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Characterization of Unpaved Road Conditions
through the Use of Remote Sensing
Goal of the Project: Extend available Commercial Remote Sensing & Spatial
Information (CRS&SI) tools to enhance & develop an unpaved road assessment
system by developing a sensor for, & demonstrating the utility of remote sensing
platform(s) for unpaved road assessment.
Commercially viable in that it can measure inventory and distress data at a rate and cost
competitive with traditional methods
Rapid ID & characterization of unpaved roads
Inventory level with meaningful metrics
Develop a sensor for, & demonstrate the utility of remote sensing platform(s) for
unpaved road assessment
Platform could be a typical manned fixed-wing aircraft, UAV, or both; depends on
relative strengths & weaknesses in meeting user community requirements
Simplify mission planning, control of sensor system, & data processing fitting for a
commercial entity or large transportation agency
Demonstrate prototype system(s) to stakeholders for potential implementation
developed through best engineering practices
Develop a decision support system to aid the user in asset management and planning
2
Road Characteristics
Unpaved roads have common characteristics
Surface type
Surface width
Collected every 10', with a precision of +/- 4
Cross Section (Loss of Crown)
Facilitates drainage, typically 2% - 4% (up to 6%) vertical change, sloping
away from the centerline to the edge
Measure the profile every 10' along the road direction, able to detect a
1% change across a 9'-wide lane
Potholes
<1', 1'-2', 2'-3', >3 width bins
<2, 2-4, >4 depth bins
Ruts
Detect features >5, >10' in length, precision +/-2
Corrugations (washboarding)
Classify by depth to a precision of +/-1
<1, 1-3, >3
Report total area of the reporting segment affected
Roadside Drainage
System should be able to measure ditch bottom relative to road surface
within +/-2, if >6
Detect the presence of water, elevation +/-2, width +/-4 3
5
Summary of requirements
Number Name Type Definition
1 Data Collection Rate Sensor The systems must collect data at a rate that is competitive
with current practice (to be determined, TBD)
2 Data Output Rate System Processed outputs from the system will be available no
later than 5 days after collection
3 Sensor Operation Sensor easy, little training required
4 Platform Operation Platform Training needed TBD, based on platform choice
5 Reporting Segment System <100ft x 70ft, with location precision of 10ft. Map position
accuracy +/- 40ft
6 Sample locations System Specified by the user a map waypoints
7 Inventory System A classified inventory of road types is required prior to
system operation. This will consist of 3 classes: Paved,
Gravel, Unimproved Earth
8 Surface Width System This is part of the inventory, and may also be estimated by
the system measured every 10ft, precision of +/- 4
9 Cross Section Distress Estimate every 10ft, able to detect 1 elevation change in
9, from center to edge.
10 Potholes Distress Detect hole width >6, precision +/-4, hole depth >4,
precision +/-2. Report in 4 classes: <1, 1-2, 2-3, >3
11 Ruts Distress Detect >5 wide x 10 long, precision +/-2
12 Corrugations Distress Detect spacing perpendicular to direction of travel >8 -
<40, amplitude >1. Report 3 classes: <1, 1-3, >3.
Report total surface area of the reporting segment
exhibiting these features
13 Roadside Drainage Distress Detect depth >6 from pavement bottom, precision +/-2,
every 10ft. Sense presence of standing water, elevation
precision +/-2, width precision +/-4
14 Loose Aggregate Distress Detect berms in less-traveled part of lane, elevation
precision +/-2, width +/-4
15 Dust Distress Optional measure opacity and settling time of plume
generated by pilot vehicle
6
Inventory: Surface Type
How many miles of unpaved road are there? Not all counties have this.
