For Private Circulation Only

Study Circle
Career Development Institute

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 For Private Circulation Only

Q>S>r gH$b gX^ gm{h (^yJmoc)/ 2


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ZoVd B`mXr JwUm_wio _mZd EH$ d`gYmZ Amho. _mZdr
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ggmYZmMm {dH$mg O_rZ, nmUr Aem H$mhr ggmYZmMr
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For Private Circulation Only
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dmT>dcr Amho. ggmYZmMr _mJUr dmT>Vo Vohm ggmYZmMm {dH$mg
hmoVmo. ggmYZmMm {dH$mg hUOo ggmYZm`m dmT>r~amo~a `m`m
JwUdmoV dmT> hmoUo hmo`. ggmYZmMm {dH$mg _mZdmMr ~m{H$
j_Vm, H$me`o, {dkmZ Am{U VkmZ `mda Adc~yZ AgVmo.
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am>mMo AmVaam>r` g~Y gcmo`mMo AgVmV. `m am>mV
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am>r` YmoaU AZwHy$c Agmdo cmJVo.
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gYmaU hmo`.
ggmYZm`m gYmaUmgmR>r nwT>rc Cnm``moOZm H$aUo Amd`H$
Amho.
1) ggmYZmMr _mJUr H$_r hmo`mgmR>r cmoH$g`m dmT>rg
{V~Y H$aUo.
2) ^mdr {nT>m`m nyVVogmR>r ggmYZo amIyZ R>odUo.
3) n`m`r dV ggmYZmMr {Z{_Vr H$aUo.
4) ggmYZmMo nwZMH$sH$aU H$aUo.
5) ggmYZm`m gajUmgmR>r H$m`Xo H$aUo.
6) {dkmZ d VkmZmMm dmna H$$Z ggmYZmMr gnyU
Cn`mo{JVm dmT>{dUo.
7) ZyVZrj_ ggmYZo dmT>{dUo.
8) ggmYZo am>r` Ag`m_wio `m`m gYmaUmgmR>r gm_m{OH$
OmUrd d OmJVr {Z_mU H$aUo.
d`{$H$ nmVirdagwm AmnU ggmYZmMo nwT>rc_mUo
gYmaU H$$ eH$Vmo.
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qH$dm drH$ma Z H$aUo.
2) dVy Am{U gw{dYmMm `mo` dmna H$aUo.
3) dVyMm nwZdmna H$aUo.
ggmYZm`m gYmaUmV EH$mMdoir EH$M Cnm` H$$Z
MmcV Zmhr, Va EH$mdoir AZoH$ Cnm` H$aUo Amd`H$ AgVo.
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Xa H$_r R>odUo Amd`H$ Amho. VgoM I{ZOo d D$Om `mMm
_`m{XV dmna H$aUohr Amd`H$ Amho. `m_wio ggmYZo Am{U
n`mdaUr` j_Vm {Q>H$dVm `oBc.

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dVyMo CnmXZ H$aUo, `mMm Cn`moJ KoUo, `mnma H$aUo,
{Za{Zam`m H$cmJwUmMm {dH$mg H$aUo hr H$m`} am>mVrc cmoH$
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ggmYZgwm Amn`m am>mV {dnwc Amho.
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^maVmMr n{hcr OZJUZm 1951 gmcr H$a`mV Amcr. hr
{Z`{_VnUo Xa Xhm dfmZr Ho$cr OmV Amho.
cmoH$g`oMr dmT> 2001 `m OZJUZoZwgma ^maVmMr
cmoH$g`m 102 H$moQ>r 87 cj Amho. cmoH$g`o`m >rZo
OJmV MrZMm W_ H$_mH$ AgyZ ^maVmMm Xwgam H$_mH$ Amho.
OJmVrc cmoH$g`onH$s gw_mao 17 Q>o$ cmoH$g`m ^maVmV
Amho. AmcoImd$Z Ago {XgyZ `oVo, H$s \$$ 1921 `m
OZJUZo_mUo ^maVm`m cmoH$g`oV WmoS>r KQ> Pmcr hmoVr.
1951 ZVa _m Vr PnmQ>mZo dmT>cr Amho. dmV`mZVa`m
H$mimV ^maVm`m cmoH$g`oV gw_mao VrZ nQ>tZr dmT> Pmcr
Amho. 1991 Vo 2001 `m XeH$mV ^maVmV cmoH$g`m d{Xa
2.1 Q>o$ BVH$m hmoVm.
_mZdr ImmmMm nwadR>m nwaogm d {Z`{_V Agoc VgoM
H$mhr _mZdr d Zg{JH$ Amnmr Am`m ZmhrV, Va cmoH$g`m
dmT>`mMr dmr {XgyZ `oVo. ImmmMm H$_r d A{Z`{_V
nwadR>m, amoJamB, ^yH$n, AdfU B`mXr Zg{JH$ Amnmr_wio
cmoH$g`m H$_r hmo`mMr dmr {XgVo. 1911 Vo 1921
_Yrc H$mimV cmoH$g`m H$_r hmo`mMr hrM H$maUo hmoVr.
cmoH$g`oVrc dmT> _moO`mgmR>r O_Xa d _`yXa {dMmamV
KoVco OmVmV. Jo`m 90 dfmV O_Xa {deof H$_r Pmcocm
Zmhr, nU _`wXamV _m cjUr` KQ> Pmcr Amho. AZoH$
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H$maU AmhoV. cmoH$g`o`m OcX dmT>r_wio ^maVmVrc ggmYZmda
MS> VmU nS>cm Amho.
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Va H$mhr ^mJmV cmoH$g`m AJXr H$_r Amho.
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For Private Circulation Only
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am`mV gdmV H$_r cmoH$g`m AmT>iVo.
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XoemVrc cmoH$g`m XmQ> qH$dm {dai Amho ho g_O`mg
_XV hmoVo.
^maVmV 1901 gmcr Xa Mm. {H$._r. jom_`o gamgar
77 cmoH$ amhV AgV. 2001 `m OZJUZoZwgma Xa Mm.{H$._r.
jomV 324 cmoH$ amhVmV. cmoH$g`m KZVocmhr mXo{eH$
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cmoH$g`oMr KZVm 800 nojm OmV Amho.
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nojm H$_r cmoH$ amhVmV.
cmoH$g`oMr _wI d{e>o
d` gaMZm
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64 df} d`moJQ>mV gw_mao 61 Q>o$ cmoH$g`m Amho. ^maVmV
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qcJ JwUmoma EImm {d{e> jomVrc nwfmMr g`m
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H$_r hmo`mMm H$c ^maVr` cmoH$g`oV AmT>iVmo.
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OmV Amho.
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Jm_rU {d^mJmV amhVmV. dmV`moma H$mimV d {deof H$$Z
Jo`m Vrg dfmV Jm_rU ^mJmVyZ cmoH$ ZmJar ^mJmV WcmVa
H$$ cmJco AmhoV.
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For Private Circulation Only
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Amho. `m YmoaUmV nwT>rc ~m~tMm g_mdoe Amho.
(1) O_Xa {Z`{V H$aUo.
(2) A^H$ _`wXa H$_r H$aUo.
(3) {ddmh d`mo_`mXm H$m`mMr A_c~OmdUr H$aUo.
(4) Agm` amoJmda {Z`U R>odUo.
(5) ej{UH$ Va CMmdUo.
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gm` hmdo hUyZ `Z H$a`mV `oV AmhoV.
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cmoH$g`m hr Amncr g_`m amhUma Zmhr, naVw Vo EH$
_hdmMo ggmYZ R>aoc.
 For Private Circulation Only

H$aU 3 - Ob ggmYZo
nmUr ho ^maVmVrc A`V _hdmMo Am{U _m`dmZ ggmYZ {nwam, ZmJmcS>, _oKmc`, {g$s_ B`mXr am`mV {nH$mImcrc
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moV Amho. _mgyZ nO`mMm n[aUm_ Oc ggmYZmMr CncYVm amOWmZ, JwOamV, _hmam> d H$ZmQ>H$ `m am`mVrc 75
Am{U dmna `mda hmoVmo. Zm, {h_Zm, gamodao, Pao, {d{har Q>`mnojm A{YH$ nrH$ jo Anw`m nmdgm`m XoemV Amho.
ho nm`mMo Xw`_ moV AmhoV. nmdgm`m nm`mMo dhZ, gmR>dU nmdgmMr H$_VaVm AgVmZmgwm H$mhr XoemZr OcqgMZ
d `m`m dmhmMo {Z`_Z H$a`mgmR>r Zm, gamodao B`mXr d H${f{dH$mg `mV JVr Ho$cr Amho.
_hdmMo KQ>H$ AmhoV. OcqgMZm_wio H$_r nmdgmMo jo cmJdS>rImcr AmUVm
^yn>r` Oc Zm, Vir, gamodao B`mXr ^yn>r` Oc Amco Amho. `m ^mJmV nwaogm nmD$g nS>Vmo d ^yOchr CncY
ggmYZmMr $no AmhoV. ^maVmV Zm ho ^yn>r` OcmMo _wI Amho Aem XoemV qgMZmMm Cn`moJ Xa hoQ>ar CnmXZ
moV AmhoV. ^maVr` XoemV 24 _wI ZmMr Imoar AmhoV. dmT>{d`mg Pmcm Amho. `m_wio dfmVyZ EH$mnojm A{YH$ {nHo$
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naVw `m Zm`m Imo`mMm Xoe ^maVm`m jo\$im`m 33 OcqgMZm_wio AdfUJV ^mJmVhr eoVrMo CnmXZ dmT>`mg
Q>o$ Amho. `m{edm` JmoXmdar ZXr Imo`mVrc Oc ggmYZ _XV Pmcr Amho.
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ggmYZ {dH$mgmMr j_Vm OmV Amho. Cma Xoe, _hmam>, YaU ~mYUo d H$mcdo H$mT>Uo `mnojm H$_r IMmMo AgVo.
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Q>o$ ^yOc ggmYZ Amho. ^maVmV `m ^mJmV n>r` OcmMo dmna cmoH${` Amho. JwOamV, _hmam>, nOm~, amOWmZ d
_mU H$_r Amho, `m ^mJmV ^yOc ggmYZmMm {dH$mg Ho$cm Cma Xoe B`mXr am`mV {d{hatMr g`m Iyn Amho. XmXam
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Oc ggmYZmMo _mZdr OrdZmV A`V _hd Amho. KaJwVr ^yOcmMm Cngm OmV hmoVmo, `m_wio ^yOc nmVir {Xdg|{Xdg
dmnam{edm` eoVr Am{U Ammo{JH$ jomV nm`mMm dmna OmV H$_r hmoV Amho.
_mUmV Ho$cm OmVmo. H|$ d am`emgZ eoVH$`mZm {d{har, Hy$nZ{cH$mgmR>r
^maVr` eoVr m_w`mZo nmdgm`m nm`mda Adc~yZ AWgmhm` H$aVo. `m_wio {d{har, Hy$nZ{cH$m d nmUr Cng`m`m
Amho. {nH$m`m `mo` dmT>rgmR>r d ^aKmog CnmXZmgmR>r {Z`{_V nnmMr g`m AcrH$S>o IynM dmT>cr Amho.
d Amd`H$ VodT>m nmUrnwadR>mMr JaO AgVo. {nH$mZm hm ^yn>r` OcmoV AmoT>o, Zm, Vcmd, gamodao ho ^yn>r`
nmUrnwadR>m nO` d qgMZmmao hmoVmo. OcqgMZmMo moV AmhoV. `mVrc nmUr H$mcdo d Cngm nVrZo
OcqgMZ ^maVr` nO`mMo hJm_r d$n, `mMr eoVrn`V Zoco AmhoV.
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gd CncY hmoV Zmhr. ^maVmVrc EHy$U {nH$mImcrc jomnH$s Ag`mZo d ^y_r CVmamMr Ag`mZo nmdgm`mV nmUr dmhZ
\$$ 30 Q>o$ jomV nwaogm nmD$g nS>Vmo, Va 70 Q>o$ jomV ImocJQ> ^mJmV gmMVo d Vcmd V`ma hmoVmV. ^maVmV Vcmd
nmD$g H$_r AgVmo. `m_wio {nH$m`m `mo` dmT>rgmR>r qgMZmMr qgMZ jo _`m{XV AgyZ Vo EHy$U qg{MV jomnH$s \$$
Amd`H$Vm AgVo. D$g, VmXyi `mgma`m {nH$mMr nm`mMr 5 Q>o$ Amho. N>mrgJS> d Vm{_iZmSy> am`mV H$mcdo d {d{hatnojm
JaO qgMZm_wioM nyU hmoD$ eH$Vo. VcmdmMo nmUr {dVV jomcm nwadco OmVo. C{S>gm, npM_
nmdgmMo _mU d {nH$mImcrc jo `mVrc g~YmMm ~Jmc, AmY Xoe, Cma Xoe, H$ZmQ>H$ d _hmam> `m am`mVhr
am`{Zhm` {dMma Ho$`mg OcqgMZmMr {ZH$S> Agcoco Xoe Vcmd qgMZ hQ>`mMo Amho.
g_OVmV. Ho$ai, C{S>gm, npM_ ~Jmc, _{Unya, Amgm_, H$mcdo ^maVmV H$mc`m`m gmhm`mZo {dVV jomda
Q>S>r gH$b gX^ gm{h (^yJmoc)/ 6
 For Private Circulation Only

OcqgMZ Ho$co OmVo. EHy$U OcqgMZ jomnH$s 29 Q>o$ jo nmUr nnmmao da IoMyZ eoVmH$S>o Zoco OmVo, `mcm CngmqgMZ
H$mc`mmao Amo{cVmImcr AmUco Amho. Cma Xoe, AmY Xoe, hUVmV. EHy$U qgMZ jomnH$s \$$ 5 Q>$o jo CngmqgMZmImcr
ha`mUm, amOWmZ, {~hma, _hmam>, H$ZmQ>H$, C{S>gm, Vm{_iZmSy> Amho. `m n[agamV H$mc`mMm {dH$mg \$magm Pmcm Zg`m_wio
B`mXr am`mV H$mc`mmao qgMZ OmV _mUmV hmoVo. CngmqgMZ daXmZ R>aco Amho. {deofV npM_ KmQ>mg cmJyZ
H$mcdm qgMZm_wio amOWmZmVrc H$mhr dmidQ>r XoemMo Agco`m nyd}H$S>rc XoemV d Bem` ^maVmVrc S>m|Jami
n[adVZ gwnrH$ XoemV Pmco. B{Xam JmYr H$mcdm ho `mMo ^mJmV `m nVrMm dmna OmV Amho. CngmqgMZmgmR>r ZmZm
Cm_ CXmhaU Amho. _w~cH$ nmUr AgUo Amd`H$ AgVo. BVa gmYZm`m _mZmZo
H$mc`mMo ~ma_mhr d nyaH$mcdo Ago H$ma nS>VmV. Zmda CngmqgMZ A{YH$ IMmMo Ag`mZo ghH$mar d emgH$s`
YaUo ~mYyZ V`ma Pmco`m Ocme`mVyZ ~ma_mhr H$mcdo H$mT>co nmVirda `m `moOZm am~{d`m OmVmV.
OmVmV. ZXrcm ~mY Z KmcVm ZXrMo H$mR> ImoXyZ H$mcdo qgMZ jomMo {dVaU ^maVmVrc cmJdS>rImcrc jomnH$s
H$mT>VmV. Aem H$mc`mZm nyaH$mcdo hUVmV. ZXrcm nya Amcm gw_mao 39% jo qgMZmImcr Amho, naVw `mMo am`{Zhm` {dVaU
hUOo nmmVrc OmVrMo nmUr `m H$mc`mmao eoVrcm nwadco {df_ Amho. am`mVrc cmJdS>rImcrc jom`m 60 Q>$o nojm OmV
OmVo. nya Amoga`mZVa ZXrVrc nm`mMr nmVir H$_r hmoVo qg{MV jo Ho$di nOm~ d ha`mUm `m am`mV Amho. Vm{_iZmSy>,
d H$mhr H$mimH$[aVm ho H$mcdo ~X nS>VmV. Ago H$mcdo m_w`mZo Cma Xoe, CmamIS> `m am`mV 40 Vo 60% jo qgMZmImcr
nOm~ d Cma Xoe `m am`mV AmT>iVmV. Amho. OcqgMZ jomMo A`V H$_r _mU _` Xoe, N>mrgJS>,
CngmqgMZ ZXr`m nmmVrc AWdm BVa Ocme`mVrc _hmam>, H$ZmQ>H$, Ho$ai B. am`mV Amho.
Q>S>r gH$b gX^ gm{h (^yJmoc)/ 7
 For Private Circulation Only
^maVr` dZm_`o AmT>iUmao _wI dj d `mMo am`{Zhm` {dVaU d `mnmgyZ V`ma Ho$co`m dVy qH$dm cmH$S>mMr
Cn`w$Vm hr nwT>rc V`mV {Xcocr Amho.
H$. djmMo H$ma am` Cn`w$Vm
1) gmJdmZ Vm{_iZmSy>, _hmam>, _` Xoe, N>mrgJS> B_maV, \${ZMa, OhmO ~mYUr
2) XodXma AUmMc Xoe, {h_mMc Xoe \${ZMa, H$cmHw$gar`m dVy, H$mS>rno>m
3) gmc C{S>gm, {~hma, PmaIS>, npM_ ~Jmc, ~mYH$m_ gm{h`, OhmO ~mYUr
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5) MXZ H$ZmQ>H$ gwJYr Voc, gm~U,
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AmY Xoe, {~hma
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8) gwr npM_ ~Jmc hmoS>m ~mYUo, H$mJX {Z{_Vr,
~mYH$m_ gm{h`
OcqgMZ H$n dmV`mrZVa OcqgMZmcm
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^maVmV OcqgMZ H$nmMo _moR>o, _`_ d cKw Ago
H$ma Ho$co OmVmV. _moR>o H$n ~hYm ~hCoer` AmhoV. ho
H$n qgMZm~amo~a BVa AZoH$ C{>o gm` H$a`mg Cn`moJr
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^maVmV 162 nojm OmV _wI OcqgMZ H$n AmhoV.
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Xm_moXa Imoao H$n Xm_moXa Imoao {dH$mg H$n 1948 dmhVwH$sgmR>r H$mcdm H$mT>`mV Amcm Amho. `mVyZ `m ^mJmVrc
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Q>S>r gH$b gX^ gm{h (^yJmoc)/ 8

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Pmcr Amho d Xa hoQ>ar CnmXZ dmT>co Amho. nman[aH$ nrH$
Q>S>r gH$b gX^ gm{h (^yJmoc)/ 9
For Private Circulation Only
nVrEodOr eoVH$ar ZdrZ d {d{dY {nH$mMr cmJdS> H$$
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~mnr^dZmda {Z`U R>odVm Amco nm{hOo. {R>~H$ d Vwfma
qgMZ `mgma`m nVtMm Adc~ Amd`H$ Amho. A{VqgMZ
Q>mi`mg d nm`mMm {R>~H$ d Vwfma qgMZ `mgma`m nVtMm
Adc~ Amd`H$ Amho. A{VqgMZ Q>mi`mg d nm`mMm
H$mQ>H$garZo dmna Ho$`mg H$moaS>dmh jomg nmUr CncY
H$$Z XoVm `oBc.
eoVH$`mZr Amn`m eoVmV nm`mMm {ZMam hmoBc Aer
`dWm H$aUo, dfmVrc H$mhr H$mi O{_Zrcm nmUr Z XoVm
nS>rH$ R>odUo, _XmJwUmZwgma qgMZm`m _`m{XV dmna H$aUo,
g|{` IVmMm dmna dmT>{dUo B`mXr Cnm`mMm Adc~ H$aUo
Amd`H$ Amho.
^{d`H$mimV nm`m`m dmT>`m _mJUr`m nyVVogmR>r
am>r` OcOmio `moOZm emgZm`m {dMmamYrZ Amho. `m `moOZoV
JJm ZXr H$mdoarg d ~nwm ZXr JJog H$mc`mmao OmoS>`m
OmVrc. Z_Xm ZXrnmgyZ H$mcdo H$mTy>Z Vo JwOamV d npM_
amOWmZH$S>o Zoco OmVrc. VgoM M~i ZXrnmgyZ _`
amOWmZn`V H$mcdo H$mT>co OmD$ eH$Vrc. npM_ KmQ>mVrc
npM_ dm{hZr ZmMo dmh nyd}H$S>o didUo hmhr am>r` OcOmio
`moOZoMm EH$ ^mJ Amho. `moOZoV H$mhr Am{WH$ d Vm{H$
AS>MUr AmhoV. VWm{n hr `moOZm _yV d$nmV Am`mg
XoemVrc H$moaS>m XwH$mimMo d _hmnwamMo H$m`_d$nr CmQ>Z
hmoBc. eoVrMm gdmJrU {dH$mg hmoBc. AVJV OcdmhVwH$sg
MmcZm {_ioc. CmoJYmMm {dH$mg hmoBc , I`m AWmZo ^maV^y_r
"gwOcm_ gw\$cm_' hmoBc.

