CESAR VALLEJO UNIVERSITY CIVIL INEGENIERIA

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY MEMBERS:

THEME: LOPEZ PEREZ GERONIMO

PERALTA SANCHEZ CELIZ
DAMS AND HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES. Ljubomir Suclupe CHAPOAN ELVIS
Tanchev. New York 2014 Part CRC. 1 YEN JORGE Rucoba
YEN Vazques DAVI

INDEX: CONTENT

1. Use of water resources through hydraulic structures.

DAMS and hydraulic structures
.................................................. .. 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION. ............................................... 1
1. USE OF WATER RESOURCES THROUGH
1.2 HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES ............................ 1
Hydraulic structures.
1.3 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STRUCTURES
HIDRULICAS. 2 1.1 INTRODUCTION.
1.4 INTENTION OF DAMS. ELEMENTS OF A As we know the Water plays a role
DAM AND RESERVOIR .............................................. A ................. 2 exceptionally important in the economy and in the life of man. It is important and crucial
1.5 HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES ADJACENT ...... 2 for the existence human being, animals and vegetation, as well
1.6 BRIEF SUMMARY OF HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT industry and
Hydraulic structures. ............................................ 2 electricity production. That is why the man gives more importance to the river which
provide usable for development waters, this is a favorable and very important
2. FUNDAMENTALS OF DAMS. .............. 2
circumstance but that makes it difficult for full utilization of water resources is the fact
2.1 FOUNDATIONS FOR HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES IN GENERAL. ..................................................
that is not distributed evenly over the surface of the earth, having encuenta space, time
..................... 2 and quality that is that in many countries and regions suffering from drought and the
2.2 FOUNDATIONS ROCKY. ................................................. 3 others have large quantity of water resources. This causes the man is forced to create
2.3 FOUNDATIONS ROCKY AND SEMI-SOIL ............ 3 an artificial redistribution of water by performing expensive engineering in order to
2.4 REQUIREMENTS FOR THE FOUNDATION ................................ 3 obtain water for a particular place at a defined amount. Thanks to these great works
man can generate hydropower, water transport, water supply to certain people and
2.5 RESEARCH WORK RESPECT THE FOUNDATIONS OF DAMS .....................................
4 industry and irrigation land, but not only that but also generate flood protection, fish
farming, among others. Water resources should be used in a complex manner, in order
2.6 IMPROVING FROM FOUNDATIONS ................... 5
to achieve the most effective and the most economical solution to the problems of
3. INFILTRATION through weirs .......................... 5
water use, while at the same time, taking in not only the immediate account but also
The ground on which the dams are based is porous and consists of a skeletal
future needs .
framework of solid particles ......... 5
3.2 ACTION FILTRATION FLOW MECHANICS IN THE SKELETON OF THE
EARTH ..................................... ................... 5
3.3 TERRESTRIAL filtration FOUNDATIONS AND
STRUCTURES 6
3.5 practical solution FILTRATION .......... 6
3.6 FILTRACION anisotropic SOIL CONDITIONS .. 6
3.8 WATER FILTRATION THROUGH THE FOUNDATIONS OF ROCK
6
3.9 LATERAL FILTRACION ............................................... .............. 7 1.2 HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
3.10 FILTRATION THROUGH THE BODY OF CONCRETE ........... 7 The civil engineering structures carried after solving specific tasks of water use are
Four. FORCES AND LOADS IN DAMS ........................... 7 called hydraulic structures which include a general theory ie design, construction, and
4.1 FORCES AND CHARGES ON DAMS ......................... 7 operation, its main task is to adapt the current regime of natural water from rivers ,
4.2 FORCES AND HIDRODINMICA7 Hydrostatic pressure lakes, groundwater, for an economic purpose or protection of man, but also create
watercourses and artificial reservoirs when there is scarcity of water resources. To
4.3 INFLUENCE Cavitation and aeration
fulfill the tasks mentioned above we can see two types of structures of hydraulic
HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES ................................................ .... 7
engineering, hydraulic structure overall which are common to all branches of water use
4.4. INFLUENCE OF WAVES ................................. 8
and special hydraulic structures which serve the fulfillment of the purposes of the
4.5 INFLUENCE OF ICE AND SEDIMENT branches of use separate water.
WATER 8
4.6 .................................... 8 seismic forces
4.7 Temperature effects ............................................. 9
5.1 BASIC STEPS IN THE PROCESS OF CREATION AND USE
.................................... Hydraulic Structures ................ 9
5.2 RESEARCH FOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
General structures according to their allocation are divided into three: water retention
........................................ Hydraulic Structures ............ 9
structures: used to raise the water level. (Dams, embankments)
5.3 CONTENT OF DESIGN AND DESIGN PHASES HIDRULICO10
5.4 PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND THE ROLE OF LEGISLATION ... 10 hydro special structures: here are camera water balance, water supply systems,
drainage systems, pumping stations, among others.