Need to able to determine this inventory
c. 43,000 (1984 estimate) but no up-to-date, accurate state inventory exists
c. 800 miles in Oakland County estimate
We are extracting this from recent, high-resolution aerial imagery, focusing on
unincorporated areas attribute existing state Framework roads layer
Completed Oakland, Monroe, Livingston, St. Clair, Macomb, Washtenaw,
Counties; shared with SEMCOG, adding to RoadSoft GIS asset management
tool
87%-94% accuracy
Ex: Livingston Co.: 894 miles unpaved
1289 miles unpaved
7
Unpaved Road Detection Results
Monroe County
Accuracy Assessment
at 30% coverage
Users Producers Overall
Mileage
Paved 1390.0
Unpaved 351.9
Total
Mileage 1741.9
Integration of unpaved road inventory
results with RoadSoft GIS
9
Unpaved Road Detection Results
Oakland County
Accuracy Assessment
at 25% coverage
Mileage
Paved 2948.2
Unpaved 693.9
Total
Mileage 3642.1
Unpaved Road Detection Results
Macomb County
Accuracy Assessment
20% coverage
Users Producers Overall
Unpaved 71.8% 60.9% 94.3%
Paved 96.2% 97.6%
Mileage
Paved 1847.0
Unpaved 319.4
Total
Mileage 2166.4
Unpaved Road Detection Results
Livingston County
Accuracy Assessment
25% coverage
Users Producers Overall
Mileage
Paved 1289.4
Unpaved 894.1
Total
Mileage 2183.5
Selected sensor: Nikon D800
Body type
Body type Mid-size SLR
Other resolutions 6144 x 4912, 6144 x 4080, 5520 x 3680, 4800 x 3200, 4608 x 3680, 4608 x
Bergen Hexacopter
Total flight time: up to 30 minutes with small
payloads
Weight: 4kg unloaded
Maximum Payload: 5kg
Includes autopilot system, stabilized mount
that is independent of platform movement,
and first person viewer system (altitude,
speed, battery life, etc.)
14
Initial UAV Collect
17
Helicopter Data Garno Rd.
25m Altitude
Performance Collected Imagery
19
Aerial Data Piotter Rd.
500 ft Altitude
3D Reconstruction (Helicopter)
22
3D of an Iowa Road (Hexacopter, 18
images)
23
3D data examples
Important to categorizing distresses by severity
Obtaining 0.9 cm ground sample distance
24
Distress Detection Potholes
26
Distress Detection Washboarding
Missing
due to
area
threshold
Pothole:
Crown Damage:
Rut Detection:
Corrugation Detection:
29
Aerial Sensor Performance
Algorithm performance, and the ability to meet the stringent requirements on resolution,
depends on the ability to collect data that has enough angular diversity to be able to
reconstruct three dimensions from two dimensions.
As the distance from the ground increases, the solid angle that any object subtends decreases, and
at some point, becomes too small for high-resolution reconstruction.
Data taken from an altitude of 500 feet do not meet the system requirements in resolution. That is,
the reconstructed pixels have been found to be too large. This is due to the lack of sufficient
angular diversity.
Solutions:
More data are collected with the camera points at the
same point on the ground, but at oblique (as well as
nadir) views.
Several passes over the same location can be made,
with the camera at different angles.
Much higher resolution sensors, with a wider-angle lens
than the 200mm currently used, would allow data to be
taken in a single pass.
30
Analyzed data are integrated into
RoadSoft GIS Decision Support System
31
Road Analysis Process Flow RoadSoft DSS
integration
3 Surface Identification 2
1
Identify Data From Images
Collect Aerial
Unsurfaced Aerial Imagery
Imagery
Road Network Analysis
Surface Identification
Manual Inspection Functions in
7
Compile
eCognition
Distress Data
Distress and From Platform
Inventory Data 5
For Samples 4
Fly Data
6 Identify Sample
Collection
Data Processing Locations In
Distress Data From Sorties with
Flight System
Manual Inspection Platform
8
Assign Samples Functions in
to Represent Network Field Report
Network Condition Platform System
Report
9 10 12
11
DSS Analysis of Selection of Determine Data
Record
Data Candidates & Needs and Repeat
Competed Work
Scheduling Cycle
33
Costs Manual Characterization
34
Costs Remote Sensing
UAS (UAV, high-resolution camera, and good-quality lens):
Cost per mile rated $30,590/yr/1575 mi/yr = $19.42/mi rated.
HOWEVERtwo 100-foot measured segments represent one mile of
road, so 5,280 ft/200ft is 26.4. Therefore each mile of measured road
represents a road network 26 times larger.
Therefore cost is $0.74 per mile, in addition to the cost of vehicle use
($0.55/mi)
8 hours/day, 3 days/week, 21 week season to collect 300 road-miles of data segments