H$aU 4 - dZ ggmYZo
dZnVr ho ZyVZrj_ ggmYZ Amho. ~hVme dZnVr
`m dZmV dmT>VmV. `m_wio dZmMo ^maVr` AW`dWoVrc `moJXmZ
cjmV Ko`mgmaIo Amho. emgH$s` CoemZwgma dZmMo VrZ
{d^mJ nS>VmV.
(1) amIrd dZo cmHy$S> qH$dm BVa CnmXZmgmR>r H$m`_
d$nmV amIyZ R>odcoco jo hUOo amIrd dZo hmo`. `m dZmV
${MV gJr neyZm Ma`mgmR>r Am{U eoVrgmR>r nadmZJr
{Xcr OmVo. ^maVmVrc EHy$U dZjomnH$s gw_mao 55 Q>o$ jo
amIrd dZmMo Amho.
(2) ga{jV dZo ^maVmVrc EHy$U dZjomnH$s 28
Q>o$ jo ga{jV dZmMo Amho. `m dZmV H$mhr _`mXon`V ney`m
MamBcm d eoVrgmR>r nadmZJr {Xcr OmVo. _m H$mhr ~YZo
KmVcocr AmhoV.
(3) AdJuH$V dZo EHy$U dZjomnH$s gw_mao 17 Q>o$
jo AdJuH$V dZmMo Amho. amIrd dZo d ga{jV dZo Aem
Xmohr H$mamV g_m{d> Z hmoUm`m dZmZm AdJuH$V dZo hUVmV.
djVmoS> hmoD$ Z`o, `m >rZo gd H$ma`m dZ {d^mJmda
`j d A`jar`m gaH$maMo {Z`U Amho.
dZjo ^maVmV dZmMo {dVaU Ag_mZ Pmcoco Amho.
AX_mZ d {ZH$mo~ma ~oQ>mda `m`m EHy$U jomnH$s gw_mao
87 Q>o$, Va ha`mUm am`mV \$$ 4 Q>o$ jo dZmZr `mnco
Amho.
^maVmVrc dZ YmoaUmZwgma am>mVrc {H$_mZ 33 Q>o$
^y_r dZmImcr AgUo Amd`H$ Amho. `mgmR>r {d{dY `moOZm
A_cmV AmU`m OmV AmhoV.
dZjomMo am`{Zhm` {dVaU ZH$memV XmI{dcoco Amho.
g`m 45 Q>`mnojm A{YH$ dZjo {h_mMc Xoe, AUmMc
Xoe, _{Unya, {nwam, {_Pmoam_, ZmJmcS> hr am`o, AX_mZ
d {ZH$mo~ma `m gKam` jomV Amho, Va 15 Q>`mnojm
H$_r dZjo O_y d H$m_ra, nOm~, ha`mUm, Cma Xoe,
{~hma, JwOamV, amOWmZ d npM_ ~Jmc `m am`mV Amho.
dZmVrc dZnVtMo _mU KQ>V Mmccoco Amho, hr qMVoMr
~m~ Amho. `m_wio _XoMr Yyn hmoVo, nwamMo _mU dmT>Vo, Xoe
AmogmS> hmoVmV, VgoM n[apW{VH$s` AgVwcZm`m g_`m
{Z_mU Pm`m AmhoV. AmOhr Jm_rU ^mJmV BYZ hUyZ cmH$S>mMm
Cn`moJ Ho$cm OmVmo. Am{Xdmgr O_mVr WcmV[aV eoVrgmR>r
djVmoS> H$aVmV. dZmda AmYm[aV CmoJmH$aVm, H$m _mc
CncY hmo`mgmR>r djVmoS> H$a`mV `oVo. `mM_mUo OcqgMZ
H$n C^maVmZm AZoH$ dZjoo nm`mImcr `oD$Z dZnVtMm
Zme hmoVmo. ZdrZ aVo AJa cmoh_mJ V`ma H$aVmZm _moR>m
_mUmda djmMr VmoS> Ho$cr OmVo. hr VmoS> amoI`mgmR>r `mo`
Vo Cnm` `moOUo Amd`H$ Amho. dZ gajU hmo`mgmR>r g_mOmV
cmoH${ejUmMr A`V JaO Amho.
dZ CnmXZo dZ CnmXZmV m_w`mZo cmHy$S>, cmI,
qS>H$, AmfYr dZnVr, _Y, doV, ~m~y, {d{dY H$maMo JdV,
{d{dY H$maMr \$io, \w$co B`mXr dVyMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
`m dVyMm Cn`moJ _mZdr JaOm ^mJ{d`mgmR>r H$aVmV. eoVrMr
Q>S>r gH$b gX^ gm{h (^yJmoc)/ 10
For Private Circulation Only
nman[aH$ AdOmao, B_maVr, \${ZMa, H$mJX B`mXtgmR>r cmHy$S>
dmnaco OmVo. gwJYr cmH$S>mnmgyZ Amao, gm~U, AJa~mr
B`mXr dVy Ho$`m OmVmV. cmIoMm Cn`moJ aJ, ~mJS>m
V`ma H$a`mgmR>r Ho$cm OmVmo. H$mSo>noQ>m, cm`dyS> {Z{_Vr
_Xy cmH$S>mnmgyZ Ho$cr OmVo. ~m^wimMr gmc AmfYmgmR>r Cn`moJmV
AmUVmV. H$sS>mgm{h`, do>UnoQ>m V`ma H$a`mgmR>r cmH$S>mMm
Cn`moJ hmoVmo. ^maVr` dZm_`o Cm_ H$maMo B_maVr, \${ZMa
d BVa Ammo{JH$ Cn`moJr cmHy$S> {_iVo. `mV gmJ, XodXma,
gmc, {egd, Ia, MXZ, gwr, hcXy B`mXr djmMm g_mdoe
hmoVmo.
dZ ggmYZmMo Am{WH$ d nm[apW{VH$s`>m _hd
Amho.
dZnVr Am{U mUr Adj` OJmVrc Od {d{dYVm
{dnwc Agco`m 12 Xoem_`o ^maVmMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. OJmVrc
EHy$U gOrdm`m OmVtnH$s 5 Q>o$ OmVr ^maVmH$Sy>Z AmT>iyZ
`oVmV. ^maVm`m d{e>nyU WmZm_wio Am{\$H$m, `wamon, MrZ
Am{U _co{e`m B`mXr XoemVrc gOrdmMo JwUY_ ^maVr`
gOrdm_`o AmT>iVmV. ^maVmV AYm`, _gmcm nXmW, ^m`m,
H$S>Ym`o, VVy {nHo$, no` {nHo$ `mMo {d{dY H$ma AmT>iVmV.
^maVmVrc dZnVr Am{U mUr OmVtMr g`m PnmQ>mZo
H$_r hmoV Amho. Jo`m H$mhr XeH$mV dZnVtV KQ> Pmcr
Amho. kmV Agco`m AmfYr dZnVtnH$s H$mhr Zm_eof Pm`m
AmhoV.
dmT>Umar cmoH$g`m, {d{dY CmoJ `m_wio `j qH$dm
A`jnUo dZnVr d mUr OmVtMm Adj` hmoV Amho.
Od {d{dYVm Agco`m XoemV aVo, aodo, Ka~mYUr, eoVr,
Ammo{JH$ H$n, Oc{dwV H$n C^maco OmV AmhoV. `m_wio
dZnVr qH$dm mUr OmVrM Zho Va gnyU n[agWmM Z>
hmoV AmhoV.
dZnVr d mUr gajU dZnVr d mUr OmVtMm
Adj` Q>mi`mgmR>r `mMo gYmaU Ho$co OmV Amho. `mgmR>r
XoemV ga{jV joo {Z_mU Ho$cr OmV AmhoV. am>r` CmZo
d A^`ma`o `mZm H$m`mMo nyU gajU Amho. CmZm`m
jomV nman[aH$ H$m_o H$aUo, Jwao MmaUo Aem CmoJmZm nyUV
~Xr Amho. ^maVmV 92 am>r` CmZo d gw_mao 500 A^`ma`o
AmhoV. Zg{JH$ A{Ydmg Am{U `mVrc Od {d{dYVm `mMo
gajU d gYmaU H$a`mgmR>r `mMo _mocmMo gmhm` Pmco
Amho. mUr OmVt`m gajUmgmR>r H$n gw$ H$a`mV Amco
AgyZ `mK H$n, hmr H$n, ~mamqeJm dmMdm _mohr_
hr Aem `ZmMr CXmhaUo AmhoV. Zg{JH$ A{Ydmgm~mhoa
mUr gJhmc`o, dZnVr CmZo `m_`o mUr d dZnVr
OmVtMo gYmaU Ho$co OmVo.
djdmT> H$aUo e` Agco Var `m`m dmT>rg doi
cmJVmo. djmMr AdmOdr VmoS> Pm`m_wio dZnVt`m H$mhr
OmVr Z> hmo`m`m _mJmda AmhoV. hm YmoH$m cjmV KoD$Z
nm[apW{VH$s` gVwcZmg _hd XoD$Z dZ gYmaU H$aUo JaOoMo
Amho. dZ gYmaUmgmR>r emgH$s` nmVirda {d{dY Cnm` Ho$co

OmVmV. `mV nwT>rc ~m~tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo
1) djVmoS>rg {V~Y H$aUo.
2) dZm`m dmT>rgmR>r ^y_r Cn`moOZ H$aUo.
3) dZ eoVrcm gaH$mar AZwXmZ XoUo.
4) \$i~mJ eoVrcm CmoOZ XoUo.
5) dZmV cmJUm`m AmJtda {Z`U R>odUo.
6) emim-_hm{dmc`mVrc {dm`mZm dj cmJdS> H$m`H$ _mV
gh^mJr H$$Z KoUo.
7) PmS>o XmH$ `moOZm am~{dUo.
8) gmdO{ZH$ [aH$m`m OmJm, COmS> _miamZo, Q>oH$S>m `mda
dj cmJdS> H$aUo.
^maVr` dZmMo gajU d gYmaU hmdo hUyZ am>r`
dZ YmoaUmZwgma nwT>rc C{>o AmhoV.
1) n`mdaUm`m pWaVogmR>r nm[apW{VH$s` gVc
w Z {Q>H$dUo.
For Private Circulation Only
2) Zg{JH$ dZnVtMo gYmaU H$aUo.
3) ZmMr nmUcmoQ> joo, gamodao, Ocme` `m`m n[agamVrc
_Xo`m jaUmg {V~Y KmcUo.
4) gmJa {H$Zmar ^mJ d amOWmZ_Yrc dmidQ> `mMm {dVma
amoIUo.
5) Am{Xdmgr d Jm_rU cmoH$mZm OimD$ cmH$S>mEodOr n`m`r
BYZ CncY H$$Z XoUo.
6) gm_m{OH$ dZrH$aU H$m`H$ _mVyZ {demc _mUmV dZrH$aU
H$adyZ dZmVrc djmN>mXZmV ^ard dmT> H$aUo.
7) am>r` JaOm ^mJ{d`mgmR>r dZmMr CnmXH$Vm dmT>{dUo.
8) cmH$S>mgmR>r `mo` n`m`r dVy, dZmonmXZo `mMm `mo`
dmna H$a`mg mogmhZ XoUo.
9) {`m`m gh^mJmgh {demc _mUmV cmoH$Midi
H$a`mgmR>r nmdco CMcUo.

Q>S>r gH$b gX^ gm{h (^yJmoc)/ 11


H$aU 5 - ^yr ggmYZo ^yr CnmoJ
^maVmV {d{dY H$maMr ^y$no AmhoV. {d{dY H$maMo
ndV, S>m|JaamJm, nR>mao d _XmZo AmhoV. ^maVmVrc EHy$U ^y_rnH$s
30 Q>o$ ^y_r ndV_`, 27 Q>o$ nR>mamMo jo Am{U 43
Q>$o ^y_r _XmZr Amho. ndVr` XoemV dZo d d`mUr AmT>iVmV.
nR>mar XoemV I{ZO ggmYZo {dnwc _mUmV AmhoV. ~hVme
_XmZr Xoe dVr, eoVr d BVa _wI Am{WH$ `dgm`mgmR>r
Cn`w$ R>acm Amho. `m_wio ^y_r ho ^maVr`m`m >rZo A`V
_hdmMo mH${VH$ ggmYZ R>aco Amho.
^y_r Cn`moJ ^y_r`m JwUY_mZwgma {VMm Cn`moJ Ho$cm
OmVmo. O_rZ I{ZO`w$ Agoc Va ImUH$m_ `dgm` {ZdS>cm
OmVmo. O_rZ gwnrH$, gnmQ> Agoc d hdm_mZ {nH$mgmR>r AZwHy$c
Agoc Va VoWo eoVr Ho$cr OmVo. Hw$aUmMm Xoe Agoc Va
newnmcZ `dgm` Ho$cm OmVmo. ^maVmVrc ^y_r Cn`moJmMr
d{e>o cjmV KoD$Z `mMo _wI nmM H$mamV dJuH$aU
Ho$co Amho.
(1) dZmImcrc jo `m H$mamV ^maVmVrc gd
H$ma`m dZmImcrc O{_ZrMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. ^maVmVrc EHy$U
jom`m gw_mao 23 Q>o$ jo dZmImcr Amho. gm_m`nUo OmV
S>m|Jami d OmV nmdgm`m ^mJmV dZo XmQ> AmhoV. BVa
{R>H$mUr nmdgm`m _mUmZwgma H$_r-OmV XmQ> dZo AmT>iVmV.
(2) {~Ja cmJdS>rImcrc jo {~Ja cmJdS>rImcrc
jomV dZo, aVo, cmoh_mJ, dVr, Ocme` B`mXtMm g_mdoe
hmoVmo. VgoM AmogmS>, CM, gIc d cmJdS>rg A`mo` johr
`m H$mamV `oVo. ^maVmVrc gw_mao 13 Q>o$ jomMm `mV g_mdoe
hmoVmo. XoemVrc Ammo{JH$ {dH$mgm_wio aVo d ZmJar d`mgmR>r
O{_ZrMm dmna gVV dmT>V Amho. npM_ ~Jmc, Vm{_iZmSy>,
_oKmc`, {_Pmoam_, AUmMc Xoe B`mXr am`mV {~Ja
cmJdS>rImcrc jo OmV Amho.
(3) MamD$ d cmJdS>rcm`H$ nS>rV jo ^maVmV H$m`_
d$nmMr Hw$aUo H$_r AmhoV. H$m`_ d$nmMr Hw$aUo, {H$aH$moi
PmS>oPwS>nmImcrc jo d cmJdS> H$a`mg `mo` nU g`m
cmJdS>rImcr Zgco`m O{_ZrMm `m H$mamV g_mdoe hmoVmo.
^maVmVrc gw_mao 10 Q>o$ jo `m H$mamImcr `oVo.
(4) nS>rV jo H$mhr H$mi O_rZ cmJdS>rImcr hmoVr,
nU g`m _m Vr eoVrgmR>r dmnamV Zmhr, Aem O{_Zrg
nS>rV O_rZ jo hUVmV. H$mhr eoVH$ar _XoMr gwnrH$Vm
{Q>Hy$Z amhmdr hUyZ Xa EH$-XmoZ dfmAmS> O_rZ nS>rV R>odVmV.
XoemV nS>rV O{_ZrMo jo 8 Q>o$ Amho. `Z Ho$`mg hr
O_rZ cmJdS>rImcr AmUVm `oBc.
(5) cmJdS>rImcrc jo XoemVrc EHy$U O{_ZrnH$s
46 Q>$o jo cmJdS>rImcr Amho. cmJdS>rImcrc jomMo ^maVmVrc
^mJmo{cH$ {dVaU A{Ve` Ag_mZ AmT>iVo.
cmJdS>rImcrc jo XmI{dUm`m ZH$memd$Z Ago {XgyZ
`oVo H$s nOm~ d ha`mUm `m am`mV gdmV OmV cmJdS>rMo
jo Amho. npM_ ~Jmc, _hmam>, Cma Xoe, Ho$ai, H$ZmQ>H$,
JwOamV `m am`mVhr am>r` gamgarnojm A{YH$ jo cmJdS>rImcr
Amho. {g$s_, _oKmc`, ZmJmcS>, _{Unya, O_y d H$m_ra,
{h_mMc Xoe d CmamIS> `m S>m|Jami Xoe Agco`m am`mV
cmJdS>rImcr \$maM WmoS>o jo Amho.
Q>S>r gH$b gX^ gm{h (^yJmoc)/ 12
For Private Circulation Only
dmV`moma H$mimV ^y_r Cn`moJmV {Z`moOZmmao ~Xc
KSy>Z `oV Amho. OmVrV OmV O_rZ cmJdS>rImcr H$er
AmUVm `o B c `mgmR>r `Z H$a`mV Amco , `m_w i o
cmJdS>rImcrc jomV WmoS>r dmT> Pmcr. VgoM dZmImcrc
jo dmT>d`mMohr Cnm` gw$ AmhoV.
cmJdS>rImcrc jo dmT>{d`mg ^maVmV AmO H$_r dmd
Amho. H$maU g`mMo dZmImcrc jo H$_r H$aVm `oV Zmhr.
{edm` mH${VH$ aMZm d hdm_mZ `m`m {VHy$c n[apWVr_wio
cmJdS>rImcrc jom`m dmT>rda ~YZo AmhoV. `m_wio Amho
VodT>m O{_Zrda gwYm[aV eoVr nVtMm dmna H$$Z CnmXZ
dmT>{dUo hm EH$M Cnm` Amn`mnwT>o Cacm Amho.
^maVmVrc dmT>`m cmoH$g`ocm ImmmMm nwadR>m H$aUo
ho eoVrMo _wI C{> Amho. `m~amo~aM CmoJmgmR>r H$m
_mc nwadUo d {Z`mVrgmR>r _mc CncY H$$Z XoUo hrXoIrc
_hdmMr C{>o AmhoV.
^y_r AdZVr ^y_rMr AdZVr hUOo Zg{JH$ AWdm
_mZd{Z{_V {H$`o_wio ^y_rMr nmofUj_Vm H$_r hmoUo hmo`.
`m{H$ AdOmao d amgm`{ZH$ IVo `mMm _moR>m _mUmda
dmna Ho$`mZo, VgoM dmhVo nmUr d dm`m_wio _mVr dmhZ
Jo`mZo {VMr V Am{U CnmXZ j_Vm KQ>Vo. Vohm `m ^y_rMr
JwUdmm ImcmdVo. `mcmM ^y_r AdZVr Ago hUVmV.
^y_r ho EH$ _`m{XV ggmYZ Amho. dmT>Vr cmoH$g`m
d {V`m dmT>`m JaOm `m_wio ^y_r Anwar nSy> cmJcr Amho.
dmT>Vo Ammo{JH$ jo, ZmJarH$aU, ImUH$m_, H$fr {H$`oVrc
AmYw{ZH$sH$aU `m_wio O{_ZrMm A{ddoH$s dmna hmoVmo. `m_wio
^y_r AdZVr`m g_`m J^ra d$nm`m hmoV AmhoV.
EHy$U AdZV ^y_rnH$s {Z`mhZ A{YH$ jo nwam_wio
AdZV Pmcoco Amho. `m{edm` dm`m`m jaU H$m`m_wio Am{U
jmamMo _mU dmTy>Z ^y_r AdZV hmoV Amho.
^y_r gYmaU ^y_rMr Yyn hmo`mnmgyZ gajU H$aUo,
{VMr JwUdmm Am{U CnmXZ j_Vm dmT>{dUo hUOoM ^y_r
gYmaU hmo`. gOrd g>rMo ^{d` gwa{jV amhmdo `mgmR>r
^y_r ggmYZmMo gYmaU A{Zdm` Amho.
^y_r ggmYZ gYmaUmMo nwT>rc_mUo R>iH$ Cnm` AmhoV.
1) ^y_rMm `mo` Cn`moJ d {ddoH$s dmna H$aUo.
2) XyfUa{hV Ammo{JH$ UmcrMm {dH$mg H$aUo.
3) djVmoS>rda {Z~Y KmcUo d djVmoS> Pmco`m OmJoda
dZrH$aU H$aUo.
4) eoVr nVrV amgm`{ZH$ IVmMm d H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mMm _`m{XV
dmna H$aUo d g|{` IVmMm Cn`moJ H$aUo.
5) O{_ZrMr Yyn amoI`mgmR>r CVmamda ~mY~{XVr H$aUo.
6) eoVr`mo` O{_ZrMm dmna BVa H$maUmgmR>r H$a`mg {Z~Y
KmcUo.
7) dmVmdaUmV, ^y_rV {_giUm`m Xy{fV KQ>H$mda {Z`U
R>odUo.
8) _mZd{Z{_V Q>mH$mD$ Ho$aH$Mam, cpQ>H$ B`mXtMr `mo`
Vr {dhodmQ> cmdUo.
9) cmoH$g`m {ejU, gmjaVm, n`mdaU {ejU B`mXtVyZ
^y_r gYmaUmMo _hd gd Vamda gmJUo.