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Special irrigation structures: specific shots, sedimentation tanks, network of canals,
embankments cutting margin protection.
1.3 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STRUCTURES
HIDRULICAS.
Retaining structures water (dams) are hydraulic structures q aim to raise the water level
and to create a reservoir of artificial seizure (artificial lake), agree to their importance
they generate large studies because they represent engineering works most importantly
generally built with local materials (clay, silt, sand, gravel, concrete and concrete
arming)
A lot of various kinds of dams have been built in the world (about 45,000 large dams
over 15 m q)
Despite the large number of constructed dams, more will have to be built, regardless of
the fact that they have some negative influence on the environment and every day new
opponents to the construction of dams appear, acting unitedly in various associations.
That is, the population in developing countries is increasing rapidly.
A common feature of embankment dams and gravity is that the horizontal forces are
resisted by its own weight, that is, act as gravity dams. Buttress dams consist of a
relatively thin slab supported by buttresses on the downstream side. The base arch
dams has a curved shape, with the convex side facing the water while its cross section
is a relatively thin, curved wall. They are built on a firm rock and sound, which is
contained on a beam arc on which the horizontal load is transmitted. Buttress and arch
dams also constructed as overflow dam, although much less frequently than (gravity)
are massive dams.
Concrete dams have other characteristic structures of water transport and can be
carried out relatively easily on the wall of the dam, and are used to discharge water
from the reservoir seizure.
1.4 INTENTION OF DAMS. ELEMENTS OF A
DAM AND RESERVOIR A
Among the general hydraulic structures, dams are the most important and likewise the
most expensive. They are built with two main purposes:
To raise the water level in a river at a certain elevation; and to create an
accumulation of water collection.
Raise the level of water in a river is necessary in order to enable the
capture of water and its realization away and use for irrigation, water supply, and
obtaining hydroelectric power in the case of a plant hydroelectric header. Other effects
include creating head for hydroelectric power plants discharge, improving the
navigation of the river, and sanitary reasons.
Water is impounded and stored in the reservoir space seizure to be used during a
period of drought dams are built with a lifetime of 50 years
1.5 HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES ADJACENT
For proper insurance prey service, it is essential, within its framework, to anticipate
several
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general or special hydraulic structures attached. General (or common) structures serve
all branches of the water economy. Among the general hydraulic structures, the most
significant are the spillway and outlet works, almost without exception, are built in each
hydraulic diagram with a dam. Under the hydraulic diagram, other ancillary facilities are
incorporated as necessary during the construction of the dam and the period of service
as river-diversion structures, making structures, etc. Gauging structures have the task
of evacuating flood waters from the reservoir to a maximum level assigned header and
transport them downstream safely. The structure and type of work rely primarily on
landfill
1.6 BRIEF HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT
Hydraulic structures.
The beginnings of construction of hydraulic structures date back to ancient times when
civilizations were formed around major rivers (Smith, 1971) Initially, the Sumerians,
who lived in Mesopotamia, and then the Assyrians and Babylonians, developed certain
techniques and methods flood defenses and irrigation using the waters of the Tigris
and Euphrates, like the ancient Egyptians, achieving rapid drainage after flooding of
fertile land in the Nile valley. the first dam, sad el-Kafara, was built in Egypt around
2900 BC. It was built of earth material, 12 m high, BC, hydraulic structures were also
built in other parts of the world such as Arabia, India, Sri Lanka and China.
In the first half of the nineteenth century in Europe and the US, a series of dams were
built which made it possible accumulation of water for water supply. The second half of
the nineteenth century said brightest prospects for hydrotechnics, thanks to the
invention of the steam roller (1859), concrete, and reinforced concrete and law Dary
flow through the porous medium earth. In that period, too rational methods of analysis
for masonry dams, mainly in France, Britain and the US were developed, enabling the
construction of a large number of such structures in different countries.
Hydraulic engineering has experienced expansive development in the course of the
last 80 years when there has been a huge increase in energy and water needs for the
population and for industry, mining and agriculture. This expansion, largely has been
assisted by the emergence and development of soil mechanics, by engineering and
manufacturing modern plant for the performance of large and complex civil engineering
equipment companies. The development of modern methods of static and dynamic
analysis (which depend on the development and availability of powerful modern
computers) together with the research model testing structures, also played an
important role in the expansion of hydraulic engineering.
2. BASIS FOR DAMS.
2.1 FOUNDATIONS FOR STRUCTURES
Hydraulic GENERAL.
Hydraulic structures, are built on the
higher formations of the earth's crust. The top layer consists of three parts: topsoil or
topsoil, very limited and native to the disintegration of organic matter depth. Surface soil
beneath the topsoil and it consists of a
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or more layers caused by the disintegration of firm rocks. Rock layer which serves as
the firm part of the foundation.
2.2 FOUNDATIONS ROCKY.
Bedrock has a compressive strength in excess of 5 MPa flooded state. On the origin of
igneous rocks (igneous), sedimentary or metamorphic. Igneous rocks (magmatic) are
created by means of a cooling lava, lava has cooled below the surface of the earth and
formed intrusively (plutonic), while cooling on the surface of the earth effusively
(volcanic).
Sedimentary rocks are composed of consolidated particles due to erosion of any
previously existing rock or soil, often followed by cementation. The rock weathering is
caused by the action of atmospheric agents and chemical and physical processes. Are
divided into four major groups (Maslov, 1987, McLean and Gribble,
1985):
1. Clastic sedimentary rocks or clastic (sometimes called terrigenous).
2. Chemical sedimentary rocks.
3. Organic sedimentary rocks.
Four. The limestone and dolomite rocks, sedimentary rocks that are more than 50%
carbonate, and may include chemical or biological material and clastic. Metamorphic
rocks originate as a result of intense changes of igneous, sedimentary rocks but
generally caused by the action of high pressure and temperature.
An important property is the anisotropy. Most rocks are anisotropic, which means they
have different properties in different directions. The basic feature is an almost regular
occurrence of fractures in the rock. Fractures are caused by discontinuities break in the
rocks under the action of stresses. Anisotropy can be: Primary, is a result of processes
that had been active during the formation of the rock mass, while the high school It is
due to various downstream processes, such as the development of fractures, joints
and irregularities in different directions, due to the chemical effect of water.
They can be divided into nine classes (Goodman, 1995):
- Jointless rock found in many rock mass below the wear zone.
- Incomplete fractured rock is less than three sets of persistent joint so that, when
excavating, the rock mass does not normally produce isolated blocks.
- The incipiently locked rock has less than three sets of open sets or filled with
earth but also sets additional joint that are currently cured or sealed.
- The locked rock contains three or more sets of clearly developed and open
persistent sets or filled with soil lacking appreciable resistance to traction.
- Highly porous rock.
- The highly fissured rock, has a series of closely spaced short fractures,
engendering high fragility, and a anisotropy, and a significant nonlinearity in
virtually all mechanical properties.
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- The rocks are squeezed or swell generally contain active clay minerals whose
reaction with water prints a immediate or delayed cracking.
- Mixtures of dissimilar rocks include regular mixtures mass rhythmic intimate
interleaving dissimilar rocks.
- Cavernous rocks are primarily soluble limestone, dolomite and gypsum, and
clastic sedimentary rocks together by cement soluble material.
2.3 FOUNDATIONS ROCKY AND SEMI-SOIL
The semi-rock foundations have been formed from rocks with compression strength
