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Orthopyroxene 91145
Col 1 Col 2 Col 3 Col 4 Col 5
Wt% Ox Mol Wt Mol Ox At Ox # anions Cations IV VI
SiO2 52.09 60.09 0.8669 1.7337 3.919 1.96 1.96
TiO2 0.12 79.9 0.0015 0.0030 0.007 0.00 0.00
Al2O3 1.63 101.94 0.0160 0.0480 0.109 0.07 0.04 0.04
Fe2O3 159.7 0.0000 0.0000 0.000 0.00 0.00
FeO 27.06 71.85 0.3766 0.3766 0.858 0.86 0.86
MnO 0.66 70.94 0.0093 0.0093 0.021 0.02 0.02
MgO 19.11 40.32 0.4740 0.4740 1.079 1.08 1.08
CaO 0.51 56.08 0.0091 0.0091 0.021 0.02 0.02
Na2O 0.05 61.98 0.0008 0.0008 0.002 0.00 0.00
K2O 94.2 0.0000 0.0000 0.000 0.00 0.00
Paulings Rules
for Ionic Crystals
1st Rule
The cation-anion distance = radii
2nd Rule
First note that the strength of an electrostatic bond
= valence / CN
Cl Na
Paulings Rules
for Ionic Crystals
2nd Rule: the electrostatic valence principle
charge of Cl = -1
Na + 1/6
An extension of Rule 3
HCP
Cant fill
both
(share face)
IV sites VI sites
Paulings Rules
5th Rule:
VI and IV sites in CCP array of oxygen anions
(not all will be occupied due to charge balance)
CCP
IV sites VI sites
Paulings Rules
5th Rule:
2+ IV 3 + VI
The spinel ( A ) ( B ) O 4 structure at various angles
2
Note
CCP abcabc layers
of Oxygens
White VI sites
Blue IV sites
Paulings Rules
5th Rule:
2+ IV 3 + VI
The spinel ( A ) ( B ) O 4 structure at various angles
2
Polyhedral model
White VI sites
Blue IV sites
Paulings Rules
5th Rule:
2+ IV 3 + VI
The spinel ( A ) ( B ) O 4 structure at various angles
2
This orientation is
looking down (010)
It makes an excellent
projection, since
atoms all stack up on
top of one another
toward you
The order becomes
apparent
But you lose the third
dimension
Two miscellaneous structural concepts
Isostructuralism
Minerals with the same structure, but different compositions
CaF2 - BaCl2
Antistructuralism
Minerals with the same struture, but one has cations where the
other has anions and vice-versa
CaF2 - Na2O
Polymorphism
Different structural forms for compounds of the same
composition different minerals
Stishovite
The compound SiO2 has several
10
different structural forms, or
polymorphs
8
Pressure (GPa)
The common form is - or low-
quartz, but there are others that 6
Coesite
become stable under different
conditions, including - or 4
stishovite Tridymite
Pressure (GPa) 2
Low-Quartz High-Quartz
0 500
Temperature
Polymorphism
High
1. Displacive polymorphism
Note: higher T higher
symmetry due to more
thermal energy (may twin as
lower T) P6222
Transition involves small
adjustments and no Low
breaking of bonds
Easily reversed and non-
quenchable (low E barrier)
P3221
Polymorphism
2. Reconstructive polymorphs
More common: other quartz polymorphs, graphite-diamond,
calcite-aragonite, sillimanite-kyanite-andalusite
Transition involves extensive adjustments, including breaking
and reformation of bonds
High E barrier, so quenchable and not easily reversed (still
find Precambrian tridymite)
Stable
Unstable
Metastable
Pseudorphism
May be confused with polymorphs
A completely different thing
Complete replacement of one mineral by one or more other
minerals such that the new minerals retain the external
shape of the original one
Limonite after pyrite
Chlorite after garnet
etc.
Triclinic monoclinic
in KAlSi3O8 requires
mirror symmetry
Conductivity
Deformation style
Color
Crystal Defects
Steel spheres:
a) Regular packed array with
3 point defects
b) Point and line defects
c) Mosaic (or domains)
separated by defect
boundaries
These are not twins!
a. Schottky defect
b) Impurity
Foreign ion replaces normal one
(solid solution)
Not considered a defect
Foreign ion is added (interstitial)
Both combined
b. Frenkel defect
Crystal Defects
2. Line Defects
d) Edge dislocation
Fig 10-4 of
Bloss,
Crystallography
and Crystal
Chemistry.
MSA
Crystal Defects
2. Line Defects
e) Screw dislocation (aids mineral growth)
Fig 10-5 of
Bloss,
Crystallography
and Crystal
Chemistry.
MSA
Crystal Defects
3. Plane Defects
f) Lineage structure or mosaic crystal
Boundary of slightly mis-oriented volumes within a single crystal
Lattices are close enough to provide continuity (so not separate
crystals)
Has short-range order, but not long-range (V4)
h) Stacking faults
Common in clays and low-T disequilibrium
A - B - C layers may be various clay types (illite, smectite, etc.)
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