H$aU 6 - ^yr ggmYZo eoVr
^maV H${fYmZ Xoe Amho. `m_wio eoVO_rZ ho EH$
A`V _mocmMo ggmYZ Amho. cmJdS>rImcrc jom`m >rZo
^maVmMm OJmV Xwgam H$_mH$ Amho. AmYw{ZH$ H$fr VkmZmMm
Adc~ Ho$`m_wio ^maVmVrc cmJdS>rImcrc jomV dmT> Pmcocr
Amho. ^maVr` AW`dWoV eoVr `dgm`mcm _hdmMo WmZ
Amho.
eoVrMr d{e>o
1) amoOJma {Z{_VrMo jo ^maVr` eoVr l_mda AmYm[aV
Amho. `m_wio eoVr `dgm`mV _moR>m _mUmV amoOJma CncY
hmoVmo. EHy$U cmoH$g`o`m gw_mao 65 Q>o$ cmoH$ `m `dgm`mV
AmhoV.
2) nmdgmda AmYmarV eoVr ^maVr` eoVr m_w`mZo
_mgyZ nO`mda AmYm[aV Amho. Amo{cVmImcrc jo \$ma
H$_r Amho. A{ZpMV nmdgm_wio H$fr CnmXZmda n[aUm_
hmoVmo.
3) {nH$mMr {d{dYVm ^maVmV df^a {d{dY H$maMr
{nHo$ doJdoJ`m ^mJmV doJdoJ`m hJm_mV KoVcr OmVmV.
Ym`{nHo$, H$S>Ym`o, VVy {nHo$, Voc{~`m, \$io d ^mOrnmcm
VgoM no` {nHo$ KoVcr OmVmV.
4) nman[aH$ d AmYw{ZH$ eoVr ^maVmV nman[aH$ d
AmYw{ZH$ eoVr nVr AmT>iVmV. ^maVmV A{dH${gV d XwJ_
^mJmV AOyZhr nman[aH$ nVrMr eoVr Ho$cr OmVo. VgoM
{dH$gZerc ^mJmV AmYw{ZH$ nVrMr eoVr Ho$cr OmV Ag`mMo
{XgyZ `oVo. dmV`nyd H$mim_`o nman[aH$ eoVr OmV _mUmV
hmoVr. naVw dmV`moma H$mim_`o eoVr gwYma`mgmR>r Z`m eoVH$ar H$m`_d$nr dVr H$$Z EH$mM ^mJmV eoVr H$aVmo.
`moOZm A_cmV AmU`m Jo`m_wio AmYw{ZH$ eoVr nVrMm
Cn`moJ dmT>V Amho.
5) eoVO{_ZrMo AmH$ma_mZ ^maVmVrc eoVO{_Zr`m
VwH$S>rH$aUm_wio eoVmMo AmH$ma_mZ chmZ hmoVo. `m_wio `mMm
dmna H$aUo H$R>rU hmoVo.
6) Ammo{JH$ jomer g~Y eoVr{df`H$ ~Xc`m
YmoaUm_wio eoVr Am{U eoVrda AmYm[aV CmoJ `m XmohrV
g_d` dmT>V Amho. VgoM AmYw{ZH$ dmhVwH$sMr gmYZo, {dnUZ
gw{dYm `m_wio eoVr Am{U CmoJ `mMo g~Y A{YH$ T> hmoV
AmhoV.
7) eoVr CnmXZmMo {Z`mVrVrc _hd ^maVm`m
{Z`mVrV H$fr CnmXZmZm _hd Amho. Xoem`m EHy$U {Z`mVrV
H$fr jomMm dmQ>m gw_mao 14 Q>o$ _y`mMm Amho.
eoVr H$ma ^maVmVrc mH${VH$, Am{WH$ Am{U
gmH${VH$ KQ>H$m`m {d{dYVo_wio eoVrMo {d{dY H$ma Xoem`m
AZoH$ ^mJmV AmT>iVmV. `mVrc H$mhr eoVr H$mamMr _m{hVr
{_idy.
(1) {Zdmh eoVr `m eoVr H$mamV eoVH$`m`m
{ZdmhmnwaVoM CnmXZ {_iVo `mg {Zdmh eoVr hUVmV. `m
eoVrMo WcmV[aV eoVr d Wm`r {Zdmh eoVr Ago H$ma
nS>VmV.
(A) WcmV[aV eoVr WcmV[aV eoVr hr A`V
Q>S>r gH$b gX^ gm{h (^yJmoc)/ 13
For Private Circulation Only
AJV d$nmMr AgVo. hr eoVr XwJ_, S>m|Jami d dZ XoemVrc
H$mhr O_mVr H$aVmV. Amgm_, _oKmc`, AUmMc Xoe,
_{Unya, {nwam, ZmJmcS>, {_Pmoam_, _` Xoe, C{S>gm, AmY
Xoe, Ho$ai `m am`m_Yrc H$mhr ^mJmV WcmV[aV eoVr
Ho$cr OmVo.
d{e>o
1) O_rZ ZmnrH$ Pm`mZVa eoV O{_Zr`m emoYmW ^Q>H$Uo
ho `m eoVrMo _w` d{e> Amho.
2) O{_ZrMr {ZdS> Pm`mZVa Vr gm\$ Ho$cr OmVo.
O{_Zrda`m dZnVr Omi`m OmVmV. `m_wio O{_ZrV
nmoQ>eMo _mU dmT>Vo d g|{` KQ>H$ `o Zmhrer hmoVmV.
3) VmXyi, _H$m, dmar, ~mOar, ZmMUr, {_aMr, Voc{~`m
B`mXr {nHo$ m_w`mZo KoVcr OmVmV.
4) XO}Xma {~`mUo, nrH$ gajU, AmYw{ZH$ AdOmao `mMm
Cn`moJ Ho$cm OmV Zg`mZo CnmXZ H$_r `oVo.
5) WcmV[aV eoVrg doJdoJ`m ^mJmV doJdoJir Wm{ZH$
Zmdo AmhoV. CXmhaUmW, Bem` ^maVmVrc am`mV Py_,
Ho$ai_`o Hw$_ar, _` XoemV ~oda, C{S>gm_`o nmoSy>,
Sw>Ja B`mXr.
6) djVmoS>, _XoMr Yyn, nya, An CnmXZ d AWm`r
OrdZ Aem H$ma`m _wI g_`m AmhoV.
7) WcmV[aV eoVr_wio n`mdaUmMr AdZVr hmoVo, hUyZ
`m eoVrda H$mhr {Z~Y KmVco OmV AmhoV.
(~) Wm`r {Zdmh eoVr Wm`r {Zdmh eoVr H$mamV
d{e>o
1) hr eoVr nVr mW{_H$ d$nmMr Amho. _emJVrgmR>r
cmH$S>r ZmJa, Hw$Xi, \$mdS>o Aem gm`m AdOmamMm
dmna Ho$cm OmVmo. IVmMm dmna \$magm Ho$cm OmV Zmhr,
`m_wio eoVH$`m`m JaOonwaVoM CnmXZ hmoVo.
2) dmar, ~mOar, _H$m, Vri, H$S>Ym`o, H$mnyg, ^mOrnmcm
B`mXr {nHo$ m_w`mZo KoVcr OmVmV. Xa hoQ>ar CnmXZ
H$_r AgVo.
3) eoVmMo AmH$ma_mZ chmZ AgVo. Jwam`m gmhm`mZo eoVmVrc
H$m_o Ho$cr OmVmV.
4) `mMm dmna Ho$cm OmV Zmhr. hr eoVr l_mYm[aV Amho.
`m H$ma`m eoVr_wio Wm`r OrdZmg gwdmV Pmcr.
(2) H$moaS>dmh eoVr nmdgm`m nm`mda Adc~yZ
Agco`m eoVrg H$moaS>dmh eoVr hUVmV. nmD$g nS>`mda
O{_ZrV nmUr {OaVo Am{U `m Amocm`m`m AmYmao {nHo$ KoVcr
OmVmV. hr EH$ nanamJV eoVr Amho.
^maVmVrc AVJV ^mJmV hr eoVr Ho$cr OmVo. amOWmZ,
JwOamV, _hmam>, H$ZmQ>H$, Vm{_iZmSy>, AmY Xoe, _` Xoe
B`mXr XoemVrc H$_r nmdgm`m ^mJmV hr eoVr AmT>iVo.
d{e>o
1) nmdgmMo nmUr O{_ZrV Imocda {PanVo. `mMm Cn`moJ
Iarn d a~r hJm_mV {nHo$ Ko`mgmR>r hmoVmo.

2) H$moaS>dmh eoVrV m_w`mZo Im {nHo$ KoVcr OmVmV.
dmar, ~mOar, _H$m, _yJ, ^wB_yJ B`mXr Iarn hJm_mV
KoVcr OmUmar {nHo$ hmoV. a~r hJm_mV Jh, ha^am,
gmo`m~rZ, gy`\y$c, Vri B`mXr {nHo$ KoVcr OmVmV.
(3) gKZ eoVr _`m{XV cmJdS>r`mo` O_rZ Am{U
XmQ> cmoH$g`m Agco`m XoemV gKZ eoVr Ho$cr OmVo.
_ohZV, A{YH$ CnmXZmMr {~`mUr, IVo, H$sQ>H$ZmeHo$ d
OcqgMZ `mMm Cn`moJ H$$Z OmV CnmXZ Ko`mMo `Z
Ho$co OmVmV.
XoemVrc nyd d npM_ {H$Zmar ^mJ, nya_XmZo Am{U
`mcJVMm ^mJ Aem XoemV gKZ eoVr Ho$cr OmVo.
d{e>o
1) ^maVmV dmagm h$mZwgma eoVO{_ZrMo VwH$S>rH$aU hmoV
Ag`mZo eoV O{_ZrMo chmZchmZ ^mJ Ho$co OmVmV.
{edm` eoVm^modVr ~mY KmVco OmVmV. `m_wio eoVrMo
AmH$ma_mZ chmZ hmoVo.
2) `m eoVr nVrV newnmcZ Ho$co OmVo. neyMm Cn`moJ
{d{dY eoVH$m_mgmR>r Ho$cm OmVmo. {edm` XyY, _mg,
AS>r Aer nyaH$ CnmXZohr {_idcr OmVmV.
3) gKZ eoVr m{UO e$sda AmYm[aV AgVo. XmQ>
cmoH$g`o_wio _Zw`~i CncY AgVo. eoVmMm AmH$ma
chmZ Ag`mZo `mMm dmna \$magm H$aVm `oV Zmhr.
l_mYm[aV eoVr_wio AZoH$ cmoH$mZm amoOJma {_iVmo, hUyZ
`m eoVrda Iyn cmoH$ Adc~yZ AmhoV.
4) gKZ eoVrV ~h{dY H$maMr {nHo$ KoVcr OmVmV. Ym`o
{nHo$, \$io, ^mOrnmcm, Voc{~`m `mMm `mV g_mdoe
hmoVmo. CU d X_Q> hdm_mZ, ^anya nmD$g Agco`m
^mJmV VmXyi ho _wI nrH$ Amho.
nmdgmMo _mU H$_r Agco`m ^mJmV VmXyi ho nrH$
KoUo e` ZgVo. `m_wio BVa {d{dY {nHo$ KoVcr OmVmV.
Jh ho `mVrc _wI nrH$ Amho. Cma Xoe, {~hma, _`
Xoe, nOm~, ha`mUm, JwOamV, _hmam>, C{S>gm B`mXr am`mV
gKZ eoVr hmoVo.
gKZ eoVrV Xa hoQ>ar CnmXZ OmV {_iVo.
(4) _`mMr eoVr ^maVm`m AW`dWoV _`m`m
eoVrVrc nrH$ CnmXZmZm _hdmMo WmZ Amho. Mhm, H$m\$s,
a~a, _gm`mMo nXmW, Zmai hr _wI {nHo$ KoVcr OmVmV.
Amgm_, _oKmc`, {nwam, CmamIS>, {h_mMc Xoe, npM_
~Jmc, Ho$ai, Vm{_iZmSy>, H$ZmQ>H$, _hmam> B`mXr am`m_Yrc
H$mhr ^mJmV _`mMr eoVr Ho$cr OmVo.
d{e>o
1) _`m`m eoVrVrc eoVmZm _io qH$dm BQ>oQ> Ago g~moYco
OmVo. ^maVmVrc _`m`m eoVmMo AmH$ma_mZ gw_mao 40
hoQ>an`V Amho. npM_ ~Jmc_Yrc H$mhr _io 200
hoQ>a AmH$ma_mZmMo AmhoV.
2) `oH$ _`mV EH$M EH$ nrH$ KoVco OmVo. Amgm_,
_oKmc`, npM_ ~Jmc B`mXr am`m_`o MhmMo _io
AmhoV. H$ZmQ>H$, Ho$ai Am{U Vm{_iZmSy> B`mXr am`mV
H$m\$sMo _io AmhoV, Va Ho$ai, {nwam d Vm{_iZmSy>
`m am`mV a~amMo _io AmhoV.
3) _`m`m eoVrgmR>r ^anya ^mS>dcmMr Amd`H$Vm AgVo.
4) _`m`m eoVrVrc ~hVme CnmXZmMr {Z`mV Ho$cr OmVo.
g_`m
Q>S>r gH$b gX^ gm{h (^yJmoc)/ 14
For Private Circulation Only
1) _io ndV CVmamda Ag`mZo O{_ZrMr Yyn _moR>m _mUmda
hmoVo.
2) djVmoS> H$$Z _io V`ma Ho$co OmVmV. `m_wio n`mdaUmMr
hmZr hmoVo.
3) _mcH$ d _Oya `mVrc H$chm_wio CnmXZmda {dnarV
n[aUm_ hmoVmo.
(5) emdV eoVr emdV eoVr hr AmYw{ZH$ gH$nZm
Amho. ggmYZmMo gajU d gYmaU H$$Z Or eoVr Ho$cr
OmVo `m eoVrg emdV eoVr hUVmV.
`m eoVrMr _w` C{>o nwT>rc_mUo AmhoV-
* n`mdaUmMo gVwcZ amIUo.
* gm_m{OH$-Am{WH$ g_Vm gm` H$aUo.
* Am{WH$ cm^ {_idUo.
Amn`m JaOm nyU H$a`mgmR>r AmnU Or ggmYZo dmnaVmo
Vr ^mdr {nT>rgwm VemM JwUdmoMr AgUo Amd`H$ Amho.
`mgmR>r ggmYZmMo gYmaU H$aUo _hdmMo Amho. eoVH$ar, eoV_Oya,
JmhH$, {Z`moOZH$V} Am{U BVa gd g~{YV KQ>H$ ho `m
H$ma`m eoVrMo A{d^m` ^mJ AmhoV. n`mdaUmcm hmZr Z
nmohmoM{dVm d _mZdr Amamo`mcm YmoH$m {Z_mU Z H$aVm hr
eoVr Ho$cr OmVo. Ho$ai, Vm{_iZmSy>, _hmam> B`mXr am`m_`o
H$mhr ^mJmV emdV eoVr Ho$cr OmVo.
V kmZ Am{U g Wm_H$ ^md {dkmZ Am{U
VkmZm_wio nman[aH$ ^maVr` eoVrV H$mhr cjUr` ~Xc
Pmco AmhoV. VkmZ d gWm_H$ ^mdm`m >rZo nwT>rc
~m~r _hdm`m AmhoV -
1) gy_OcqgMZ eoVrgmR>r Amd`H$ {VV`mM
nm`mMm dmna H$aUo gy_OcqgMZm_wio gm` Pmco. {R>~H$
qgMZ Am{U Vwfma qgMZ `m gy_OcqgMZm`m nVr AmhoV.
\$i~mJm, \y$ceoVr, dZeoVr `mgmR>r gy_OcqgMZ `edr
R>aco Amho. nOm~, ha`mUm, Cma Xoe, _hmam> B`mXr am`m_`o
`m VkmZmMm gma Pmcm Amho.
2) OdVkmZ {nH$mMr dmT>, JwUdmmnyU CnmXZ,
amoJ d {H$S>tdarc {Z`U gm` H$a`mgmR>r {d{dY gOrdmMm
dmna H$a`mMo V hUOo OdVkmZ hmo`. OdVkmZmMm
dmna AcrH$S>`m H$mimV JV eoVH$ar eoVrV H$arV AmhoV.
3) nmcrhmD$g H$mhr _m{cH$ {nH$m`m CnmXZmgmR>r
nm{c{WZ `m H${_ H$mnS>mnmgyZ {Zdmam V`ma H$aVmV. `mV
nmcrhmD$g hUVmV. ho H$mnS>r {Zdmao AYJmocmH$ma, MmH$moZr
Am{U cm~Q> AgVmV. `m`m AmV Vmn_mZ, AmVm, dm`wOrdZ
{Z`{V H$aUmar CnH$aUo ~g{dVmV. `m_wio Ia CUVm,
Vrd gy`H$me, dmXir dmao, Jmam, WS>rMr cmQ> `mnmgyZ {nH$mMo
gajU hmoVo. \y$ceoVr, amondm{Q>H$m `mH$[aVm nmcrhmD$gMm
dmna H$aVmV.
4) AmYw{ZH$ AdOmao d `o eoVH$m_mVrc H$m`j_Vm
dmT>`mgmR>r nman[aH$ AdOmao d `o `mV gw`mo` Ago ~Xc
Pmco AmhoV. Q>Q>a, noaUr`o, _iUr`o, \$dmaUr CnH$aUo
`mMm dmna dmT>cm Amho.
5) gmR>dUyH$ d {H$`m V H$mhr H$fr CnmXZo hJm_r
d ZmedV AgVmV. `mMr `mo` d emr` nVrZo gmR>dUyH$
Ho$`mg Vr CnmXZo ~mamhr _{hZo CncY hmoD$ eH$VmV.
Ym` gmR>{d`mgmR>r JmoXm_o, XyY, \$io, _mg Aem ZmedV
_mcmgmR>r erVJho d erVnoQ>mMm dmna _hdmMm Amho.
_wI {nHo$