under conditions of less than 5 MPa flood. Are characterized by a remarkable
deformability (marlstones, siliceous clay, etc.), low shear strength, and submission to
softening underwater.
Semi-rock foundations are generally represented by highly degraded rock, also
completely resisted by the rock. The moderately weathered rock
It is discolored, with discontinuities that can be open and have faded with alteration
beginning to penetrate inward surfaces. Soil foundations generally cover different
materials complex land for purposes of hydraulic engineering, they can be divided into
two distinctive types: non-cohesive materials and cohesive materials. Cohesionless soil
materials are most often in the form of sand, gravel, and a mixture of the two. Its
properties depend on their origin and the size of its particles.
2.4 REQUIREMENTS FOR THE FOUNDATION
In the design and construction of dams, the following three characteristics of the
materials of the foundation are crucial: deformability, stability and watertightness.
In discussing the stability of the foundation, what is implied is their ability to withstand
external loads caused by the dam and reservoir, and the forces - the own weight and
the effect of pore pressure. It is important to understand the following:
1. Water forces are completely equal, both on earth and rock.
2. Only a perfectly waterproof diaphragm wall can act hydraulic pressure with full
intensity. Once the flow of water infiltration has begun, the pressure acting
along the entire length of the path of water infiltration, having a value
3. The flow of infiltration at the base of the dam is not solely the reservoir level, but
also in the water level tail as well as the natural groundwater level on the slopes of
the dam, which is subject to variations temporary during rainy periods. The
instability of the foundation under the action of the loads mentioned above, is
displayed in various ways. In the case of ground material not cohesive or
cohesionless when land could fill the fractures in the rock, progressive erosion can
take place.
In the case of homogeneous earth foundation, one might expect a circular-cylindrical
surface. In a series of fractured rocks can expect similar phenomena. Embankment
dams, dams and rock-earth dams landfill is mainly built on a foundation of rock and
semi-rock foundations, and sometimes even on gravel foundation. To be feasible only
small heights carry out also on coarse sand, clay and silt compacted (soft clay).
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The dams from concrete transmit tensions
considerably higher than the requirements for these dams are more stringent. Arch
dams require sound, hard and firm.
When the quality of the foundation soil is evaluated, it is particularly necessary care
and attention regarding the presence of: (1) earth materials susceptible to erosion; (2)
materials in which the excess pore pressure may develop; (3) materials in which, under
the action of the weight of dam it may be likely to have significant uneven settlement;
and (4) low capacity of the materials (which have low values for the angle of internal
friction and cohesion).
Because of its structure and nature, concrete dams require more stringent conditions
on the quality of the rock in the foundation.
Cracking of rocks, in particular, it causes disintegration and decomposition of bedrock
and slopes have remained stable during the early stages of excavation for the
construction of works, and then become progressively unstable. Permeability may be:
the primary water permeability is determined by the source mode it depends on the
rock and its stratification. Secondary permeability overlays a rock by the influence of a
variety of natural processes, including dislocations crustal movement, the mechanical
action due to weathering and chemical changes associated with Dead solutions origin.
There are almost an infinite number of possibilities in which there is a potential risk of
water infiltration into the bedrock in the vicinity of dams and areas of a reservoir
holding. A strong system failure causes the crystalline rocks are permeable on one
side of a valley. Ground layers containing insoluble, such as remains of plants and
roots and passages dug by animals organic materials are removed from the foundation
or cut with waterproof members.
2.5 RESEARCH WORK RESPECT
THE FOUNDATIONS OF DAMS
In the design of dams it is necessary to have sufficient and abundant data on the
geological and geotechnical characteristics of the foundation in the area of the dam
and reservoir.
By geological mapping on the surface of the soil it is possible to obtain only a small
part of the achievements and data needed, while for a complete understanding of the
structure and properties of the material below the surface we use methods of direct
and indirect research.
Of particular importance are the work of deep research, in relation to the selected site
prey. Investigations are conducted by the following methods: (1) drill cores samples
and extracting disrupted materials unperturbed earth and rock cores; (2) dig wells,
trenches, abutments and axes; (3) measures the permeability of the rock in particular
sections of boreholes; (4) geophysical measurements, which allow to predict the
deployment of the layers between wells; and (5) measurements of deformability and
rock strength by experimental burden.
RESEARCH METHODS 2.5.1 INDIRECT
Indirect methods include a number of geophysical methods. Consequently, its
application primarily has an auxiliary character and is minor compared
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CIVIL INEGENIERIA
with direct field investigations. A number of geophysical methods, the two most used
are:
geoseismic survey, it used to measure the speed and propagation of direct and
reflected waves.
geoelectric survey, whereby it is possible to measure the change in electrical
resistance of the soil and rock formations in depth.
Crystalline rocks tend to have high resistivity, except locally where disrupted by faults
or groundwater together and fill the voids.
The reliability of the method again depends on the homogeneity and isotropy of the
substrates and, necessarily, the experience of the measuring equipment and
interpretation.
2.5.2 DIRECT RESEARCH METHODS
Direct methods research are: (1) borehole for sampling soil samples, and (2) digging
trenches test trenches, abutments and axes. There now follows a brief description of
methods - details can be found in books on geology and geotechnical engineering
(Bell, 1980, Fell et al, 1992, Maslov,
1987, McLean and Gribble, 2005).
2.5.2.1 PROBE DRILLING
Rotary drilling is performed using a rotary machine, and is suitable for research of soil
and rock. Rotary drilling may involve core drilling or core.
Core drilling is often called diamond drilling. High core recovery using this method is
important and this is influenced by the core size and the type of rock being drilled.
The perforated core is placed in boxes and recording the kernel.
Typically drilling is vertical, but in some cases, the holes may have to be angled to
provide maximum information including orientation defects rock.
non-core bore (or hole wash), involves the use of a solid roller, button or drag bit at the
end of the drill string. Bits break or move the entire face of the bottom of the hole and
the fragments are removed by the circulating water.
It drilling bit, in this method a helical coil head is used to penetrate and remove material
below the surface. Auger drilling is suitable for weaker cohesive soils and rocks.
Percussion drilling, in the case of high strength rock, the holes may sink with chisel bits
and percussion hammers into the hole to break the rock.
2.5.2.2 DIGGING TRENCHES TEST tRENCHES,
ATTACHMENTS AND AXES
In hole sub-surface profile is visible and can be recorded and photographed. The types
of materials, limits and structure can be observed and recorded in three dimensions,
and the presence and input source of groundwater. Unperturbed samples can be taken
from the bottom and sides of the well and can be performed in situ tests. The trenches
are extensions of the use of test wells. Trench exposures are recorded and
photographed in plan and elevation similar to the test wells manner. Trenches have
virtually the same purpose as the pits. Attachments axes and provide the opportunity
for direct observation of soil conditions, the extent of orientation defects and
comparison with surface measurements, field testing,
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research etc, therefore, they must be carefully planned, located and designed. Foundation, and also to improve the link between the foundation and concrete
structural members on it. For embankment dams,
the Rejunta of
2.5.3 SAMPLING Consolidation is performed only under the impermeable element, whereas in the case
Soil samples taken from wells and trenches can be disturbed or undisturbed. Disturbed of concrete dams, is under the entire dam.
samples are collected as representatives of different types of materials from the site
investigation. They are identified by location and depth and stored for laboratory tests.
3. Infiltration through weirs

