMENT

Score for additional high risk element: Factor D

S.NO. Large scale Small/ Medium Common facilities Score


Industries scale Industries for Pollution Control
1 Adequate Adequate Adequate 0
2 Adequate Inadequate Adequate 5
3 Adequate Adequate Inadequate 10
4 Adequate Inadequate Inadequate 15
5 Inadequate Inadequate Inadequate 20
ADDITIONAL HIGH RISK ELEMENT

Inadequate Facilities: > 10% units deficient in terms of design/ operation and
maintenance of pollution control in case of small and medium scale industries

OR

2% units deficiency in terms of design/ operation and maintenance of pollution


control in case of Large scale industries or common facilities

Status report (last 2 years) shall be used deciding the score for adequacy
AGGREGATION OF CEPI

On the above basis, the total score is calculated as:

Sub-Index SCORE = (A + B + C + D) = (30 + 20 +30 +20) = 100

CEPI = im + {(100 - im)*(i2/100)*(i3/100)}


Where,
im: maximum sub index; and
i2, and i3 are sub indices for other media

Industrial Sub- Sub- Sub- Aggregated


Area/Cluster Index1 Index2 Index3 CEPI
A 60.00 60.00 60.00 75
B 60.00 60.00 50.00 72
C 60.00 50.00 50.00 70
D 50.00 50.00 50.00 63

Source: www.cpcb.nic.in
CEPI CALCULATION- GROUP ASSIGNMENT
SLIDE 1:
Group 1: Cuddalore (Tamil Nadu) Area Background

Group 2: Agra (Uttar Pradesh) SLIDE 2:


Group 3: Ankleshwar (Gujarat) Calculation of sub-
index 1
Group 4: Gwalior (Madhya Pradesh)
SLIDE 3:
Group 5: Haridwar (Uttarakhand)
Calculation of sub-
Group 6: Haldia (West Bengal) index 2
Group 7: Jamshedpur (Jharkhand) SLIDE 4:
Group 8: Bhadravati (Karnataka) Calculation of sub-
Group 9: Manali (Tamilnadu) index 3

Group 10: Cochin, Greater (Kerala) SLIDE 5:


Group 11: Jaipur (Rajasthan) Calculation of
aggregate index

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