VmXyi CnmXH$ Xoe
^maVmV mH${VH$ aMZm, hdm_mZ, _Xm `m ~m~VrV {d{dYVm hdm_mZ Agco`m XoemV dmarMo nrH$ KoVco OmVo. Iarn
Ag`mZo AZoH$ H$maMr {nHo$ KoVcr OmVmV. Im {nH$m_`o d a~r `m Xmohr hJm_mV dmarMo CnmXZ KoVco OmVo.
Ym`o, Voc{~`m, H$S>Ym`o, Mhm, H$m\$s, \$io B`mXr Va
AIm {nH$m_`o H$mnyg, VmJ, a~a B`mXr {nHo$ AmhoV.
VmXyi ^maVmVrc gdmV _wI Ym` nrH$ VmXyi ho
Amho. VmXyi CnmXZmV ^maVmMm OJmV Xwgam H$_mH$ cmJVmo.
XoemVrc EHy$U cmJdS>rImcrc jomnH$s 34 Q>o$ jo `m
{nH$mImcr Amho, VgoM Ym`m`m EHy$U CnmXZm_`o gw_mao
42 Q>o$ CnmXZ VmXimMo Amho.
^maVm`m `m ^mJmV nmD$g gamgar 125 g|._r. Am{U
Jh CnmXH$ Xoe
Q>S>r gH$b gX^ gm{h (^yJmoc)/ 15
For Private Circulation Only
0
gamgar Vmn_mZ 23 go. AgVo Aem XoemV m_w`mZo
VmXimMo nrH$ KoVco OmVo.
Bem` ^maV, nyd d npM_ {H$Zmar ^mJ Am{U JJm
ZXrMo Imoao ho ^maVmVrc _wI VmXyi cmJdS>rImcrc Xoe
AmhoV. npM_ ~Jmc, nOm~, Cma Xoe hr _wI VmXyi
CnmXH$ am`o AmhoV. `m{edm` Vm{_iZmSy>, H$ZmQ>H$, C{S>gm,
ha`mUm, {~hma, N>mrgJS>, Amgm_ d _hmam> hrgwm VmXyi
CnmXH$ am`o AmhoV. VmXyi CnmXZmVrc ~Xc {Xco`m
AmcoImd$Z cjmV `oVmo.
Jh Jh ho ^maVmVrc Xwgao _wI nrH$ Amho. ho nrH$
a~r hJm_mV KoVco OmVo. h[aV H$mVrZVa Jhm`m CnmXZmV
cjUr` dmT> Pmcr. gwYm[aV {~`mUo, IVmMr `mo` _mm d
OcqgMZ `m {gyrMm Cn`moJ Pmcm.
dm{fH$ gamgar 75 g|._r. nmD$g d gwnrH$ _Xm Agco`m
^mJmV JhmMr cmJdS> Ho$cr OmVo. XoemVrc gdmV OmV
JhmMo CnmXZ Cma Xoe am`mV hmoVo. XoemVrc EHy$U
CnmXZmnH$s gw_mao 35 Q>o$ CnmXZ Cma XoemV hmoVo. `mZVa
nOm~, ha`mUm `m am`mV JhmMo CnmXZ _moR>m _mUmV
KoVco OmVo. amOWmZ, {~hma, _` Xoe, _hmam> B`mXr
am`m`m H$mhr ^mJmV JhmMr cmJdS> Ho$cr OmVo.
dmar ^maVmVrc Ym` {nH$m_`o dmar hogwm _hdmMo
nrH$ Amho. dm{fH$ gamgar 45 g|._r. nO`, CU d H$moaS>o
dmar CnmXH$ Xoe
^maVmV gdmV OmV dmarMo jo _hmam> am`mV Amho.
XoemVrc dmarImcrc EHy$U jomnH$s 50 Q>o$ jo _hmam>mV
Amho. EHy$U CnmXZmnH$s 52 Q>o$ CnmXZ _hmam>mV hmoVo.
H$ZmQ>H$, AmY Xoe, Vm{_iZmSy> d _` XoemVhr dmarMo
CnmXZ hmoVo.
H$S>Ym`o ^maVmV H$moaS>m hdm_mZm`m XoemV
H$S>Ym`mMr {nHo$ hmoVmV. `m {nH$m_wio _Xog Z nwadR>m hmoVmo.
 For Private Circulation Only
AmhmamV H$S>Ym`m`m g_mdoem_wio {WZo m hmoVmV.
^maVmV H$S>Ym`o CnmXZmV _` Xoe AJoga am`
Amho. `m am`mV H$S>Ym`m`m XoemVrc EHy$U CnmXZmnH$s
24 Q>o$ CnmXZ hmoVo. `m ImcmoImc Cma Xoe d amOWmZ
`mMm H$_mH$ cmJVmo. `m{edm` _hmam>, C{S>gm, {~hma, JwOamV,
H$ZmQ>H$, AmY Xoe, Vm{_iZmSy>, npM_ ~Jmc B`mXr
am`mVXoIrc H$S>Ym`mMo CnmXZ hmoVo.
Voc{~`m ^wB_ Jy , Vri, gy`\ $y c, H$aS>B, _mohar, gmo`m~rZ,
Odg hr _wI Voc{~`m {nHo$ AmhoV. XoemVrc EHy$U Im
{nH$mImcrc jomnH$s 12 Q>o$ jo `m {nH$mImcr Amho.
JwOamV, _` Xoe, _hmam>, amOWmZ d AmY Xoe
am`mVyZ XoemVrc 60 Q>o$ Voc{~`mMo CnmXZ hmoVo. ^wB_yJ
ho EH$ _wI J{iVmMo nrH$ AgyZ `mMo JwOamV am`mV gdm{YH$
CnmXZ hmoVo. `mZVa AmYXoe d Vm{_iZmSy>Mm H$_mH$ cmJVmo.
gmo`m~rZMo CnmXZ m_w`mZo _` Xoe, _hmam> Am{U amOWmZ
`m am`mV hmoVo. gy`\w$cmMo CnmXZ m_w`mZo H$ZmQ>H$, AmY
Xoe Am{U _hmam> `m am`mV KoVco OmVo.
H$mnyg ^maVmV gamgar nmD$g 60 Vo 85 g|._r.
Am{U H$mir H$gXma aoJya _Xm Agco`m XoemV H$mngmMo
nrH$ KoVmV. CU, H$moaS>o hdm_mZ, dN> gy`H$me d {Za^
AmH$me `m {nH$mg AZwHy$c AgVmV. Mhm Am{U H$m$s CnmXH$ Xoe
An _mUmV CnmXZ hmoVo.
Mhm OJmVrc Mhm CnmXZmV ^maVmMm W_ H$_mH$
cmJVmo. OmJ{VH$ CnmXZm`m gw_mao 27 Q>o$ Mhm ^maVmV
hmoVmo. CU, X_Q> hdm_mZ Am{U S>m|Ja CVmamdarc nm`mMm
{ZMam hmoUmar _Xm Mhmg cmJVo.
Amgm_, npM_ ~Jmc, {h_mMc Xoe, Vm{_iZmSy> d
Ho$ai `m am`mVrc S>m|Ja CVmamda MhmMo _io AmT>iVmV.
Amgm__Yrc ~nwm Imo`mVrc d npM_ ~Jmc_Yrc Xm{OqcJ
n[agamVrc Mhm Md, dmX d aJ `mgmR>r OJ{g Amho.
H$m\$s ^maVr` H$m\$sMr Md Am{U dmX Cm_ Ag`mZo

H$mnyg Am{U VmJ CnmXH$ Xoe

^maVmVrc H$mngm`m EHy$U CnmXZmnH$s 65 Q>o$ H$mnyg

CnmXZ JwOamV, _hmam> d AmY Xoe `m am`mV hmoVo.
`m{edm` H$ZmQ>H$, Vm{_iZmSy>, _` Xoe d nOm~ `m am`mVhr
H$mngmMr cmJdS> Ho$cr OmVo. ^maVmV _`_ d AmIyS> Ym`m`m
H$mngmMo CnmXZ KoVco OmVo. H$mnyg CnmXZmV dmT> hmoV
Amho ho {Xco`m AmcoImd$Z cjmV `oVo.
VmJ ^maV hm OJmVrc VmJ CnmXZ H$aUmam _wI
Xoe Amho.
npM_ ~Jmc, {~hma d C{S>gm `m am`mV m_w`mZo
VmJmMo CnmXZ hmoVo. `m{edm` Cma Xoe d Amgm_ `m am`mVyZ D$g CnmXH$ Xoe
Q>S>r gH$b gX^ gm{h (^yJmoc)/ 16

OmJ{VH$ ~mOmanoR>oV Iyn _mJUr Amho. `m_wio ^maVmVyZ H$m\$sMr
{Z`mV hmoVo.
H$ZmQ>H$, Ho$ai d Vm{_iZmSy> `m X{jU ^maVmVrc am`mV
H$m\$sMo _io AmhoV. {Zc{Jar ndV XoemV H$m\$sMo CnmXZ
OmV _mUmV hmoVo.
a~a a~a ho _`m`m eoVrVrc dj nrH$ Amho. `m
djm`m ImoS>mVyZ {_iUm`m {MH$mnmgyZ a~a V`ma Ho$co OmVo.
CU, X_Q> hdm_mZ, nm`mMm {ZMam hmoUmar O_rZ a~a cmJdS>rg
`mo` AgVo.
Ho$ai, H$ZmQ>H$, Vm{_iZmSy> Am{U {nwam `m am`mV
a~amMr cmJdS> Ho$cr OmVo. Ho$ai am`mV gdm{YH$ a~amMo
CnmXZ hmoVo.
D$g CgmV Agco`m gwH$moO `m KQ>H$mnmgyZ gmIa
V`ma hmoVo. hUyZ D$g hm gmIa CmoJmMm H$m _mc Amho.
CU hdm_mZ, ^anya nmUrnwadR>m, H$mir H$gXma O_rZ Cgmcm
AZwHy$c AgVo. H$_r nO` Agco`m ^mJmV OcqgMZm`m
gmhm`mZo ho nrH$ KoVco OmVo.
Cma Xoe, nOm~, ha`mUm, {~hma, _hmam>, H$ZmQ>H$,
JwOamV, C{S>gm, Vm{_iZmSy> d AmY Xoe hr ^maVmVrc am`o
Q>S>r gH$b gX^ gm{h (^yJmoc)/ 17
For Private Circulation Only
D$g CnmXZmgmR>r {g AmhoV. Cma Xoe am`mMm D$g
CnmXZmV XoemV W_ H$_mH$ Va _hmam>mMm Xwgam H$_mH$
cmJVmo.
_gmcm {nHo$ ^maVmV \$ma nydunmgyZ _gmcm {nH$mMr
cmJdS> Ho$cr OmVo. {_aMr, docXmoS>o, Om`\$i, {_ar, cdJ,
Xmc{MZr, {Oao, hiX, YZo, Amco, V_mcn hr _gmcm {nHo$
hmoV. `m {nH$mMr nmZo, \$io, {~`m, gmc, ImoS>, H$X B`mXr
^mJmnmgyZ _gm`mMo nXmW m hmoVmV.
`mVrc ~hVme {nH$mZm CU, X_Q> hdm_mZ Amd`H$
AgVo. Ho$ai, H$ZmQ>H$ d _hmam> am`mV `m {nH$mMr cmJdS>
Ho$cr OmVo.
^maVmVyZ _gm`m`m nXmWmMr {Z`mV _moR>m _mUmV
hmoVo. `m_wio Xoemcm naH$s` McZ {_iVo.
A gwajm Xadfu AYm`mMo Oo CnmXZ hmoVo `mVrc
H$mhr {hgm amIrd gmR>m hUyZ R>odcm OmVmo. AdfU, nya
`mgma`m Amnmt_wio qH$dm BVa H$mhr H$maUmZr CnmXZ KQ>`mg
Aem amIrd gmR>mVyZ XoemVrc cmoH$mMr AYm`mMr JaO
^mJ{dcr OmVo. XoemV Ym` Q>MmB {Z_mU hmoD$ Z`o hUyZ
emgZ amIrd gmR>r H$aVo. `mg A gwajm Ago hUVmV.
 For Private Circulation Only

H$aU 7 - ney ggmYZo

^maVmV mUr ho EH$ _hdmMo ggmYZ Amho. newnmcZ n_rZm H$maMr ew^ nmT>ar cmoH$a d` _|T>mnmgyZ {_iVo.
Am{U XwY {dH$mg `mZm ^maVr` AW`dWoV _hdmMo WmZ amOWmZmV {~H$mZoar _|T>m cmoH$a CnmXZmgmR>r {g AmhoV.
Amho. {deofV ^y{_hrZ, chmZ ^yYmaH$ `mMm newnmcZ hm AmY Xoe, Vm{_iZmSy>, H$ZmQ>H$ d _hmam> `m am`mVhr
EH$ _hdmMm `dgm` Amho. CnZJar ^mJmVrc cmoH$mMm hm _|T>m nmi`m OmVmV.
nyaH$ `dgm` Amho. S>m|Jami, Am{Xdmgr VgoM AdfUJV damh _mgmgmR>r damhnmcZ Ho$co OmVo. damh Q>mH$mD$
^mJmV Hw$Qw>~mZm nwaoc BVHo$ nrH$ CnmXZ hmoV Zmhr, hUyZ nXmWmda OUy eH$VmV. `mMr {deof {ZJm amImdr cmJV
Ago cmoH$ newnmcZ H$aVmV. eoVr`m EHy$U CnmXZmnH$s Zmhr. `m_wio Jar~ cmoH$hr damhnmcZ `dgm` H$$ eH$VmV.
30 Q>o$ CnmXZ newnmcZ `m `dgm`m_wio m hmoVo. ^maVmV _oKmc`, Amgm_, AUmMc Xoe, npM_ ~Jmc,
^maVmV Jm`r, ~c, her, eo`m, _|T>m, KmoS>o, JmT>do, Cma Xoe, _hmam> B`mXr am`mV damhnmcZ Ho$co OmVo.
CQ> d damh B`mXr nmird mUr AmhoV. KmoS>o, JmT>do, IoMao d CQ> ^maVmV H$m{R>`mdmS>r, _madmS>r,
Jwao Jwam`m g`oV ^maVmMm OJmV W_ H$_mH$ Amho. _{Unwar, Aa~r B`mXr KmoS>m`m OmVr AmhoV. _hmam>,
JwamZm ^maVr` AW`dWoV _hdmMo WmZ Amho. ^maV eoVrYmZ JwOamV, amOWmZ d nOm~_`o KmoS>mMr g`m OmV Amho.
Xoe Ag`mZo JwamZm {deof _hd Amho. ndV_` d S>m|Jami XoemV dmhVwH$sgmR>r JmT>do d IoMamMm
amOWmZ_Yrc ZmJmoar, gmam>_Yrc H$mR>odmS>r, _` Cn`moJ Ho$cm OmVmo. Cma Xoe, CmamIS>, npM_ ~Jmc,
XoemVrc _mcdm d _hmam>mVrc {Imar ~cmMm eoVH$m_mgmR>r JwOamV, Vm{_iZmSy> `m am`mV `mMr g`m OmV Amho.
Cn`moJ hmoVmo. CQ>mMm Cn`moJ dmidQ>r XoemV dmhVyH$ d eoVrgmR>r
gmam>mVrc Jra, nOm~_Yrc gm{hdmc, _hmam> d AmY Ho$cm OmVmo. ^maVmV CQ>mMr g`m amOWmZ, JwOamV, nOm~
XoemVrc XodZr `m A{YH$ XyY XoUm`m JmB`m OmVr ^maVmV d ha`mUm `m am`mV OmV Amho.
AmhoV. XwYmonmXZ OmV hmdo hUyZ Ogu, ~mD$Z, hmoQ>rZ mUr CnmXZo
B`mXr gH$[aV Jm`r nmi`m OmVmV. 1) XwYmonmXZ XyY CnmXZmV OJmV ^maVmMm W_
^maVmV JwamMr g`m Cma Xoe, CmamIS>, _` Xoe, H$_mH$ cmJVmo. `mV het`m XwYmMm dmQ>m gdmV OmV AgyZ
N>mrgJS>, _hmam>, JwOamV, amOWmZ, {~hma, AmY Xoe `mImcmoImc JmB d eo`m`m XwYmMm dmQ>m Amho.
B`mXr am`mV OmV AmT>iVo. dmV`moma H$mimV XyY CnmXZmda {deof cj H|${V
OJmV gdm{YH$ hetMr g`m ^maVmV Amho. OJmVrc H$a`mV Amco. `mgmR>r XwYmMm `dgm` H$$ BpN>Um`m
EHy$U het`m 57 Q>o$ her ^maVmV AmhoV. ^maVmVrc `$sZm Cm_ OmVt`m JmB, her, `m`m nmofUmgmR>r gwYm[aV
EHy$U XyY CnmXZmnH$s gw_mao 60 Q>o$ XyY hetnmgyZ {_iVo. newAmhma d BVa H$m_mgmR>r ^mS>dc Xo`mV Amco. XoemV
ha`mUmVrc _whm, Cma XoemVrc ^mXdar, JwOamV_Yrc
Om\$am~mXr d _{hgmUm, _hmam>mVrc ZmJnwar d nOm~_Yrc
{Zcramdr `m her {g AmhoV. aoS>o eoVH$m_mgmR>r d AmoPo
dmhZ Zo`mgmR>r dmnaco OmVmV.
Cma Xoe, _` Xoe, nOm~, {~hma `m am`mV hetMr
g`m OmV Amho.
eo`m-_|T>m eoir nmcZmgmR>r H$_r IM cmJVmo.
eoVr AmH$mamZo chmZ hUyZ H$_r OmJm cmJVo. IwaQ>o JdV
d H$mQ>oar dZnVr ImUmar, XyY, _mg d IV XoUmar eoir
hm H$mQ>H$ mUr Amho. ^maVmV _mgmonmXZmgmR>r gwm eo`mMm
A{YH$ _mUmV dmna Ho$cm OmVmo. Xoem`m gdM ^mJmV eo`m
AmT>iV Ag`m Var H$_r nmdgm`m CM nR>mar ^mJmV d
S>m|Jami ^mJmV `mMr g`m OmV Amho. eo`m JwOamV,
amOWmZ `m _wI am`m{edm` _hmam>, AmY Xoe, H$ZmQ>H$
d Vm{_iZmSy> `m am`mV A{YH$ AmT>iVmV.
{h_mc`mVrc eo`mMo Ho$g ew^ d _wcm`_ AgVmV.
VoWo `m M~m, Jw>r `m ZmdmZr AmoiI`m OmVmV. `_wZm
Am{U M~i `m Zm`m Imo`mVrc eo`mZm O_wZmnmar hUVmV.
_hmam>mVrc eo`m gwaVr `m ZmdmZo {g AmhoV.
O_y d H$m_ra, {h_mMc Xoe, CmamMc Am{U Cma
XoemVrc ndV CVmamda _|T>m nmi`m OmVmV. H$m_ra ^mJmV ^maV am{Zhm XY CnmXZ
Q>S>r gH$b gX^ gm{h (^yJmoc)/ 18