Unperturbed samples consist of material removed from the site. Due to economic
reasons, soil samples typically have a cylindrical shape and is sealed to preserve the
natural moisture.
For samples cohesive soils wells, tubes thin walled steel are used. The tubes are
pushed into the ground with an adapter connected to the drill string. The larger
diameter of the sample is preferred due to the reduced likelihood of disturbance.
Samples should be
identified and sealed against loss of
humidity.
3.1. ACTION FLOW FILTRATION The ground on which the dams are based is
porous and consists of a skeletal framework of solid particles with pores
throughout. The penetration and water movement through the porous medium,
under the action of gravitational potential that occurs after the construction of
retaining structures and water filling called filtracin.Debido leaks,
the following
harmful effects may occur: Loss of water in the reservoir, mechanical erosion, water
infiltration also

2.5.4 TESTS
The extracted soil samples are used to determine the extent and dip of layers,
composition and properties, the existence of faults and other discontinuities, and to
establish the physical and mechanical properties of materials by laboratory tests.

can cause chemical suffering dissolving rock salt in the foundation.

Soil materials in the foundation below the dam are investigated by methods of soil
mechanics. Whenever possible, it is necessary to investigate the material undisturbed Spill beneath a concrete dam (a), and through the body and the foundation of earth
samples while loading conditions lab should be as realistic as possible to simulate dam (b); (1) infiltration
actual conditions taking place on the ground. In many cases, investigations of soils and
rocks are also made foundations dam directly in wells (in situ), through which the With the reduce the harmful effects previously
permeability, relative density, strength and deformability of the layers at various depths mentioned and ensure it is essential to take special measures. a kind of stack of
in the wells is measured. sheets, then as a curtain-grouting cement, or as often diaphragm wall, most diaphragm
wall concrete or asphalt.