newdH$s` CnMma H|$o gw$ Ho$cr AmhoV. XyY CnmXZmV
C. Xoe, CmamIS>, nOm~, amOWmZ, JwOamV, Vm{_iZmSy>,
_`Xoe, AmYXoe, ha`mUm, _hmam> B. am`o AJoga AmhoV.
^maV gaH$maZo "XyY _hmnya' `moOZomao XyY CnmXZ
dmT>rg JVr Xo`mMm `Z Ho$cm Amho. XyY `moOZoMm EH$
_wI Coe Jm_rU ^mJmVrc XyY CnmXH$mZm XwYmMr `mo`
qH$_V XoUo d ehamgma`m _moR>m Cn^mo$m jomZm Jm_rU
^mJmer OmoS>Uo hm Amho. XoemVrc gdgm_m` OZVo`m AmhmamV
XyY d XwY nXmWmMo _mU dmT>mdo `mM_mUo Jm_rU ^mJmV
amoOJma CncY hmdm ho `m `moOZoMo Coe AmhoV.
2) _mgmonmXZ eo`m, _|T>m, Jwao, damh `m m`mnmgyZ
_mg {_iVo. _w~BOdirc XodZma, Jmo`mVrc CgJmd VgoM
MoB, {Xr, hm~mX `oWo _moR>o H$mcImZo AmhoV. nOm~,
ha`mUm, {~hma Am{U npM_ ~Jmc B`mXr am`o _mgmonmXZmV
AJoga AmhoV.
3) Mm_S>r d H$mVS>r CnmXZ OZmdam`m H$mVS>rnmgyZ
Mm_S>o ~Z{dco OmVo. Mm_S>mnmgyZ nmXmUo, {ne`m, ng,
nmH$sQ>, OmH$sQ>, gyQ>Ho$g, n>o, dmhZmMr AmgZo, ImoJra B`mXr
dVy V`ma Ho$`m OmVmV. _hmam>mVrc H$mohmnya d Cma
XoemVrc H$mZnya hr nmXmUo ~Z{dUmar {g {R>H$mUo AmhoV.
JwOamV, {~hma, npM_ ~Jmc, AmY Xoe `m am`mVhr Mm_S>mMo
CnmXZ hmoVo.
4) cmoH$a CnmXZ ^maVmV C VrMr cmoH$a O_y
d H$m_ra Am{U {h_mMc Xoe `m am`mV Va H${Z> VrMr
cmoH$a X{jUoH$S>rc am`mV Cnm{XV hmoVo. cmoH$arnmgyZ Jm{cMo,
emcr, doQ>a, B`mXr dVy V`ma Ho$`m OmVmV.
5) aoer_ CnmXZ VwVr, EaS>, AmoH$ `m djm`m nmZmda
aoe_r {H$S>mMr OmonmgZm Ho$cr OmVo. aoer_ CnmXZmV H$ZmQ>H$
am`mMm ^maVmV W_ H$_mH$ Amho. `m ImcmoImc O_y
d H$m_ra, npM_ ~Jmc, Vm{_iZmSy>, {~hma, Cma Xoe
`m am`mV m_w`mZo aoer_ CnmXZ hmoVo.
6) Hw$w$Q>nmcZ _mg d AS>r CnmXZmgmR>r Hw$w$Q>nmcZ
hm `dgm` Ho$cm OmVmo. OJV AS>m`m CnmXZmV ^maVmMm
nmMdm H$_mH$ cmJVmo. H$frnyaH$ `dgm` hUyZ Hw$w$Q>nmcZ
Ho$co OmVo. AmY Xoe, npM_ ~Jmc, Vm{_iZmSy>, _hmam>,
Q>S>r gH$b gX^ gm{h (^yJmoc)/ 19
For Private Circulation Only
nOm~ Am{U Ho$ai `m am`mV Hw$w$Q>nmcZ `dgm` {dH${gV
Pmcm Amho.
_` CnmXZ _mgo nH$S>Uo hm {Zdmh eoVrnyaH$ `dgm`
Amho. A hUyZ _memZm _hd Amho. `mM_mUo _memnmgyZ
Voc, IVo, gmX`gmYZo B`mXtMr {Z{_Vr Ho$cr OmVo.
npM_ ~Jmc, C{S>gm, AmY Xoe, Vm{_iZmSy>, Ho$ai,
H$ZmQ>H$, _hmam>, Jmodm Am{U JwOamV `m am`mVrc {H$Zmar
Xoe _`monmXZmgmR>r AZwHy$c AmhoV.
_mgo nH$S>`m`m WmZmd$Z (1) gmJar d (2) JmoS>m
nm`mVrc Ago _memMo XmoZ H$ma Ho$co OmVmV.
1) gmJar {H$Zm`mcJV gw_mao 25 _rQ>a Imocrn`V
gmJamV _mgo nH$S>`mMo H$m_ MmcVo. `m_`o gmaS>rZ, Qy>Zm,
~mo{ZQ>mo, nmncoQ> , ~m|~rc, H$moi~r B. H$maMo _mgo nH$S>VmV.
{H$Zm`mnmgyZ Xya Imoc g_wmVhr _mgo nH$S>co OmVmV.
`mgmR>r AmYw{ZH$ `m{H$ ~moQ>tMm d _moR>m Om`mMm dmna
H$amdm cmJVmo. `m_`o ho[aJ, H$Q>{\$e, nmncoQ> B. _mgo nH$S>co
OmVmV. gmJar _` CnmXZmV _hmam> am` AJoga Amho.
2) JmoS>m nm`mVrc Zm, AmoT>o, Vcmd, gamodao B`mXr
Ocme`mV _` nH$S> Ho$cr OmVo.
H$Q>cm, amoh, S>moI B`mXr JmoS>m nm`mVrc _mem`m
OmVr AmhoV. JmoS>m nm`mVrc _mgo nH$S>`mV npM_ ~JmcMm
W_ H$_mH$ cmJVmo. `mImcmoImc C{S>gm, AmY Xoe, {~hma,
Cma Xoe, _` Xoe d _hmam> `m am`mV JmoS>m nm`mVrc
_` `dgm` _moR>m _mUmV MmcVmo. JmoS>m nm`mVrc _`
CnmXZmV dmT> Pmcocr {Xco`m AmcoImd$Z cjmV `oVo.
^maV gaH$maZo _` `dgm`mcm CmoOZ {X`m_wio
AmYw{ZH$ gwgm ~moQ>tMm dmna H$a`mV `oV Amho. `m `dgm`mMr
dmT> hmo`mgmR>r "am>r` _`~rO H$nmMr' C^maUr H$a`mV
Amcr Amho. _` `dgm` H$aUm`m cmoH$mZm gwgm ~moQ>r,
Zm`cmZMr AmYw{ZH$ Omir, erVJh ~mYH$m_mgmR>r H$O AWdm
AZwXmZ CncY H$$Z XoUo, Vcmd, gamodao d BVa Ocme`mV
_`~rO gmoSy>Z _memMr dmT> H$aUo B. `moOZm emgZmV\}$
am~{d`m OmV AmhoV. `m_wio _mem`m CnmXZmV dmT> hmoV
AgyZ Amncm Xoe _memMr {Z`mV H$$ cmJcm Amho. dmT>`m
cmoH$g`oMr AmMr H$mhr Aer JaO _mem_wio ^mJ{dVmV.
 For Private Circulation Only

H$aU 8 - I{ZO ggmYZo

^maVmV {d{dY H$maMr I{ZOo AmT>iVmV. H$mhr I{ZOo _mUmV AgyZ `mImcmoImc _oQ>mBQ>Mo gmR>o AmhoV.
{dnwc _mUmV Va H$mhr AJXrM H$_r _mUmV AmhoV. H$mhr OJmVrc cmohI{ZO gmR>mnH$s 20 Q>o$ gmR>m ^maVm_`o
Xoe I{ZOmZr gn AmhoV. ^maVmV I{ZO `m ggmYZmMm Amho. ^maVmVrc _wI cmohI{ZOm`m ImUr N>mrgJS>, PmaIS>,
Cn`moJ \$ma mMrZ H$mimnmgyZ Ho$cm OmVmo. OJmVrc Ammo{JH$ C{S>gm, Jmodm d H$ZmQ>H$ `m am`mV AmhoV. `m_Yrc {g
H$mVrZVa I{ZOmMm dmna Iyn dmT>cm. BVa Xoem_mUoM ^maVmVAem cmohI{ZOm`m ImUr N>mrgJS> am`mVrc XwJ d XmVodmS>m,
`m`m {Z{_VrgmR>r, AmfYm`m CnmXZmgmR>r VgoM eoVr`m PmaIS> am`mVrc npM_ d nyd qgJ^y_, C{S>gm am`mVrc
H$m_mH$[aVm I{ZOmMm Cn`moJ hmoV Amho. `m_wio I{ZO hr gwXaJS>, Ho$Am|Pma, _`wa^O, Jmodm am`mVrc Cma Jmodm,
_hdmMr Zg{JH$ ggmYZo AmhoV. H$ZmQ>H$ am`mVrc {MH$_Jiya d ~omar `m {OmV AmhoV.
Zg{JH$ar`m Ag|{` {H$`oZo {Z_mU Pmcocm {deof _hmam>mV cmohI{ZOmMo gmR>o Mnya, JS>{Mamocr, ^S>mam
amgm`{ZH$ gKQ>Z d gaMZoMm nXmW hUOo "I{ZO' hmo`. d qgYwXwJ `m {OmV AmhoV.
I{ZOm`m JwUY_mZwgma `mMo YmVy d AYmVy I{ZOo ^maV Amn`m cmoIS> d nmocmX H$maIm`mZm cmohI{ZO
Ago H$ma AmhoV. cmoh, _JZrO, ~mgmBQ>, Vm~o, gmoZo, MmXr,
nwadVmo, VgoM _moR>m _mUmda `mMr {Z`mVhr H$aVmo.
{ego B`mXr YmVy I{ZOo AmhoV. YmVy I{ZOo m_w`mZo A{O cmohI{ZOmMr {Z`mV {demImn>U_, namrn, _m_mJmodm d _Jiya
d $nmV[aV IS>H$mV AmT>iVmV. A^H$, {Og_, {hao, H$m`ZmBQ>`m ~XamVyZ hmoVo. dmV`moma H$mimV cmohI{ZO CnmXZmV
B`mXr AYmVy I{ZOo AmhoV. ^maVmV AmT>iUm`m H$mhr _wI dmT> Pmcr Amho.
I{ZOmMr WmoS>`mV _m{hVr {_idy. _JZrO nmocmX, pcqMJ nmdS>a, H$sQ>H$ZmeHo$, aJ
cmohI{ZO cmohI{ZOmMm Cn`moJ cmoh-nmocmX V`ma H$mMgm_mZ, agm`Zo d ~Q>ar B`mXr CmoJmV _J{ZOMm dmna
H$a`mgmR>r hmoVmo. Ammo{JH$ `wJmMm cmoh-nmocmX _w` AmYmaHo$cm OmVmo.
Amho. cmohI{ZOmMo ho_oQ>mBQ>, _oQ>mBQ>, {c_moZmBQ> d {gS>oamBQ> _J{ZOMo gmR>o gmYmaUnUo cmohI{ZO jom`m n[agamV
Ago H$ma AmhoV. ^maVmV ho_oQ>mBQ> cmohI{ZOmMo gmR>o {dnwc AmT>iVmV. ^maVmVrc _J{ ZOMo OmV gmR>o m_w`mZo H$ZmQ>H$mV
{e_moJm, {MXwJ, ~omar d Cma H$S>m, _`
XoemV qN>XdmS>m d ~mcmKmQ>, AmY XoemV
lrH$mHw $ c_, PmaI S >_`o npM_ qgJ^y _ ,
JwOamV_`o nM_hc d dS>moXam, amOWmZ_`o
~Zgdmam d CX`nya, _hmam>mV ZmJnya d ^S>mam
`m {OmV AmT>iVmV. _JZrO Jmodm am`mVhr
AmT>iVo. _JZrO gmR>mV OJmV ^maVmMm Xwgam
H$_mH$ Amho. ^maVmVyZ `m I{ZOmMr {Z`mV hmoVo.
Vm~o Vm~o hm YmVy Z JOUmam d Cm_
{dwV dmhH$ Amho. {_l YmVy ~Z{d`mgmR>r, {dwV
dmhH$ Vmam, {dwV CnH$aUo Am{U ^mS>r V`ma
H$a`mgmR>r hm YmVy Cn`moJr nS>Vmo. Vm~o `m
I{ZOmMm Cn`moJ AmfY {Z{_Vr_`ohr hmoVmo.
Vm~o `m I{ZOmMo A{YH$ CnmXZ PmaIS>
am`mV npM_ qgJ^y_ d hOmar~mJ `m {OmV
hmoVo. `m{edm` amOWmZ_Yrc PwZPwZy d Ada
{Ohm, _` XoemVrc ~mcmKmQ> {OmV ho I{ZO
_moR>m _mUmV AmT>iVo. VgoM `m I{ZOmMo gmR>o
H$ZmQ>H$, AmY Xoe, Cma Xoe, {g$s_ d _oKmc`
`m am`mV H$mhr _mUmV AmT>iVmV. ^maVmV
Vm~o `m I{ZOmMo _`m{XV gmR>o Ag`mZo `mcm
n`m` hUyZ A`w{_{ZA_Mm dmna dmT>cm Amho.
~m gmB Q > ~m gmB Q > I{ZOmnmgy Z
A`w{_{ZA_ YmVy {_iVmo. `m YmVyMm Cn`moJ
^mS>r, _moQ>marMo gwQ>o ^mJ, {d_mZo, OhmO ~mYUr
d drO dmhH$ Vmam B`mXr CmoJmV Ho$cm OmVmo.
^maV Vm~o, JoZrO, ~mgmBQ> CnmXH$ joo ^maVmV ~mgmBQ>Mo gmR>o {dnwc _mUmV
Q>S>r gH$b gX^ gm{h (^yJmoc)/ 20

AmhoV. C{S>gm, AmY Xoe, N>mrgJS>, JwOamV, _hmam> Am{U
PmaIS> hr _wI ~mgmBQ> CnmXH$ am`o AmhoV. C{S>gm
am`mV H$cmhS>r, H$moamnwQ> d g~cnya, JwOamV_`o H$N>
d Om_ZJa, _` XoemV d ~mcmKmQ>, N>mrgJS> am`mV
{~cmgnya, PmaIS> am`mV amMr, nmc_mD$ `m {OmV
~mgmBQ>Mo CnmXZ hmoVo. H$ZmQ>H$mV ~oiJmd {Ohm d Jmodm
am`mV ~mgmBQ> AmT>iVo. _hmam> am`mV H$mohmnya, am`JS>,
aZm{Jar, qgYwXwJ, R>mUo, gmVmam d gmJcr `m {OmV `m
I{ZOmMo gmR>o AmT>iVmV.
{ego {ego hm _Xy, dOZXma, CUVmamoYH$ YmVy Amho.
Xm$Jmoim, aJ, H$mM, a~a B`mXr CnmXZm_`o `m I{ZOmMm
Cn`moJ Ho$cm OmVmo. ^maVmV m_w`mZo amOWmZ, AmY Xoe,
Vm{_iZmSy> `m am`mV {eem`m ImUr AmhoV. `m{edm` JwOamV,
npM_ ~Jmc, _` Xoe, Cma Xoe, C{S>gm B`mXr am`mV
H$mhr _mUmV {ego AmT>iVo.
A^H$ A^H$ ho Cm_ {dwVamoYH$ I{ZO Ag`mZo
Q>S>r gH$b gX^ gm{h (^yJmoc)/ 21
For Private Circulation Only
{dwV Am{U BcoQ>m{ZH$s CmoJmV `mMm dmna Ho$cm OmVmo.
AmfYo, aJ B`mXr V`ma H$a`mV A^H$mMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo.
^maVmVrc ~hVme A^H$ CnmXZ {~hma, PmaIS>, AmY
Xoe, amOWmZ `m am`m_`o hmoVo. A^H$mcm n`m`r H${_
nXmWmMm dmna dmT>`mZo A^H$mMr _mJUr H$_r Pmcr Amho.
I{ZO ggmYZmMo gYmaU I{ZOmMr {Z{_Vr XrK
Zg{JH$ {H$`oZo hmoVo. I{ZO ggmYZo _`m{XV AgyZ Vr
gnw>mV `oUma AmhoV. Ammo{JH$ d eoVr`m jomVrc dmT>`m
_mJUr_wi,o gd}jUm`m AmYw{ZH$ nVr d ImUH$m_ VkmZmVrc
JVr `m_wio I{ZO CnmXZmV MS> dmT> Pmcr Amho. `m_wio
H$mhr XoemVrc I{ZOo gnw>mV `o`m`m _mJmda AmhoV.
I{ZOmMo gYmaU H$a`mgmR>r CncY I{ZOmMo {Z`moOZ
d H$miOrnydH$ dmna H$aUo Amd`H$ Amho. H$mhr I{ZOo Am{U
YmVyMm nwZdmnahr H$aVm `oVmo. I{ZO gYmaU {H$`oV ZdrZ
VkmZmcm _hdmMo WmZ Amho, hUyZ ZdrZ VkmZ dmn$Z
Amn`m am>mV I{ZO gYmaUmMo `Z Ho$co OmV AmhoV.
 For Private Circulation Only