2.6 IMPROVING FROM FOUNDATIONS

The base of the rock, on which envisages the construction of the dam, and has some
shortcomings, generally speaking, can be improved in two ways: (1) by grouting and
(2) by filling of fractures and tectonic zones . In the case of foundations soil, Grouting is
much more difficult and can only be applied in limited cases. For soil foundations, the
separation elements in the form of diaphragm walls are constructed most often.
Injection is a method in which a special pump within the foundation injected suspension Measures to reduce the harmful effect of the leaks. (A) by vertical partitions (1) and
with different binders, synthetic resin solutions or - either neat or with a filling and horizontal partitions (2); b) by draining.
additions - clay, sand, stabilizing additives, etc. perforations, so that the slurry mixture
is filled fractures, voids and pores in the rock mass. (1) rejuntado contact (2)
consolidation grouting, and (3) construction of a grout curtain (; Shroff and Shah, 1993 3.2 ACTION MECHANICS IN FLOW FILTRATION
Nonveiller, 1989): three methods to improve the foundation by injection stand. SKELETON OF THE EARTH
Solid particles (skeleton) with pores throughout. The pores can be filled with air, water
or air partially and partly with water. Analyzing the mechanical action flow infiltration,
the terrestrial environment will be considered as a two-phase system.

Grouting possible causes voids and fractures in the contact between the rock and the
hydraulic structure to be filled, in order to obtain a monolithic bond between the
concrete and rock. A bentonite-cement mixture is used exclusively for sealing contact.

The slurry consolidation is a deep grouting compared with grout contact and is
intended to increase the strength of the rock beneath the base of the dam to reduce
leakage through it, to prevent insertion of fine particles from the core of the dam in the
fractures

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3.3 TERRESTRIAL filtration FOUNDATIONS AND Water (Figure 3.10a). From the upstream face, the height of the water layer is H =
STRUCTURES 15m, while the downstream face from the water depth is small and therefore is
Capacity ground material to resist deformation filtration. Therein, it can be neglected. The depth of the porous layer below the dam is 20 m.
distinguished:
1) Normal filtration resistance, may be impaired in some particular
weaknesses and can be evaluated by standards-based mechanical calculations.

2) Random resistance (casual) to the filtration, which may be impaired in

some spots are not known beforehand and can not be anticipated or evaluated by
calculation means

3.6 FILTRACION anisotropic SOIL CONDITIONS

complete failure of a slope of the dam (a), and local deformation of infiltration (b). (1)
Creepage; (2) circle sliding surface; (3) mass sliding earth; (4) Local slip; (5) exit point
filtration line
Most natural deposits of land are anisotropic with respect to water permeability,
having a
permeability coefficient maximum value in the direction of the layers, and minimum
value in the direction perpendicular to the layers. If these directions are denoted by
xyz, then it (Craig 1978):

3.4 THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF FILTRATION

Water is measured relative to atmospheric pressure and the level at which the
pressure is atmospheric, ie zero. It is defined as a water table or a phreatic surface.
This situation will be addressed in this part. If we use Bernoulli's theorem for the flow of
water and porous take into consideration that, due to the small flow rate. 3.7 FILTERING SOIL CONDITIONS inhomogeneous

Consider now the case in which the infiltration medium consisting of two layers of
isotropic earth thickness H1, ie H2 and permeability coefficients k1 and k2, spaced
from a horizontal boundary (Fig. 3.13). This means we have a case of
non-homogeneous soil conditions. Both layers could be treated as a homogeneous
anisotropic layer with thickness (H1 + H2), in which permeability coefficients, parallel
Where q = number of water flow A = cross-sectional area through which flow, k =
and perpendicular to bedding, kx and kz are,
permeability coefficient, i = hydraulic gradient, v = flow velocity. The permeability
coefficient (dimensions m / s)

respectively (as Craig, 1978).

3.5 practical solution FILTRATION

Darcy's law Ohm's law

Q = kAh l (3.33) I = CA? He? (3.34)

Q = amount of infiltration I = flow rate
of the
electricity
k = permeability coefficient C = coefficient
conductivity
electric
A = area of the cross section A` = area 3.8 WATER FILTRATION THROUGH THE FOUNDATIONS OF ROCK
h = head cross section pressure
E = potential rocks are distinguished by low porosity, so that filtration takes place through cracks and
Electrical (voltage) fractures created as a result of several tectonic processes, and also due to erosion,
l = path length infiltration l '= length of the path cracks and fractures can have very different sizes, ranging from parts of a millimeter up
of the to a number of tens of centimeters, infiltration flow causes a lifting force of pressure at
current the bottom of a concrete dam, which lightens the dam, reducing its stability.
electric

A graphical solution to the construction of a network flow developed early last century
in Germany by Forheimer and in England by Richardson, a graphical representation of
the network flow is illustrated by the example of infiltration under a concrete dam to Water filtration also takes place in the rock foundation of the dam; however, Darcy's
through a porous layer located on an impermeable rock to law does not apply in this case.

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If 2 denotes the reduction ratio of the surface on which the pressure force lifting is
transmitted, then the area on which act the force will be 2B, wherein B is an area of 1
meter length dam. The coefficient 2 depends on the characteristics of the rocks and
the size of the cracks.
Figure 3.14 illustrates a diagram of a concrete dam of gravity with a water depth of
output H1 and a depth H2 stickwater. The overall strength of the rising pressure is the
sum of the force U1, which diagram is obtained through the water depth H2 tail, and U2
force caused by water penetrating into the rock. It is assumed that the diagram of force
U1, in the case of a dam flat bottom is rectangular, while for a background of complex
shape, is formed according to the contours. Thus, for a rectangular plot.
3.9 LATERAL FILTRACION
The water retaining structures of concrete, with its sides, reach the shores of the
valley or are made with parts of earth dam, which is rarer. In the area of these boards
without a side filtration pressure it occurs. The lateral infiltration causes a force acting
on the binding of the waterproof structure with the original land (or fill)
Schematic representation of the lateral filtration.
Infiltration through a concrete dam.
The construction of extended walls, walls impermeable diaphragm and applying
drainage systems succeeds.
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CIVIL INEGENIERIA
In the zone between the concrete structure and the land bank
3.10 FILTRATION THROUGH THE BODY OF CONCRETE
Depending on the composition and degree, the concrete used for construction of
concrete dams contains a certain percentage of pores, so that lead to leaks, this filter
has an influence on physical and chemical concrete,
The coefficient 2 has a similar meaning as with the filtration rock foundation.
Research has shown that 2 is between 0.43 and 0.95 A measure efficient, though
more expensive, is the construction of a waterproof layer on the surface of the
upstream face, made of special dense concrete, epoxy mortar, geomembrane or other
insulating material. Said waterproofing layer reduces the penetration of water in the
dam body to a minimum.
Four. FORCES AND LOADS IN PRISON
4.1 FORCES AND CHARGES ON DAMS
Dams and hydraulic structures must preserve its stability and invulnerability for
different conditions, ie, circumstances and possible cases of shipments that occur
during its construction and operation. During dimensioning calculations and control for
concrete dams and weirs, are dependent on specific conditions and the design stage,
the appropriate load combinations are selected for which there is a real likelihood that
occur simultaneously
4.2 FORCES Hydrostatic pressure and hydrodynamics
To determine the force of hydrostatic pressure and
Hydrodynamic dividing them into vertical and horizontal components. Calculation of the
components upstream and downstream of the hydrostatic pressure W 1 Y W 2 It is
performed by an appropriate means of diagrams specific pressures at separate points.
The vertical components W 3 Y W 4 It is equal to the weight of water in the corresponding
prism having unit length ( a B C D E for W 3, that is to say, abc to w 4). The point at which
converge forces lies in the center of gravity of the diagram, while the weight of the
water volume is = 9.81 kN / m 3 that in practical calculations, they could be taken to be
10 kN / m 3. The shear stresses are directed to the same as the flow and have significant
value only for very high flow rates.
4.3 INFLUENCE OF CAVITATION and aerating HYDRAULIC
STRUCTURES
Structures cavitation in water transport occurs due to a pressure drop in the flow to the
critical value, when a phenomenon of cold boil 'turbulence', ie, swirl, on the water. In
cavitation, very small bubbles which are filled with vapor form. Moving this places with
increased pressure causes a condensation of steam repeated creep bubbles in the
liquid, with which hits the disk structure limits. As a result, it leads to local material
damage, a phenomenon called cavitational erosion, while the development process,
transfer and creep of bubbles in the liquid is called cavitation. In addition to the erosion
of materials, cavitation also causes changes in the character
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of fluid flow, energy loss, noise and vibration.
As water flows at high speed through the transport structures water cavitacionall
erosion may occur on the part of the overflow of a concrete dam (1), in the structural
member for energy dissipation (2, 3), the sides of the walls of the side guide (4) (Fig.
4.3A) at the entrance (5), the outlet (6), the lateral guide wall closed transporting water
under pressure members (7 ) (Fig. 4.3B) and parts of the transport structure water
behind doors high pressure (8) (Fig. 4.3C).
If, in any part of the structural member water transport, it seems that the pressure is
above criticism, then reducing pressure to the critical pressure it occurs as a result of
midline
the action of centrifugal forces or flow diversion and in unevenness on the surface (Fig.
4.3D).
The danger of the emergence of cavitacionall erosion can be assessed by cavitation
coefficient , which, at a given moment is determined from the expression:
- figure 4.5 Parameters of a wave.
=
2
In which Pabs = absolute pressure at a given point; phr = critical pressure of
water vapor depending on the temperature of the liquid and water in 20 C amounts to
3.25 kPa, corresponding to a water column of 0.24 m; v = flow velocity.
If cr, which could be the case at high speed and low pressure at a point, then
there is a danger of cavitation, while ... ..> Cr no such danger.
Figure 4.3 cavitacionall erosion of transportation structures
of water.
aeration is a process in which a water stream flowing at a high speed drag an air,
which can evolve in various situations, for example, following the demolition of the free
water surface (Fig. 4.4A), during discharge below a closed structural member carrying
water (B), or by pulling the water jet in the atmosphere (C) door. Aeration causes a
decrease in the permeability of the structural members of the transport of water,
decomposition of flow stability, and imposes the need to increase the depth of open
flow, which requires a greater height of the lateral guide walls. For determining the flow
parameters in which air entrainment begins, and for determining the amount of
entrained air,
8 Msc. Ing Jos Ramos Arbul
CIVIL INEGENIERIA
4.4. INFLUENCE OF WAVES
Each of the disorders of water balance, causes waves on the water surface. Such
decomposition can be caused by underwater vessels sailing with their movements, the