H$aU 9 - D$Om ggmYZo

D$Om ggmYZo hUVmV.
am>m`m Am{WH$ {dH$mgmgmR>r D$Om A`md`H$ AgVo.
Ammo{JH$ H$mVrnydu mUr d _mZd hrM _wI D$Om ggmYZo XJS>r H$moigm ^maVmV XJS>r H$moigm hm A`V _hdmMo
hmoVr. ^maV ho OJmVrc EH$ {dH$gZerc am> Amho. {dH$mgmMrD$Om ggmYZ AgyZ EHy$U D$O}`m 67 Q>o$ D$Om `mnmgyZ
m Ho$cr OmVo. H$moiemMm dmna AmpUH$ drO {Z{_Vr, cmoh-
AdWm D$O}`m XaS>mBo dmnamda R>aVo. `m_wio Xoem`m Ammo{JH$
d Am{WH$ {dH$mgmV D$O}cm _hd m Pmco Amho. `mgmR>r nmocmX, agm`Zo, aJ, {g_|Q>, H$mM, IVo B`mXr CmoJmV
^maVmVrc D$Om ggmYZmMm A`mg H$aUo Amd`H$ R>aVo. Ho$cm OmVmo.
D$Om ggmYZmMo dJuH$aU m_w`mZo nwT>rc_mUo Ho$co OmVo dZnVt`m H$m~ZrH$aU {H$`oZo XJS>r H$moigm V`ma
(A) nman[aH$ D$Om ggmYZo hmoVmo. dZnVtMo XJS>r H$moiemV $nmVa hmo`mgmR>r AZoH$
(~) Anman[aH$ D$Om ggmYZo Xecj df} cmJVmV. XJS>r H$moigm V[aV IS>H$mV AmT>iVmo.
(A) nman[aH$ D$Om ggmYZo ^maVmVrc Jm_rU ^mJmV XJS>r H$moiemMo gmR>o Xm_moXa, gmoZ, _hmZXr, ~mUr,
XZ{XZ OrdZmV OimD$ cmHy$S>, cmH$S>r H$moigm d eoVmVrc dYm, JmoXmdar d BmdVr `m Zm`m Imo`mV VgoM gmVnwS>m,
Q>mH$mD$ dVy B`mXtnmgyZ D$Om {_idcr OmVo. ^maVm`m amO_hc Q>oH$S>m `m ^mJmV AmhoV.
{d{dY ^mJmV `m dVy `m _mUmV CncY AgVrc `m H$moiem_`o AgUm`m H$m~Z`m _mUmZwgma nrQ>,
_mUmV `mMm dmna Ho$cm OmVmo. `m D$Om ggmYZmMo AMyH${cmBQ>, {~Q>w_oZr Am{U AWmgmBQ> ho H$moiemMo _wI H$ma
_moO_mn H$aVm `oV Zmhr. ^maVmV XJS>r H$moigm, I{ZO AmhoV. nrQ>_`o H$m~ZMo _mU 50 Q>`mnojm H$_r AgyZ
Voc d Zg{JH$ dm`y `m D$Om ggmYZmMm dmna Ho$cm OmVmo.^maVmV Vm{_iZmSy>_`o ncUr Am{U {Zc{Jar ndV VgoM
hr D$Om ggmYZo H$_r hmoUmar AmhoV, `m_wio `mZm j`j_ O_y d H$m_ra`m H$mhr ^mJmV Vmo gmnS>Vmo. {cmBQ>_`o
H$m~ZMo _mU 65 Vo 75 Q>o$ AgyZ
`mMo gmR>o Vm{_iZmSy>, JwOamV Am{U
amOWmZ `m am`mV AmhoV. Vm{_iZmSy>
`oWrc Zdc o r ho _hdmMo {cmBQ> H$moigm
CnmXZ jo Amho. {~Q>w_oZr H$moiemV
85 Vo 90 Q>o$ H$m~ZMo _mU AgyZ
`mMo _moR>o PmaIS>, C{S>gm, npM_
~Jmc, N>mrgJS> Am{U _` XoemV
AmhoV. {~Q>_w Zo r H$moiemMm dmna _moR>m
_mUmV Ho $ cm OmVmo . A W m gmB Q >
H$moiem_`o 90 Vo 95 Q>o$ H$m~ZMo
_mU AgyZ ^maVmV O_y d H$m_ra
`m am`mV `mMo gmR>o An _mUmV
AmT>iVmV.
OJmV XJS>r H$moigm CnmXZmVrc
MrZ d `w.Eg.E. ZVa ^maVmMm {Vgam
H$_mH$ Amho.
I{ZO Voc AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV
{dwV {Z{_Vr d BYZmgmR>r I{ZO
VocmMm dmna hmoVmo. I{ZO VocmnmgyZ
noQ>moc, {S>Poc, Ho$amogrZ, ~oPrZ,
hgcrZ, _oU d AmfYr`w$ `o B`mXr
nXmW {_iVmV.
^maVmV I{ZO Voc CnmXZmMr
gwdmV W_ Amgm_ am`mV Pmcr.
I{ZO VocmMo gdmV OmV CnmXZ
"_w~B hm`' `oWo hmoVo. `mImcmoImc
JwOamV Am{U Amgm_ am`mV I{ZO
Voc CnmXZ hmoVo. Vm{_iZmSy>, AmY
^maV XJS>r H$moigm, I{ZO Vob d Zg{JH$ dmy joo Xoe Am{U AUmMc Xoe `m am`mV
Q>S>r gH$b gX^ gm{h (^yJmoc)/ 22
 For Private Circulation Only
^maVmV IoS>mn`V BYZmgmR>r Zg{JH$ dm`y
nmohmoMdVm Amcm, Va cmH$S>mgma`m nman[aH$
BYZmdaMm VmU H$_r hmoBc Am{U dZo _mZdmnmgyZ
dmMVrc, VgoM nm[apW{VH$ gVwcZhr amIco
OmBc.
{dwV
{dOoMm dmna CmoJ, dmhVyH$, qgMZ jo
VgoM ZmJar d Jm_rU dVr jomV _moR>m _mUmV
hmoV Amho.
AmpUH$ {dwV XJS>r H$moigm, I{ZO
Voc d Zg{JH$ dm`y `mMm Cn`moJ H$$Z {Z_mU
hmoUm`m {dOog Amp_H$ {dwV hUVmV. ^maVmV
300 nojm OmV AmpUH$ {dwV {Z{_Vr H|$o
AmhoV. Amgm_, PmaIS>, JwOamV, _` Xoe,
_hmam>, N>mrgJS>, Cma Xoe Am{U npM_
~Jmc hr am`o m_w`mZo AmpUH$ {dwV {Z_mU
H$aVmV. `m{edm` nOm~, ha`mUm, amOWmZ,
H$ZmQ>H$, C{S>gm Am{U {Xr `oWohr AmpUH$
{dwV {Z{_Vr hmoVo. ^maVmVrc EHy$U {dOonH$s
gw_mao 70 Q>o$ dmQ>m Amp_H$ {dwVMm Amho.
Oc{dwV nm`mMr J{VO e$s dmn$Z
drO {Z{_Vr Ho$cr OmVo. `m {dOog Oc{dwV
hUVmV. ^maVmVrc A{VnO`m`m ndVr`
XoemVrc Ho$ai, {h_mMc Xoe, _oKmc`, _{Unya,
ZmJmcS>, {nwam d {g$s_ `m am`mV m_w`mZo
^maV I{ZO Vob ewrH$aU H|$o Oc{dwV {Z{_Vr Ho$cr OmVo. VgoM AmY Xoe,
H$mhr _mUmV I{ZO Voc CnmXZ hmoVo.
I^mV`m AmImVmV, _w~BOdirc Aa~r
g_wmV _w~B hm` `oWo Am{U JmoXmdar, H$Um,
H$mdoar d _hmZXr `m`m Imo`mV I{ZO VocmMo
gmR>o AmhoV. JwOamV am`mVrc AH$coda, cwZoO,
H$cmoc Am{U Amgm__`o ZmhaH${Q>`m, _moamZ B`mXr
Vocjoo AmhoV. I{ZO Voc CnmXZ {Xco`m
AmcoImd$Z n> hmoVo.
^maVmV Voc ewrH$aUmMo 18 H$maImZo AmhoV.
`mnH$s AZoH$ H$maImZo ^maVm`m {H$Zm`mcJV
AmhoV. H$maU I{ZO Voc {H$Zm`mdaM ew Ho$`mZo
dmhVwH$sMm IM H$_r hmoVmo, VgoM Vo erK dmcmJmhr
Ag`mZo AVJV ^mJmV dmhZ ZoUo Ymo`mMo AgVo.
Zg{JH$ dm`y D$O}Mo EH$ _hdmMo gmYZ
hUyZ Zg{JH$ dm`yMm _moR>m _mUmda Cn`moJ
hmoVmo. gm_m`nUo I{ZO Vocm`m jomVM Zg{JH$
dm`yXoIrc gmnS>Vmo.
AmY Xoe, _hmam>, JwOamV, Amgm_,
Vm{_iZmSy> `m am`mV Am{U AX_mZ d {ZH$mo~ma
~oQ>o `oWo Zg{JH$ dm`yMo gmR>o AmhoV. VgoM H$Um
d JmoXmdar `m`m Imo`mVhr Zg{JH$ dm`yMo gmR>o
AmhoV. _w~B hm` jomV gdmV OmV Zg{JH$
dm`yMo CnmXZ hmoVo.
Zg{JH$ dm`yMm dmna m_w`mZo BYZ hUyZ
Ho$cm OmVmo. VgoM amgm`{ZH$ IV H$maIm`mgmR>r,
{dwV {Z{_VrgmR>r Zg{JH$ dm`y dmnacm OmVmo. ^maV wI AmpUH$ d AUw {dwV H$n
Q>S>r gH$b gX^ gm{h (^yJmoc)/ 23
 For Private Circulation Only
H$ZmQ>H$, C{S>gm, nOm~, O_y d H$m_ra B`mXr
am`mVgwm Oc{dwV {Z{_Vr Ho$cr OmoV.
_hmam>mV Imonmocr d H$mo`Zm `oWo _wI Oc{dwV
{Z{_VrMr H|$o AmhoV.
AUw{dwV AUyH|$H$mMo {dKQ>Z H$$Z
D$O}Mr {Z{_Vr Ho$cr OmVo, `mg AUw{dwV
hUVmV. AUw{dwV {Z{_VrgmR>r _w`do `wa{o ZA_
d Wmo[aA_ `m I{ZOmMm dmna Ho$cm OmVmo. PmaIS>
Am{U amOWmZ_`o `wao{ZA_ d Wmo[aA_Mo gmR>o
CncY AmhoV.
_hmam>mV Vmamnya, amOWmZ_`o amdV^>m,
Vm{_iZmSy>V H$nH$_ d Hw$XZHw$c_, Cma XoemV
Zamoam, JwOamV_`o H$mH$amnma Am{U H$ZmQ>H$_`o
H$Jm `oWo AUw{dwV H|$ H$m`aV AmhoV.
(~) Anman[aH$ D$Om ggmYZo `m
ggmYZm_`o gy`H$me, dmam, ^aVr`m cmQ>m,
^yAmpUH$, Q>mH$mD$ nXmW B`mXtMm dmna Ho$cm
OmVmo. Anman[aH$ D$Om ggmYZo XyfU_w$ Am{U
nm[apW{VH$ gVwcZ amIUmar AmhoV. VgoM hr
D$Om ggmYZo ZyVZrj_ Ag`mZo `mZm Aj`j_
D$Om g g mYZo hUVmV. `m_w i o `m D$Om
ggmYZmMm ^{d`mV A{YH$m{YH$ Cn`moJ H$aUo
OarMo Amho.
gma D$Om ^maVmV ~hVme ^mJmV
OdiOdi df^a gy`H$me AgVmo. `mnmgyZ
D$Om d {dwV {Z_mU H$aVm `oVo. gma D$O}Mm ^maV H$mhr wI Ob{dwV H$n
dmna m_w`mZo KaJwVr H$maUmgmR>r d H$mhr _mUmV
Umc`o, dg{VJho B`mXr {R>H$mUr hmoV Amho.
VgoM {dOoMo {Xdo, erVJho `mgmR>r gma {dwVMm
Cn`moJ Ho$cm OmVmo.
gma D$O}Mo {dwV_`o $nmVa H$a`mgmR>r
O{ZmMr Amd`H$Vm AgVo. `mH$[aVm g`m
XoemV O{ZmMo CnmXZ Ho$co OmV Amho. XoemV
_moR>o gma D$Om H|$ JwOamV am`mV ^yOOdi
_Ynya `oVo Amho.
ndZ D$Om AcrH$S>rc H$mimV dm`mMm
Cn`moJ {dwV {Z{_VrgmR>r Ho$cm OmV Amho. ndZ
D$Om {Z{_VrMo _mU dm`mMm doJ, {Xem VgoM
mH${VH$ aMZoda Adc~yZ AgVo. ndZ D$Om
{Z{_VrMo _moR>o Omio Vm{_iZmSy>V H$moB_Vya n[agamV
Amho. AmY Xoe, H$ZmQ>H$, JwOamV, C{S>gm, _hmam>
Am{U cjrn`m H$mhr ^mJmV ndZ D$Om {Z{_Vr
Ho$cr OmVo. ndZ D$Om {Z{_Vr j_Vo`m >rZo
^maVmMm OJmV nmMdm H$_mH$ cmJVmo.
Od dm`y eoVmVrc Q>mH$mD$ nXmW, dZnVr,
_mZd d mUr `mMo _c_y, Kam_Yrc g|r`
nXmW, ehar Am{U Ammo{JH$ Ho$aH$Mam `mMm
dmna H$$Z Od dm`yMr {Z{_Vr H$aVm `oVo. `m_`o
g|r` nXmWmMo {dKQ>Z hmoD$Z Od dm`yMr {Z{_Vr
hmoVo.
Od dm`yMm dmna BYZ hUyZ Am{U {dwV
^maV Anman[aH$ D$Om H|$o {Z{_VrgmR>r hmoVmo. Od dm`yMm dmna _moR>m _mUmV

Q>S>r gH$b gX^ gm{h (^yJmoc)/ 24


hmoD$ cmJ`mg dr^yV noQ>mo{c`_ dm`ydarc VmU H$_r hmoBc.
`mH$[aVm d`{$H$ar`m, ghH$mar Vdmda, ZJanm{cH$m Am{U
godm^mdr gWmmao Od dm`y V`ma H$a`mMr O{Zo C^macr
OmV AmhoV.
^yAmpUH$ D$Om ndr`m AV^mJmV Vmn_mZ dmT>Vo.
`m_wio H$mhr {R>H$mUr AV^mJmVyZ CU dm`y d CU ^yOc
~mhoa nS>Vo. Aem {R>H$mUmMm dmna ^yAmpUH$ D$O}gmR>r hmoVmo.
`m D$O}Mm dmna CUVm Am{U drO {Z{_VrgmR>r Ho$cm OmVmo.
I{ZO Voc CnmXZm`m {H$_Vr dmT>V Ag`m_wio ^yAmpUH$
D$O}`m moVmMm {dH$mg H$aUo _hdmMo R>aV Amho. {h_mMc
XoemV _{UH$aU `oWo ^yAmpUH$ D$O}da MmcUmao {dwV H|$
H$m`aV Amho.
Anman[aH$ D$Om ggmYZ {Z{_VrMm IM OmV AgVmo,
For Private Circulation Only
hr _w` AS>MU Amho. H$_r IMuH$ VkmZ `edr Pm`mg
Anman[aH$ D$Om ggmYZo _mZdmcm A{YH$ Cn`moJr R>aVrc.
j`j_ D$Om ggmYZmdarc VmU H$_r H$a`mgmR>r Aj`j_
D$Om ggmYZmMm dmna H$aUo JaOoMo Amho.
D$Om gYmaU D$Om gYmaUmgmR>r nwT>rc ~m~tMr
Amd`H$Vm Amho.
* d`{$H$ dmhZmEodOr gmdO{ZH$ dmhZmMm dmhVwH$sgmR>r
dmna H$aUo.
* Amd`H$ {VVH$mM {dOoMm dmna H$aUo.
* R>amdrH$ H$mim`m AVamZo O{ZmMr, CnH$aUmMr nmhUr
H$aUo d `mMr {ZJm amIUo.
* D$O}Mo gYmaU hmo`mgmR>r gm_m{OH$ OmJVr {Z_mU H$aUo.

Q>S>r gH$b gX^ gm{h (^yJmoc)/ 25


H$aU 10 - CmoJ
Ammo{JH$ H$mVrnydu ^maVmV m_w`mZo Hw$Q>ramomoJ hmoVo.
`mV H$fr CnmXZmda AmYm[aV CmoJm~amo~a YmVyH$m_,
cmHy$S>H$m_, Xm{JZo V`ma H$aUo Ago CmoJ H$mamJra H$aV
AgV. `wamon_Yrc Ammo{JH$ H$mVrMm n[aUm_ ^maVmVrc CmoJmda
Pmcm Am{U `mYm[aV CmoJ gw$ Pmco.
^maVmV dmV`mZVa Ammo{JH$ {dH$mgmgmR>r ZdrZ YmoaU
AmI`mV Amco. H$fr `dgm`mgmR>r Amd`H$ AgUmar AdOmao,
` {Z{_Vr CmoJ, cmoh-nmocmX CmoJ, IV CmoJ gw$ hmdoV
hUyZ mogmhZ Xo`mV Amco. Jo`m H$mhr dfmV OmJ{VH$sH$aU
d AW`dWoVrc ~Xc `m_wio OmJ{VH$ nYm dmTy>Z dmhZ
CmoJ Am{U BcoQ>m{ZH$s CmoJmg MmcZm {_imcocr Amho.
OcX gnH$ d {dnUZm_wio `mZm _hd m Pmco Amho.
CmoJmMo dJuH$aU CmoJmMo dJuH$aU {Za{Zam`m nVrZo
Ho$co OmVo.
CmoJmMo {dVaU CmoJmMo WmZ AZoH$ KQ>H$mda Adc~Zy
AgVo. H$m _mc, ^mS>dc, l{_H$, dmhVyH$, nm`m^yV gw{dYm,
gaH$mar YmoaU, _mcmMo _y` Aem AZoH$ KQ>H$m_wio CmoJmMo
WmZ {ZpMV hmoV.o ^maVmVrc H$mhr CmoJmMo {dVaU nwT>rc_mUo
Amho.-
dmomoJ H$mnyg, VmJ, cmoH$a, aoer_ Aem VVw_`
^maV dmomoJ H|$o
Q>S>r gH$b gX^ gm{h (^yJmoc)/ 26
For Private Circulation Only
nXmWmnmgyZ H$mnS> {dUco OmVo. Zm`cmZ, Q>oarZ, nm{cEQ>a
Aem H${_ Ym`mnmgyZhr H$mnS> {dUco OmVo.
(A) gwVr dmomoJ gwVr dmomoJmV H$mnyg hm _wI
H$m _mc Amho. H$mnyg dN> H$a`mnmgyZ H$mnS> {Z{_Vrn`V
`mV AZoH$ {H$`m{H$`m AgVmV. H$mnyg dOZmZo hcH$m,
dOZmV Z KQ>Umam Agm H$m _mc Amho. Aem H$`m _mcmMr
XyadaMr dmhVyH$hr nadS>Umar AgVo. gwVr dmomoJmMo WmZ
_moR>m eham`m Odi AgVo. `m CmoJmg ^anya ^mS>dc
Am{U l{_H$mMr Amd`H$Vm AgVo. Jo`m H$mhr dfmV, H$mhr
mW{_H$ {H$`m H$mnyg CnmXH$ jomVM Ho$`m OmVmV. H$mnS>
{dUUo, aJ{dUo, N>nmB Aem {H$`m ehamOdirc H$mnS>
{Ja`m_`o Ho$`m OmVmV.
_hmam>, JwOamV Am{U Vm{_iZmSy> hr ^maVmVrc am`o
gwVr H$mnS> CmoJm_`o AmKmS>rda AmhoV. {edm` npM_ ~Jmc,
Cma Xoe, nOm~, amOWmZ, H$ZmQ>H$, AmY Xoe, Ho$ai
am`mV gwVr H$mnS> {Ja`m AmhoV. hm CmoJ hmV_mJ Am{U
`_mJmda AmYm[aV Amho. Ah_Xm~mX, _w~B, gmocmnya, ZmJnya,
BXmoa, CmZ B`mXr ehamVyZ hm CmoJ H|${V Pmcm Amho.
H$mnyg CnmXH$ jomMr g_rnVm, Hw$ec _Zw`~imMr d ^mS>dcmMr
CncYVm, _moR>r ~mOmanoR>, dmhVwH$s`m gw{dYm `mgma`m
AZwH$y c KQ>H$m_i
w o gwVr dmomoJ `m ^mJmV {dH${gV
Pmcm Amho.
H${_ Ym`mnmgyZ H$mnS> {Z{_Vr hmoD$
cmJ`mZo gwVr d CmoJmda `mMm n[aUm_ Pmcm
Amho.
H$frZVa hmV_mJ CmoJ hm amoOJma CncY
H$$Z XoUmam Xwgam _moR>m CmoJ Amho. AmY Xoe,
Vm{_iZmSy>, npM_ ~Jmc, amOWmZ, Cma Xoe,
_hmam> B`mXr am`o hmV_mJ CmoJmgmR>r {g
AmhoV. Zg{JH$ aJmVrc hmV_mJ H$mnS> ho n[a-
_rMo VrH$ Amho.
(~) VmJ dmomoJ VmJ `m {nH$mnmgyZ
{ndiga, gmoZoar aJmMm VVy {_iVmo. `mnmgyZ
VmJdo {dUcr OmVmV Am{U nmoVr, VmS>nr,
{_l H$mnS>, gwVir, Xmoam Agm do>Z CmoJmg
Cn`w$ _mc Cnm{XV hmoVmo.
^maVmVrc VmJ d CmoJmMo H|$rH$aU
npM_ ~Jmc_Yrc hJir ZXr`m H$mR>mda Pmco
Amho. H$mocH$m`mOdi [alm `oWo n{hcr VmJ {JaUr
1854 _`o gw$ Pmcr. ^maVmV 133 VmJ {Ja`m
AmhoV. VmJd CnmXH$ {Ja`mnH$s 70 Q>o$
{Ja`m npM_ ~Jmc_`o AmhoV. `m{edm` {~hma,
Cma Xoe, AmY Xoe d _` Xoe `m am`mVhr
VmJ {Ja`m AmhoV.
VmJ CnmXZmV ^maVmMm OJmV W_ H$_mH$
Amho. OmJ{VH$ VmJ CnmXZm`m 35 Q>o$ CnmXZ
^maVmV hmoVo. ^maVm`m {Z`mVrV VmJmg _hd
 For Private Circulation Only
^maVmcm dmV` {_im`mZVa gmdO{ZH$
jomV {d{dY {R>H$mUr cmoh-nmocmX H$maImZo
H$mT>`mV Amco. `mnH $s N>mrgJS> am`mV {^cmB,
npM_ ~Jmc_`o XwJmnya, C{S>gm_`o $aHo$cm,
PmaIS>_`o ~moH$mamo, Vm{_iZmSy>_`o gmco_ d
AmY XoemV {demImn>U_ `oWo cmoh-nmocmX
H$maImZo gw$ H$a`mV Amco.
H$ZmQ>H$ am`mVrc ^mdVr, hmnoQ> d
Vm{_iZmSy>_Yrc gmco_ `oWrc cmoh-nmocmXmMo
H$maImZo dJiVm XoemVrc ~hVoH$ H$maImZo _wI
H$moigm CnmXH$ jomOdi AmhoV.
cmoh-nmocmX CnmXZmV Jo`m nmg dfmV
cjUr` dmT> Pmcr Amho. ^maV hm g`m cmoh-
nmocmX CnmXZm`m jomV _hdmMm Xoe _mZcm
OmVmo. cmoh-nmocmX CnmXZmVrc dmT> AmcoImd$Z
cjmV `oVo.
A `w { _{ZA_ Cmo J ~m gmB Q >
ewrH$aUmgmR>r {dOoMr _moR>r JaO AgVo. `m_wio
gmYmaUnUo `m CmoJmMo WmZ Oc{dwV {Z{_Vr
H|$mOdi AgVo.
^maVmVrc n{hcm A`w{_{ZA_ {Z{_Vr
H$n PmaIS> am`mVrc amMrOdirc _war `m
{R>H$mUr gw$ Pmcm. Cma XoemVrc aoUyHy$Q>,
Vm{_iZmSy>Vrc _om$, H$ZmQ>H$mVrc ~oiJmd,
N>mrgJT>_Yrc H$mo a ~m B`mXr {R>H$mUr
^maV wI gmIa CmoJ H|$o A`w{_{ZA_Mo _wI CmoJ AmhoV.

Amho. XoemVrc VmJdm`m EHy$U CnmXZmnH$s

40 Q>o$ VmJdmMr {Z`mV Ho$cr OmVo. `w.Eg.E.,
AmQ>o{c`m, gwXmZ, H$ZS>m, `w.Ho$., O_Zr B`mXr
XoemZm VmJmMr {Z`mV Ho$cr OmVo.
gmIa CmoJ D$g, ~rQ> Am{U IOya
`mnmgyZ gmIa CnmXZ hmoVo. naVw CgmnmgyZ
~Z{dcr OmUmar gmIa {H$\$m`Vera AgVo. ^maVmV
~hVme gmIa CnmXZ CgmnmgyZM hmoVo. D$g
dmhVwH$sMm IM gmIa dmhVwH$s`m IMmnjo m A{YH$
Ag`mZo gmIa H$maImZo D$g CnmXH$ jom`m
n[agamV C^maco OmVmV.
^maVmVrc n{hcm gmIa H$maImZm {~hma_`o
1903 _`o gw$ Pmcm. Cma Xoe, _hmam>,
{~hma, nOm~, ha`mUm, _` Xoe d JwOamV
`m am`m_`o gmIa H$maImZo OmV AmhoV.
gmIa CnmXZmV OJmV ^maVmMm W_
H$_mH$ Amho. XoemV gw_mao 500 gmIa H$maImZo
AmhoV.
I{ZO AmYm[aV CmoJ
cmoh-nmocmX CmoJ
^maVmVrc n{hcm AmYw{ZH$ cmoh-nmocmX
H$maImZm npM_ ~Jmc_Yrc Hw$Q>r `oWo gw$
Pmcm. naVw _moR>m _mUmda nmocmXmMo CnmXZ
H$aUmam H$maImZm O_eoXnya `oWo gw$ H$a`mV
Amcm. VgoM ImOJr jomVrc EH$ H$maImZm npM_
~Jmc_Yrc ~Znya `oWo gw$ H$a`mV Amcm. ^maV bmoh-nmobmX d Aw{{ZA CmoJ H|$o
Q>S>r gH$b gX^ gm{h (^yJmoc)/ 27

^maV A{^m{H$s CmoJ
A`w{_{ZA_`m dmT>`m _mJUr_wio `m YmVy`m CnmXZmV
dmT> Pmcocr Amho.
Vm~o YmVy ewrH$aU CmoJ amOWmZ_Yrc PwZPwZy
{OmVrc Ior Am{U PmaIS>_Yrc qgJ^y_ {OmVrc
_m^mS>ma `oWo Vm~o YmVy ewrH$aU H$maImZo AmhoV. ^maVmV
Vm`mMr _mJUr dmT>`m_wio H$mhr _mUmV Vm~o Am`mV Ho$co
OmVo.
amgm`{ZH$ IV CmoJ ^maVmV amgm`{ZH$ IVo
CnmXZmg _hd Amho. 1960 ZVa h[aV H$mVr`m Adc~m_wio
IVmMm dmna dmT>cm. gmV`mZo {nHo$ KoV`mZo eoV O{_ZrVrc
Z, \w$aX d ncmg ho KQ>H$ H$_r hmoVmV. `m_wio amgm`{ZH$
IVo dmnacr OmVmV.
^maVmVrc n{hcm IV H$maImZm PmaIS> am`mVrc
YZ~mX {OmV qgr `oWo gw$ Pmcm. Z d \w$aX IVo
CnmXZ H$aUmao H$maImZo _hmam>mVrc Vw^}, Ho$ai_Yrc H$moMr
d Adm`o Am{U JwOamV_Yrc H$cmoc `oWo AmhoV, Va VmcMra,
$aHo$cm, ~qWS>m, XwJmnya, ~amZr, Widm`eoV, H$mS>cm Am{U
hm{Pam `m {R>H$mUr \$$ Z IVmMo CnmXZ hmoVo.
^maVmV eoVr CnmXZ dmT>{d`mgmR>r amgm`{ZH$ IVmMm
dmna _moR>m _mUmda hmoV Amho. `m_wio XoemVrc ~hVme
am`mV amgm`{ZH$ IVmMo H$maImZo AmhoV. amgm`{ZH$ IV
CnmXZmMo _mU {Xco`m AmcoImd$Z cjmV `oVo.
BcoQ>m{ZH$s CmoJ BcoQ>m{ZH$s CmoJ hm ^maVmVrc
A`mYw{ZH$ CmoJ Amho. {dkmZ d VkmZmVrc gemoYZm_wio
`m CmoJmMr C^maUr Pmcr. ao{S>Amo gM, gXoedhZ `gm_Jr,
cmoh_mJ d {d_mZ dmhVwH$sgmR>r Amd`H$ AgUmar d`M{cV
Q>S>r gH$b gX^ gm{h (^yJmoc)/ 28
For Private Circulation Only
`gm_Jr, {dwV `o, Xya{MdmUr gM B`mXr
CnmXZo `m CmoJmVyZ Ho$cr OmVmV. dH$em,
eoVr d Ammo{JH$ jomVrc JaOm nyU hmo`mgmR>r
cmJUmar gm_Jr BcoQ>m{ZH$s CmoJm_YyZ {Z_mU
Ho$cr OmVo.
~Jiyacm ^maVmMr BcoQ>m{ZH$s CmoJmMr
amOYmZr hUVmV. hm~mX ho BcoQ>m{ZH$s
CmoJm`m H|$rH$aUmMo Xwgao eha Amho. gJUH$mMo
gwQ>o ^mJ, AUwD$O}gmR>r cmJUmar `o d CnH$aUo
`mMo CnmXZ `oWo hmoVo. H$mZnya, cIZm, O`nya,
{Xr, nwUo, _w~B, MoB, H$moB_Vya, H$mocH$mVm
B`mXr BcoQ>m{ ZH$s CmoJmMr _wI {R>H$mUo AmhoV.
dmhVy H $ gmYZ Cmo J dmhVw H $scm
A{d^m` ^mJ hUOo {Za{Zamir dmhVyH$ gmYZo
hmoV. gm`H$cr, d`M{cV dmhZo, aodo B{OZo,
dmgr d _mcdmh aodo S>~o, OhmOo, {d_mZo hr
_wI dmhZo gmYZo hmoV.
gm`H$c ho gm_m` _mUgmMo dmhZ Amho.
^maV gm`H$c CnmXZmV AmKmS>rda Amho. _w~B,
AgZgmoc, gmoZnV, {Xr, MoB, OmcYa,
cw{Y`mZm `m {R>H$mUr gm`H$c CnmXZmMo _wI
H$maImZo AmhoV. ^maV gm`H$ctMr {Z`mV H$aVmo.
_moQ>a gm`H$c, Hy$Q>a, _monoS>o, _moQ>maJmS>m
B`mXr d`M{cV dmhZ CmoJ ^maVmV AmhoV.
^maV d`M{cV dmhZ CmoJmV OJmV gmV`m
H$_mH$mda Amho. _w~ B, MoB, Zdr {Xr, H$mocH$mVm,
nwU,o AmaJ m~mX, JwS>Jmd `m ehamOdirc Ammo{JH$
dgmhVrV dmhZ {Z{_Vr CmoJ AmhoV.
aodo B{OZ {Z{_Vr H$maImZo {MmaOZ d dmamUer `oWo
AmhoV. aodogmR>r dmgr S>~o d _mcdmh S>~o `mMr {Z{_Vr
H$aUmao H$maImZo Vm{_iZmSy>Vrc noam~ya d nOm~_Yrc H$nyaWim
`oWo AmhoV.
^maVmV gd H$maMr d`M{cV dmhZo _moR>m _mUmV
dmnacr OmD$ cmJ`mZo dmhVyH$ H$m|S>r, AnKmV d XyfUmMo
_mU dmT>V Amho.
OhmO ~mYUr `m CmoJmMr gwdmV AmY XoemVrc
{demImn>U_ `oWo Pmcr. AmVaam>r` OcdmhVwH$sgmR>r Amd`H$
`mnmar OhmOo, dmgr OhmOo, ZmXc OhmOo `mMr `oWo {Z{_Vr
hmoVo. `m{edm` Ho$ai_Yrc H$moMr `oWo OhmO ~mYUr CmoJ
Amho. _w~B d H$mocH$mVm `oWo ZmXc, _`nH$S>, Ocdmg
B`mXtgmR>r chmZ_moR>m OhmOmMr ~mYUr hmoVo.
{d_mZ ~mYUr `m CmoJmMr gwdmV ~Jiya `oWo 1940
_`o Pmcr. `mZVa hm CmoJ qhXwWmZ EamoZm{Q>g {c{_Q>oS>
`m H$nZrH$S>o hVmV[aV Pmcm. ~Jiya `oWo cT>mD$ d _mcdmh
{d_mZo VgoM nwnH$ d H$fH$ hr N>moQ>r {d_mZo V`ma Ho$cr
OmVmV. `wO` n[apWVrV godm nwa{dUm`m "{_J' {d_mZmMr
{Z{_Vr _hmam>mV AmoPa, C{S>gmVrc H$moamnyQ> Am{U AmY
XoemVrc hm~mX `oWrc H$maIm`m_`o Ho$cr OmVo.
AW`dWoV CmoJmMo `moJXmZ Ammo{JH$ JVr hm
Am{WH$ {dH$mgmMm _mnXS> Amho. eoVr Am{U CmoJ EH$_oH$mZm
nya Ag`mg AW`dWm ~iH$Q> hmoVo. ^maVr` AW`dWoV
CmoJmMo _hd dmT>V Jococo {XgyZ `oVo.
^maVmV cmoh-nmocmX, dmomoJ, amgm`{ZH$ CmoJ, YmVy

ewrH$aU Aem nm`m^yV CmoJmZm MmcZm Xo`mV Amcr. CmoJmZm
_moR>m _mUmda D$Om cmJVo. `mgmR>r Oc{dwV d AmpUH$
drO {Z{_Vr H$n C^maco Joco. eoVrgmR>r cmJUmar AdOmao,
`o, IVo d OcqgMZ gw{dYm CncY Pm`mZo eoVrMm {dH$mg
hmoD$ eH$cm.
AmfY {Z{_Vr, dmhVyH$ gmYZo {Z{_Vr, BcoQ>m{ZH$s,
AdH$me gemoYZ `mg _hd Xo`mV Amco. gmdO{ZH$ jom~amo~a
ghH$mar d ImOJr jomVhr CmoJ C^ma`mg mogmhZ Xo`mV
`oD$ cmJco. Ammo{JH$ YmoaUmZwgma ^maVmVrc CmoJmV A{Zdmgr
^maVr` d {dXoer ^mS>dcXmamZm JwVdUyH$ H$a`mg gaH$maZo
mogm{hV Ho$co. gJUH$ d _m{hVr VkmZ, OdVkmZ, {H$`m
CmoJ `m_wio ^maVr` AW`dWoV CmoJmMo `moJXmZ dmT>V
Amho.
Ammo{JH$ XyfU H$`m _mcmMo $nmVa n`m _mcmV
H$aVmZm `mda {Za{Zam`m {H$`m Ho$`m OmVmV. `mdoir
H$mhr KmVH$ Am{U `m` KQ>H$ {Z_mU hmoVmV. `m KQ>H$m_wio
Ammo{JH$ jomV hmoUmao XyfU Ammo{JH$ XyfU hmo`.
XyfH$m_i
w o O_rZ, nmUr, hdm `mMo XyfU hmoV.o CmoJm_YyZ
Q>S>r gH$b gX^ gm{h (^yJmoc)/ 29
For Private Circulation Only
gmoS>`m OmUm`m `m` nXmWm_wio _XoMo XyfU hmoVo.
CmoJm`m YwamS>mVyZ ~mhoa nS>Um`m dm`y_wio hdo`m
gm_m` KQ>H$mV ~Xc hmoD$Z hdoMo XyfU hmoVo. Yya d YwHo$
`m`m {_lUmVyZ YwaHo$ {Z_mU hmoVmV.
CmoJm_YyZ gmoS>co OmUmao d$n nXmW, amI, _ir
`m_wio Zm, Zmco, Vcmd B`mXtMo XyfU hmoVo. H$mZnya,
Acmhm~mX, AmJm, Ah_Xm~mX `m ehamVrc H$maIm`m_YyZ
gmoS>`mV `oUm`m XyfH$m_wio JJm, `_wZm, gm~a_Vr B`mXr
Zm Xy{fV Pm`m AmhoV.
H$maIm`m_`o Ho$`m OmUm`m {H$`m_wio MS> _mUmV
AmdmO {Z_mU hmoD$Z dZr XyfU hmoVo. cmoh-nmocmX CmoJ,
A{^`m{H$s CmoJ, gmIa H$maImZo `m`m n[agamV hr g_`m
OmUdVo.
emgZmZo XyfU {Z`U _S>imMr WmnZm Ho$cr Amho,
VgoM 1986 _`o "n`mdaU ajU H$m`Xm' Ho$cm Amho. Xhm`m
nMdm{fH$ `moOZoV "emdV {dH$mg' ho Vd _m` H$a`mV
Amco Amho. `mZwgma ggmYZmMm A{Z~Y dmna H$a`mda ~YZo
Amcr AmhoV. `m_wio Ammo{JH$ XyfUmda {Z`U Amco Amho.

H$aU 11 - (A) dmhVwH$sMo mJ
ggmYZmMr Cn`w$Vm dmT>d`mgmR>r dmhVyH$ d gXoedhZ
`mMm A{Ve` Cn`moJ hmoVmo. Amn`m am>m`m emdV Am{WH$
{dH$mgmgmR>r XoemZm OmoS>Um`m dmhVyH$ Om`mMo `moJXmZ
_hdmMo Amho. dmhVyH$ UmcrV aVo, cmoh_mJ, Oc_mJ, dm`w_mJ
B`mXr dmhVyH$ _mJmMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. dmhVyH$ _mJm_wio Amn`m
XoemVrc cmoH$ Am{U naXoer` cmoH$ gnH$mV `oVmV. `m`mV
AmMma-{dMmamMr XodmU-KodmU hmoVo. {demc ^maVmV dVyMo
{dVaU dmhVyH$ _mJmZr e` Pmco Amho. XwH$mi, ^yH$n,
_hmnya B`mXr Zg{JH$ Amnmt`m doir VgoM am>m`m
gajUmgmR>r dmhVwH$sMo _mJ _hdmMo R>aVmV. Amn`m Xoem`m
AVJV dmhVwH$s`m >rZo aVo d cmoh_mJ _hdmMo AmhoV.
aVo
^maVm`m {demc XoemV AZoH$ IoS>r d ehao Xyada
AmhoV. `mZm EH$_oH$mer OmoS>Uo a`mZr e` hmoVo. aVo
~mYUrgmR>r cmoh_mJ ~mYUrnojm H$_r IM `oVmo. `m_wio Jm_rU
d ehar {d^mJ OmoS>co OmD$ eH$VmV.
^maVmVrc EHy$U dmhVwH$s`m _mJm`m cm~rnH$s 85
Q>o$ cm~r a`mMr Amho. ^maVmV 33 cmI {H$_rnojm A{YH$
cm~rMo aVo AmhoV. a`m_wio XyaXyaMr Jmdo d ehao nanamer
OmoS>cr Jocr AmhoV. ^maVmVrc Ho$ai, Jmodm, C{S>gm, Vm{_iZmSy>
^maV am>r hmmJ
Q>S>r gH$b gX^ gm{h (^yJmoc)/ 30
For Private Circulation Only
`m am`mV a`mMr KZVm gdmV OmV Amho. {h_mMc Xoe,
_{Unya, _` Xoe, {g$s_, CmamIS>, O_y d H$m_ra `m
am`mV a`mMr KZVm H$_r Amho. gmYmaUnUo ndVr` d
dmidQ>r XoemV a`mMr KZVm H$_r Amho.
a`mMo H$ma ^maVmVrc a`mMo nwT>rc_mUo H$m`m_H$
JQ> Ho$co OmVmV.
1) am>r` _hm_mJ d VJVr _mJ
2) am` _hm_mJ d {Ohm _wI _mJ
3) Jm_rU aVo
1) am>r` _hm_mJ d VJVr _mJ am`m`m amOYm`m,
_w` ehao, _moR>_moR>r Ammo{JH$ d `mnmar H|$o, _wI ~Xao
d cH$ar {R>H$mUo `mZm OmoS>Um`m _mJmZm am>r` _hm_mJ hUVmV.
ho _mJ {Za{Zam`m am`mVyZ OmV Agco Var Vo H|$ gaH$ma`m
`dWmnZmImcr AmhoV. `mMm {dH$mg d XoI^mc H$a`mgmR>r
EH$ dV {d^mJ Amho. ^maVmV gw_mao 65600 {H$_rnojm
A{YH$ cm~rMo _hm_mJ AmhoV. ^maVmVrc EHy$U a`m`m
cm~rnH$s am>r` _hm_mJmMr cm~r Ho$di 2 Q>o$ Agcr Var
`md$Z a`mdarc EHy$U dmhVwH$snH$s 40 Q>o$ dmhVyH$ MmcVo.
^maVmV EHy$U 219 am>r` _hm_mJ AmhoV. `mnH$s 1000
{H$_rnojm OmV cm~rMo nwT>rc _hm_mJ AmhoV-
1) {Xr Vo H$mocH$mVm
2) AmJm Vo _w~B
3) MoB Vo R>mUo
4) MoB Vo ~hmaJmoam (C{S>gm)
5) H$mocH$mVm Vo hm{Oam (JwOamV)
6) dmamUer Vo H$`mHw$_mar
7) {Xr Vo _w~B
8) nR>mUH$moQ> Vo g_{I`mcr (JwOamV)
9) nZdoc Vo BS>mnr (Ho$ai)
10) ~T>r (PmaIS>) Vo JwdmhmQ>r
11) qnS>dam (amOWmZ) Vo Acmhm~mX
am>r` _hm_mJmmao _mcmMr _moR>m _mUmda
dmhVyH$ hmoVo, VgoM am>r` _hm_mJmmao _mc
XyaXya`m ~mOmanoR>mV OcX nmohmoMdUo gmono Pmco
Amho.
gwa{jV d A{VOcX dmhVwH$sgmR>r VJVr
_mJmMm Cn`moJ Ho$cm OmVmo. am>r` _hm_mJ {dH$mg
H$m`H$_mVJV _w~BV Vo nwUo `m Xa`mZ VJVr
_mJ {dH${gV H$a`mV Amcm Amho.
VJVr _mJm_mUoM EH$ _hdmH$mjr `moOZm
hUOo gwdU MVw^wOm _hm_mJ H$n hmo`. {Xr-
H$mocH$mVm-MoB-_w~B hr Mma _hmZJao gwdU
MVw^wOm _hm_mJmZo OmoS>cr OmV AmhoV. {gMa
Vo nmoa~Xan`V OmUmam nyd-npM_ _hm_mJ Amho,
VgoM lrZJa Vo H$`mHw$_marn`V OmUmam Cma-
X{jU _hm_mJ Amho. ho _hm_mJ 4 Vo 6 _m{JH$mMo
AmhoV.

^maV wI ~Xao, gmJar d AVJV hmmJ
2) am` _hm_mJ d {Ohm _wI _mJ am`m`m
_w`mc`mMo {R>H$mU Am{U {OmMr {R>H$mUo OmoS>Umao aVo
hUOo am` _hm_mJ hmoV. `mnH$s ~hVme am` _hm_mJ am>r` XoIrc XmoZ cmoh_mJ AmhoV. `mnH$s EH$ _mJ ZmJnyahZ d
_hm_mJmZm OmoS>coco AgVmV.
{OmVrc Vmcw`mMr Jmdo, VgoM `mnmar Jmdo OmoS>Umao
aVo ho {Ohm _wI _mJ hmoV. ho aVo am` _hm_mJmZm
OmoS>coco AmhoV.
3) Jm_rU _mJ {OmVrc chmZ Jmdo d BVa d`mZm
OmoS>Umao aVo Jm_rU _mJ hmoV. Jm_rU ^mJmVrc H$fr CnmXZo,
dZmonmXZo ~mOmanoR>oV Zo`mgmR>r `m a`mZm Wm{ZH$ _hd
Amho. Jm_rU ^mJmV AZoH$ H$ma`m godm nwa{d`m`m >rZo
ho aVo _hdmMo AmhoV. {Ohm n[afXo`mdVrZo ho aVo ~mYco
d XwV Ho$co OmVmV.
gr_m aVo am`m`m gr_m XoemV H$m`j_ dmhVyH$
Agmdr `m CoemZo 1960 _`o gr_m aVo gKQ>Zm Wmn`mV
Amcr. am>m`m gr_m XoemV aVo ~mYUr, XoI^mc Am{U
dmhVyH$ {Z`{V H$a`mMo _hdnyU H$m_ hr gKQ>Zm H$aVo.
^maVmVrc EHy$U dmgr dmhVwH$snH$s 80 Q>o$ dmgr
dmhVyH$ VgoM EHy$U _mc dmhVwH$snH$s 65 Q>o$ _mc dmhVyH$
a`md$Z hmoVo.
cmoh_mJ
^maVr` aodo ho am>mVrc dmgr d _mc dmhVwH$sgmR>r
_hdmMo gmYZ Amho. cmoh_mJm_wio am>mVrc {d{dY ^mJmVrc
cmoH$, Wio OmoS>cr Jocr AmhoV. cmoh_mJmMo ^maVm`m Am{WH$
{dH$mgmV _hdmMo WmZ Amho. CmoJ d H$fr {dH$mgmg `m
cmoh_mJm_wio JVr cm^cocr Amho.
Q>S>r gH$b gX^ gm{h (^yJmoc)/ 31
For Private Circulation Only
^maVmV 1853 _`o _w~B Vo R>mUo hm n{hcm
cmoh_mJ gw$ Pmcm. `mdoir `m cmoh_mJmMr cm~r
34 {H$._r. hmoVr. ^maVmV gw_mao 62500 {H$._r.
cm~rMo cmoh_mJ AgyZ gw_mao 7000 WmZH$mZm
Vo OmoS>VmV.
cmoh_mJ {d^mJ ^maVmVrc cmoh_mJ
dmhVwH$sV gwgyVm `mdr d `dWmnZ gwg
hmdo hUyZ ^maVr` aodoMo 16 {d^mJ Ho$coco
AmhoV. {edm` H$moH$U aodo hm {deof {d^mJ Amho.
Cma ^maVr` _XmZr XoemV hmdS>m Vo
A_Vga `mXa`mZ cmoh_mJmMo XmQ> Omio Amho.
O_y d H$m_ra, amOWmZ, CmamIS>, Amgm_
B`mXr am`m_`o cmoh_mJ H$_r AmhoV. cm~
AVamdarc Am{U AdOS> VgoM _moR>m _mUmdarc
_mc dmhVwH$sgmR>r cmoh_mJ A{YH$ gmo`rMo d
\$m`Xoera AgVmV.
H$mocH$mVm, {Xr `m _hmZJam_`o dmhVyH$
{dH$mgmMm EH$ ^mJ hUyZ "_oQ>mo' cmoh_mJ AmhoV.
`m_wio dmhVwH$sdarc VmU H$_r hmoD$Z dmhVyH$
gwH$a d doJdmZ Pmcr Amho. _w~BVhr hr `moOZm
gw$ H$a`mV `oV Amho.
H$mhr _hdmMo cmoh_mJ
_w~B-{Xr _mJ ^maVmV _w~BhZ {Xrg
Om`mgmR>r XmoZ _mJ AmhoV. _` {d^mJ _mJmda
Zm{eH$, ^wgmdi, BQ>magr, Pmer, AmJm B`mXr
WmZHo$ AmhoV.
_w~B-{Xr hm dmg npM_ {d^mJ _mJmZo
Ho$`mg gwaV, dS>moXam, aVcm_, _Wwam B`mXr WmZHo$ cmJVmV.
_w~ B-H$mocH$mVm _mJ _w~ BhZ H$mocH$mVm `oWo Om`mgmR>r
Xwgam Acmhm~mXd$Z OmVmo.
ZmJnya_mJ} OmUm`m cmoh_mJmda _Z_mS>, ^wgmdi, dYm,
ZmJnya, am`nya, Q>mQ>mZJa B`mXr _wI WmZHo$ AmhoV.
Acmhm~mX_mJ} OmUm`m cmoh_mJmda ^wgmdi, BQ>magr,
O~cnya, Acmhm~mX, amUrJO B`mXr _hdmMr WmZHo$ AmhoV.
_w~B-MoB _mJ nwUo, gmocmnya, am`Mya, JwQ>H$c B`mXr
_hdmMr _wI WmZHo$ `m cmoh_mJmda AmhoV.
nwU-o ~Jiya _mJ {_aO, ~oiJmd, h~ir, A{gH$o ar B`mXr
`m cmoh_mJmdarc _wI WmZHo$ hmoV.
MoB-{Xr _mJ {dO`dmS>m, H$mPrnoR>, dYm, ZmJnya,
BQ>magr, Pmer B`mXr `m cmoh_mJmdarc _hdmMr WmZHo$
AmhoV.
JmoaInya-VrZgwH$s`m _mJ ^maVm`m gajUm`m >rZo
hm cmoh_mJ _hdmMm Amho. Bem` gr_mdVu jo Xoem`m
Cd[aV ^mJmer OmoS>Umam Vmo EH$_od cmoh_mJ Amho. `mda
amJr`m, VoOnya, cIr_nya B`mXr _hdmMr WmZHo$ AmhoV.
H$moH$U aodo _hmam>, Jmodm, H$ZmQ>H$ Am{U Ho$ai hr
Mma am`o Am{U aodo _mc` `m`m gh^mJmVyZ H$moH$U aodo
H$n C^m am{hcm.
amohm Vo _Jiyan`VMm hm cmoh_mJ 760 {H$._r. cm~rMm
Amho. aZm{Jar, _S>Jmd Am{U H$madma hr `m _mJmdarc _wI
WmZHo$ AmhoV.
cmoh_mJmMo {dwVrH$aU ^maVmV {dOoda MmcUm`m
 For Private Circulation Only