movement of the earth's crust during earthquakes, high tides, etc. waves are often
caused by wind blowing over the water surface. Waves caused by the wind have a
visible influence on navigation, banks, and particularly on hydraulic structures, so that
the attention paid to this problem is understandable. Figure 4.5 illustrates and explains
the elements of a wave caused by wind.
CREST WAVE CHANNEL
wave
Still water
level
For moderate slopes, wave deforms and drags along the slope.
For determining the height of the wave, there are a number of empirical formulas. The
best known is the formula Stephenson, modified by Molitor:
h w = 0.032 VL + .76-.27 L (L < 32km)
hw = 0.032VL (L> 32 km)
Where V It is the wind speed and was introduced in km / h, L is the length of the front of
the blow km, while the h w m is obtained. In the above calculations, as a tip of the wind
speed value is obtained at a height of 10 m above the water table, with a probability of
occurrence in a given period, depending on the size and importance of the structure.
4.5 INFLUENCE OF ICE AND WATER DEPOSITS
Ice can cause static and dynamic effect on the hydraulic structure. Static influence
originates from the expansion temperature of the ice cover at the front of the structure
and overcrowding of an ice field on the structure. In addition to this, a vertical force can
act on the structure, which is directed upward or downward from the ice cover attached
to the structure in a variety of water levels. Dynamic pressure originates at the impact
of the movement of ice on the hydraulic structure.
4.6 SEISMIC FORCES
seismic influences caused by earthquakes, are important in the design and determining
the stability of element structures. An earthquake can be caused by various
phenomena, ie events (explosions, volcanic activities, failure or collapse of the vaults of
the caves and caverns); However, from the point of view of engineering,
earthquakes tectonic origin they are the most
significant, and they can cover a large territory and release enormous energy.
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4.7 Temperature effects
Effects of temperature plays an important role in hydraulic structures, especially dams
that in the course of its construction and operation, partially or entirely, are permanently
exposed to temperature variations. These variations may arise from temperature
variations in the adjacent environment (air, water); artificial cooling or heating, since
heat release during the colonization of concrete; break through heat from the
foundation of the earth, etc.
4.7.1 Effects of temperature on the embankment dams
Embankment dams and dikes on local ground material low and as high temperatures,
can have a negative influence.
Lower temperatures cause freezing of the earth materials, the result could be an
occurrence of cracks and / or fractures in the materials and a reduction in strength
defrosting i.e. defrosting
4.7.2 EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON CONCRETE
STRUCTURES
Changes in temperature also cause permanent permanent changes
State efforts and
deformations in a huge concrete structure. Regarding the dams, too much stress can
cause cracks in concrete, while deformations can damage joint sealants.
5.1 BASIC STEPS IN THE PROCESS OF CREATION AND USE Hydraulic
Structures
The process of creation and use of hydraulic structures, especially dams, is long,
annoying, time-consuming and costly. A design using water aid in the solution to the
problem of the use of water, in which case adopt parameters and configurations of the
hydraulic system or scheme (number of storage reservoirs, available memory size,
feature level rises water , installed capacity, irrigated areas, etc.)
The individual structures can be divided into four stages:
1. Investigation. In the first stage, it is necessary to obtain all necessary data
in natural conditions in the region and place of the immediate location of the structure.
there belongs the data on the topography, geological structure, seismicity of soil
conditions, hydrological basin and creek,
the
climatic characteristics of the region, the availability of local, economic, material and
water use conditions and needs, etc.
2. Design. At this stage, based on the design task and requirements that
have been established with the allocation of water use for future water regime of the
structure and taking into account the data obtained from research.
3. Building. The third phase contains all the work relating to the organization
of building structures and machining process execution of works. Then comes the
construction of the structures, dismantling construction and equipment and temporary
structures that have served in the course of construction and, ultimately, provide the
structure for the operation.
Four. Operation / service. The last stage encompasses all the works regarding
the operation, ie, service management structure of its operation, monitoring
compliance.
9 Msc. Ing Jos Ramos Arbul
CIVIL INEGENIERIA
Requirements specified by the design as well as the condition of the structure and
equipment. The following is an analysis of the results of monitoring (supervision, ie
observation) measurements, newspapers new analysis static and dynamic stability, the
use of more sophisticated methods and the newly acquired parameters, checking the
speed flow, ie, the ability to overflow structures based on new knowledge and criteria,
maintenance, and capital structure review.
5.2 RESEARCH FOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION Hydraulic
Structures
Through research we can get topography:
to) General Regional maps, scale 1: 200, 000-1: 100, 000, curved in a vertical range
(contour) of 20 to 40 m, which serve to draw the entire area uptake watercourse in
which the structures hydraulic meet.
b) Ordinance maps 1:50 000-1: 25, 000, with contours in a vertical contour interval of
10 m, which serve to establish solutions, a study of the whole storage reservoir area.
c) Leveling network (elevation) and a longitudinal profile of the stream, in a distorted
convenient scale (different lengths and heights), to serve as a representation of the
position of the structures.
d) Geodetic location plans scale 1: 200 - 1: 2500, with a contour line in 1 to 2 m, to
represent design solutions structures in various stages of design.
and) Detailed pictures of studio tachometric longitudinal and cross sections in the area
of the most important structures, scale 1: 100, 1: 200. In the case of a storage tank
larger.
Research geological and hydrogeological engineering, which aims to shed
light on the geological structure of the region of a hydraulic system, the physical and
mechanical properties of its mineral properties.
Works geotechnical investigation, by which we can determine the elastic
characteristics and material deformation of the rock in the dam site and the foundations
for major structures, as well as rock materials to be used for body building dam;
Geo mechanical work research that
determine the characteristics of materials (soil) at the Foundation, as well as loan pits
local soil materials.
Work water research, that are useful for determining flow watercourse and
its variation, research climate zone regime is performed in order to obtain data on
atmospheric precipitation (rain), and air temperature variations, direction and duration
of the winds.
Work out construction, which make it possible to obtain data that are
necessary in carrying out construction work, for example, to the conditions that lead to
the connection of the work with the network of existing traffic, for research sources
material supply
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construction, water and electricity, the conditions to be established, food and
accommodation of life of workers, etc.
5.3 CONTENT OF THE STAGES OF DESIGN AND DESIGN HYDRAULIC
Development and definition of future water use hydrological regime and
hydraulic structure, including determination of characteristic elevations water header
and trailer, determining immersion zone and the volume of the reservoir seizure, etc.
Type selection, the schematic structure of works and materials for
construction and equipment, form of structural interventions and founding the
Foundation and, finally, construction works.
hydraulic structures and dimensioning calculations infiltration seal
elements, structure and foundation;
Static and dynamic dimensioning and control, to check the strength and
stability of structures designed and basis for the effects of all possible forces.
Implementation of the solution and selection of instrumentation
surveillance (monitoring) of the structure during construction and operation.
Developing methods for the organization of work with a calendar, ie,
program and schedule progress, implementation period structures, etc.
Preparation of specifications techniques
construction and quality control of materials and their placement.
The design process of a hydraulic structure is generally performed in three
phases.
The first phase is to present the design hydraulic structures,
indicate about their dimensions,
scope of work and the amount of necessary materials, equipment needed, cost
structures and, most importantly, to demonstrate the technical feasibility and economic
and commercial utility and justification of the structures.
The second phase involves the preparation of a draft must be a base for the precise
determination of the value of the investment structures, in order to serve as a
preparation for an investment program and for closing the financial structure for the
construction structures, which is say to make the decision for construction.
The third phase finally develops methods for the organization of work, anticipates the
necessary plant and anticipates equipment, technical problems for the construction and
quality control and placement of materials, tools and methods of surveillance
(monitoring) of the structures in the during construction and operation, performed
detailing and makes more accurate quantities list.
The three phases design described above occur with all the major and most important
hydraulic works. In cases of small structures, the design may be performed in two
phases, where usually the first and the second are combined.
The basic study, ie, the study verifies justification construction of a predicted hydraulic
diagram, encompasses different possibilities for realization and use and lasts 1-3
years. It is a conclusion of the first phase, combining and interpret information
available, data and measurement results.
10 Msc. Ing Jos Ramos Arbul
CIVIL INEGENIERIA
Then follows a delicate stage in the design: the final selection of the dam and its
evaluation, together with a detailed review of its influence in close connection with the
selection of the dam is the evaluation of the values of storage space, consisting of
through a dam located at the intended site.
The next step is also complex: determining the type of prey. It is in close dependence
of a large part of the previously completed activities and should be performed, from the
correct selection of the type of prey, largely depends on the security, economic and
regular operation of the hydraulic system around.
5.4 PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND THE ROLE OF LEGISLATION
Designers dams, especially the one in charge, management and coordinate all design
and are forced to be thoroughly familiar with the latest achievements of the world within
this dynamic field of engineering, which constantly develops and progresses.
In the implementation phase of a water project, you can expect a lot of risks and
dangers, depending on the reasons that caused them may be economic, political,
technological, social, environmental, etc.
Influence of a large number of external factors such as topographic,
geological, hydrological, environmental impact, economic and cultural wealth, etc.
Building structures that require a background of heterogeneous
organizational resources;
Numerous socio-economic factors (due to the lasting implementation of
projects), such as changes in economic policy, legal regulations, prices of materials
and resources, etc.
External risks are defined as risks to the environment and include: political and legal
risks and economic risks, risks caused by disasters and ecological risks. political, legal
and economic risks related to the stability of the country in which construction works
are carried out and is manifested in a change in fiscal policy, the negative effects of
inflation risks in changing legal regulations, etc.
Risks caused by acts of God are earthquakes and other natural disasters, wars,
revolutions, riots and disorders, and other radioactive radiation, pollution, disturbances
and riots, strikes, vandalism, major fires, etc.
Internal risks arise because: incorrect assessment of construction periods, ie,
termination, amounts of works, insufficient research on conditions and building
technology, poor evaluation of references contractor and supervising engineer, faults
plant and equipment, non-coordinating designs and alterations, changes in
construction technology, errors in the materials placed and equipment, irregular cash
flow of financial resources, altered conditions of financing, difficult conditions
Foundation (unforeseen in the design) and outstanding obligations on behalf of other
participating contractors, etc.
6. BIBLIOGRAPHY:
DAMS AND appurtenant HYDRAULIC
STRUCTURES. Ljubomir Tanchev. New York 2014 CRC Part. 1
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