cmoh_mJ {d^mJ `mcm "XoemVJV OcdmhVyH$' hUVmV. Ym`, I{ZOo, H$moigm

dmhZ Zo`mgmR>r Ago Oc_mJ Cn`w$ AmhoV. XoemV 14500
H$. {d^mJmMo Zmd _w`mc` {H$_r cm~rMo Oc_mJ AmhoV. Acmhm~mX -hpX`m JJm Oc_mJ
1) _` {d^mJ N>nVr {edmOr d gmXr`m-Ywdr ~nwm Oc_mJ, H$mo_ Vo H$mo>mnwa_ npM_
Q>{_Zg, _w~B {H$Zmar H$mcdm, MnH$mam Am{U CmoJ_S>i H$mcdm (Ho$ai)
2) nyd {d^mJ H$mocH$mVm hr AVJV Oc_mJmMr CXmhaUo hmoV. `m Oc_mJm{edm` JmoXmdar,
3) Cma {d^mJ Zdr {Xr H$Um, _hmZXr, _mS>dr Am{U OwAmar `m ZmMm H$mhr ^mJ
4) Cma-nyd {d^mJ JmoaInya Am{U Ho$ai_Yrc nMOc `mMm XoemVJV OcdmhVwH$sV g_mdoe
5) Cma-nyd gr_m {d^mJ _mcrJmd (JwdmhmQ>r) hmoVmo.
6) X{jU {d^mJ MoB (2) gmJar _mJ ^maVmcm 7517 {H$._r. cm~rMm {H$Zmam
7) X{jU-_` {d^mJ {gH$Xam~mX cm^cm Amho. `m~amo~aM gmJar Am{WH$ jo CncY Amho.
8) X{jU-nyd {d^mJ H$mocH$mVm `m gnyU {H$Zmar XoemV 12 _wI ~Xao Am{U 186 chmZ
9) npM_ {d^mJ MMJoQ>, _w~B ~Xao AmhoV. ^maVmMm 95 Q>o$ {dXoer `mnma `m ~Xam_YyZ
10) nyd-_` {d^mJ hmOrnya ({~hma) Ho$cm OmVmo.
11) nyd-{H$Zmar {d^mJ ^wdZoda ^maVm`m npM_ {H$Zm`mda AZoH$ Zg{JH$ ~Xao AmhoV.
12) Cma-_` {d^mJ Acmhm~mX `m {H$Zm`mOdi AZoH$ ImS>m d CngmJa Ag`mZo Iw`m
13) Cma-npM_ {d^mJ O`nya g_wmVrc dmXir dm`mnmgyZ d _moR>m cmQ>mnmgyZ ~XamZm
14) X{jU-nyd-_` {d^mJ {dcmgnya gajU {_iVo. Aem ^mJmV {H$Zm`mOdi nmUr Imoc AgVo,
15) X{jU-npM_ {d^mJ h~ir `m_wio _moR>m Zmdm, OhmOo {H$Zm`mn`V `oD$ eH$VmV. H$mS>cm,
16) npM_-_` {d^mJ O~cnya _w~B, hmdm-eodm, _m_mJmodm, Zdo _Jiya, H$moMr B`mXr npM_
{H$Zm`mdarc _hdmMr ~Xao AmhoV. nyd {H$Zm`mda H$mocH$mVm-
aodo B{OZmMm Cn`moJ dmT>cm Amho. `m_wio {S>Poc, H$moigm hpX`m, namrn, {demImn>U_, MoB, Emoa d Vw{VH$moarZ
`mgma`m BYZmMr ~MV hmoVo. Jo`m H$mhr dfmV cmoh_mJmMo hr _wI ~Xao AmhoV.
{dwVrH$aU doJmZo dmT>co Amho. H$mhr _wI ~Xao
Zi_mJ H$mS>cm JwOamV am`mVrc H$N>`m AmImVmV H$mS>cm
Zi_mJ hm dmhVwH$sMm AmYw{ZH$ H$ma Amho. I{ZO ho ~Xa Amho. `m ~XamVyZ XoemMm 17 Q>o$ `mnma MmcVmo.
Voc, {S>Poc, noQ>moc, Zg{JH$ dm`y B`mXr dmhZ Zo`mgmR>r `oWyZ I{ZO Voc, _rR>, amgm`{ZH$ IVo, {g_|Q>, H$mnyg,
Zi_mJ dmnaVmV. gmIa `mMm m_w`mZo `mnma hmoVmo.
^maVmVrc n{hcm Zi_mJ 1962 Vo 1968 `m H$mcmdYrV _w~B _hmam> am`mVrc _w~B ho EH$ Cm_ Zg{JH$
~mY`mV Amcm. Amgm__Yrc ZmhaH${Q>`m Voc jomVyZ ~amZrn`V ~Xa Amho. _w~B ~XamVyZ gw_mao 8 Q>o$ _mcmMr Zo-AmU hmoVo.
Zi Q>mH$`mV Amco. AmVm am>mV gw_mao 7000 {H$_rnojm `m ~Xamdarc VmU H$_r H$a`m`m CoemZo hmdm-eodm `oWo
A{YH$ cm~rMo Zi_mJ AmhoV. Odmhacmc Zoh$ nmoQ> Amho.
_wI Zi_mJ _m_mJmodm Jmodm am`mV ^maVm`m npM_ {H$Zm`mda
1) Amgm__Yrc Vocjo Vo Cma XoemVrc H$mZnya _m_mJmodm ~Xa AgyZ VoWyZ cmohI{ZO, _JZrO d ~mgmBQ>
2) JwOamV am`mVrc gmc`m Vo nOm~ am`mVrc OmcYa `mMr {Z`mV hmoVo. `m{edm` H$madma `oWyZ cmohI{ZO, _JZrO,
3) JwOamV_Yrc hm{Oam Vo Cma XoemVrc OJXrenya (dm`y oQ>mo-agm`Zo `mMr Zo-AmU hmoVo. ho gd H$ma`m AmYw{ZH$
Zi) gmo`tZr `w$ Ago ~Xa Amho.
4) _w~B hm` Vo _w~B H$mocH$mVm npM_ ~Jmc am`m`m {H$Zm`mda H$mocH$mVm
5) _w~B Vo nwUo ho ~Xa Amho. `oWyZ XoemVrc 14 Q>o$ _mcmMr MT>CVma Ho$cr
6) _w~B Vo BXmoa OmVo. `m ~Xam`m X{jUog hpX`m ho ~Xa Amho. _moR>r OhmOo
7) H$ZmQ>H$ am`mVrc Hw$o_wI Vo _Jiya hpX`m `oWo _mcmMr Zo-AmU H$a`mgmR>r `oVmV. `m_wio H$mocH$mVm
8) JwOamV am`mVrc H$mo`mcr Vo Cma XoemVrc _Wwam `m ~Xamdarc dmhVwH$sMm VmU H$_r Pmcm. `oWyZ AZoH$ H$maMr
Oc_mJ H$fr CnmXZo, I{ZOo Am{U Ammo{JH$ _mc `mMr dmhVyH$
_hmgmJa, g_w, Zm, H$mcdo B`mXr Ocme`mMm dmna hmoVo.
dmgr d _mc dmhZ Zo`mgmR>r Ho$cm OmVmo. AmVaam>r` `mnmamV {demImn>U_ ho EH$ Cm_ Zg{JH$ ~Xa Amho. AmY
Oc_mJ _hdmMo AgVmV. AmYw{ZH$ OhmOo AZoH$ gmo`r- Xoe am`mMr {H$Zm`mdarc `m ~XamVyZ XoemVrc 16 Q>o$
gw{dYmZr `w$ AgVmV, `m_wio H$_r IMmV Xyan`V ZmedV `mnma hmoVmo. `oWo OhmOmMr ~mYUr, XwVr, XoI^mc Ho$cr
_mcmMr Oc_mJmZo dmhVyH$ Ho$cr OmD$ eH$Vo. OmVo.
Oc_mJmMo XmoZ _wI H$ma Ho$co OmVmV MoB Vm{_iZmSy> am`m`m {H$Zm`mdarc MoB ho
1) XoemVJV Oc_mJ `mnmar>m _hdmMo d OwZo ~Xa Amho. `m ~XamVyZ eoVr
2) gmJar _mJ CnmXZo, I{ZOo d Ammo{JH$ _mc `mMr dmhVyH$ hmoVo. Vocdmh
(1) XoemVJV Oc_mJ Zm, H$mcdo, gamodao `mMm OhmOmgmR>r `oWo {deof gmo`r Ho$co`m AmhoV. `m_wio I{ZO
dmna dmemMr d _mcmMr Zo-AmU H$a`mgmR>r Ho$cm OmVmo. Voc d noQ>moc `mMr dmhVyH$ Ho$cr OmVo.

Q>S>r gH$b gX^ gm{h (^yJmoc)/ 32


dm`w_mJ
^maV ho EH$ {demc am> Ag`m_wio, am>mVJV {d{dY
WimZm OmoS>Um`m dm`w_mJmMr godm _moR>m _mUmV {dH${gV
hmoV Amho. ^maVm`m Ammo{JH$ d gmH${VH$ JVr_wio OmJ{VH$
Vamda {deof g~Y Wm{nV Ho$co AmhoV. OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio
OJmVrc {Za{Zam`m am>me r gnH$ gmYVm `mdm hUyZ dm`w_mJmMr
godm {dH${gV Ho$cr Amho.
^maVr` dm`w_mJmMo `dWmnZ d {Z`_Z emgH$s` dm`m
gWm H$aVmV. XoemVJV dm`w_mJmMo `dWmnZ "B{S>`Z
EAacmBg' hr gWm H$aVo. `m gWog "B{S>`Z' Agohr
g~moYVmV. B{S>`Z EAacmBgMr godm XoemVJV CVm$, _mc
d Q>nmc dmhZ Zo`mgmR>r \$ma Cn`moJr Amho. VgoM B{S>`Z
EAacmBgmao `m H$maMr godm ^maVm`m eoOmar am>mZm
Q>S>r gH$b gX^ gm{h (^yJmoc)/ 33
For Private Circulation Only
XoIrc nwadcr OmVo. "EAa B{S>`m' hr gWm AmVaam>r`
dmgr d _mc dmhVyH$ H$aVo.
Z`m am>r` YmoaUm_wio dm`w_mJ godoMm gw_mao 100 Xoemer
H$ama Pmcocm Amho. `m_wio m_w`mZo `w.Ho$., MrZ, AmQ>o{c`m,
O_Zr, \$mg, AmImVr Xoe, `w.Eg.E. `m`mer dm`w_mJmZr
gnH$ dmT>cm Amho. H|$ emgZm`m Z`m ~Xcco`m YmoaUmZwgma
ImOJr gWmH$Sy>Zgwm dm`w_mJ godm nwadcr OmVo.
"ndZhg' `m emgH$s` gWo_m\$V ^maVmV ho{cH$mQ>a
godm CncY Ho$cr Jocr Amho.
{Xr, _w~B, MoB, H$mocH$mVm, H$moMr, {VAZVnya_,
~Jiya, hm~mX, nQ>Zm, Ah_Xm~mX, lrZJa, A_Vga B`mXr
{R>H$mUr AmVaam>r` {d_mZVi AmhoV.

H$aU 11 - (~) gXoedhZ Am{U mnma
_m{hVr Am{U gXoemMr XodmU-KodmU hUOo "gXoedhZ'
hmo`. AmYw{ZH$ gXoedhZ gmYZm_wio XoemVrc VgoM OJmVrc
H$moU`mhr {R>H$mUr AnmdYrV gnH$ gmYUo e` Pmco Amho.
OJm`m EImm ^mJmV KS>Um`m KQ>Zm H$mhr jUmVM XyaXeZ`m
nS>md$Z AZoH$mn`V nmohmoMVmV.
AmYw { ZH$ g X o e dhZmmao {c{IV, g ^ m{fV Vgo M
`$nmVrc {dMmamMr XodmU-KodmU hmoV.o AmVm H${_ CnJhmmao
gXoedhZ hmoD$ cmJ`mZo `m jomV H$mVr Pmcr Amho.
Q>nmc d Vma godm ^maVmV OJmVrc gdmV _moR>o Q>nmc
godm Omio Amho. no, nm{H$Q>o, nmgco, ngo Q>nmc_mJ} An
XamV nmohmoM{d`mMr gmo` Amho. A`V H$_r doimV no
nmohmoM`mgmR>r "nrS> nmoQ>' `moOZm _moR>m ehamV gw$ AmhoV.
gJUH$m`m dmnam_wio "BcoQ>m{ ZH$-_oc' (B-_oc) godm CncY
Pmcr Amho. Q>nmc godm H$m`j_ hmo`mgmR>r Jmdo, ehao, am`o
`mZm Q>nmc gyMr H$_mH$ (PIN CODE No.) Xo`mV Amco
AmhoV.
Amnmr`m doir, {deof gJr OcX gXoedhZmMo H$m_
Vma {d^mJ H$aVmV.
XyadZr godm XoemV d OmJ{VH$ nmVirda H$m`j_
d doJmZo gXoedhZ hmo`mgmR>r XyadZr godm _hdmMr Amho.
"^maV gMma {ZJ_ {c{_Q>oS>'V\}$ XyadZr godm nwa{dcr OmVo.
_moR>m ehamH$[aVm "_hmZJa Q>{o c\$moZ {ZJ_ {c{_Q>So >' naXoemgmR>r
"{dXoe gMma {ZJ_ {c{_Q>oS>" H$m` H$aVmV. XyadZr godoMo
`mnH$ Omio Xoe^a {dH${gV Pmco Amho. `m godomao "Eg.Q>r.S>r.'
d "Am`.Eg.S>r.' Am{U "BQ>aZoQ>' AWdm "AmVaOmc' `m AmYw{ZH$
gw{dYmhr Xo`mV `oVmV. XyadZr godoV ImOJr XyadZr godmZmhr
AZw_Vr {_im`mZo H$mhr ImOJr XyadZr godm Xoe^a CncY
Pm`m AmhoV.
^_UdZr ` godm `m godoMm {dVma Am{U dmna
doJmZo hmoV Amho. "^maV gMma {ZJ_ {c{_Q>oS>' `m gmdO{ZH$
jomVrc CnH$_m`{V[a$ ImOJr jom_m\$V hr godm nwa{dVmV.
`{$JV ^_UdZr `YmaH$ g`oV ^maVmMm OJmV Xhmdm
H$_mH$ AgyZ gw_mao 12 H$moQ>r cmoH$ ^_UdZr `YmaH$ AmhoV.
gmdO{ZH$ gXoedhZ {d{dY am>r` H$m`H$_ Am{U
YmoaUo `m~m~V cmoH$m_`o OmJVr {Z_mU H$a`mV gmdO{ZH$
gXeo dhZ _hdmMr ^y{_H$m ~OmdVo. VgoM dm`nyU _ZmoaO ZmMo
H$m`hr H$aVo. AmH$medmUr, XyaXeZ, dmno, {Z`VH$m{cHo$,
nwVHo$ Am{U {MnQ> hr gmdO{ZH$ gXoedhZmMr _wI gmYZo
AmhoV. `mmao EH$mM doir Ag` cmoH$mn`V gnH$ gmYVm
`oVmo, hUyZ `mZm gmdO{ZH$ gXoedhZmMr gmYZo hUVmV.
AmH$medmUr ^maVmV W_ 1927 gmcr _w~B Am{U
H$mocH$mVm `oWyZ ao{S>Amo godm gw$ Pmcr. 1936 _`o gmdO{ZH$
jomVrc "Amc B{S>`m ao{S>Amo' hr godm gw$ Pmcr. 1957
_`o `mM godog "AmH$medmUr' Ago Zmd {Xco Joco.
AmH$medmUrV\}$ AZoH$ H$maMr _m{hVr, gyMZm, {d{dY
H$m`H$_ cmoH$mn`V nmohmoM{dco OmVmV. am>r` d am`^mfm_`o
~mV`m gm[aV Ho$`m OmVmV.
Q>S>r gH$b gX^ gm{h (^yJmoc)/ 34
For Private Circulation Only
Xya{MdmUr gmdO{ZH$ gXoedhZmVrc Xya{MdmUr ho
EH$ A`V cmoH${` gmYZ Amho. gm_m{OH$ d gmH${VH$
jomV cjUr` Ago ~Xc KS>dyZ AmU`mV `m _m`_mMm
dmQ>m \$ma _moR>m Amho. XoemVrc 87 Q>o$ cmoH$mn`V Xya{MdmUrMo
H$m`H$_ nmohmoMVmV.
AmH$medmUr, XyaXeZ `m`mmao MmJco H$m`H$_ am>r`,
mXo{eH$ Am{U Wm{ZH$ Vamda nmohmoMmdoV `m CoemZo "gma
^maVr' `m dm`m gWoMr WmnZm H$a`mV Amcr. Q>o{chrOZ
d ao{S>Amo gmaU godm ImOJr jom_m\$Vhr CncY Pm`m
AmhoV.
`mnma
_mUyg dVM JaOonwaVo A d BVa Amd`H$ dVy
V`ma H$aV Ago. JaO dmQ>`mg Amgnmg`m cmoH$mH$Sy>Z
dVy-{d{Z_`m`m d$nmV Oar`m dVy {_idV Ago. naVw
_mUgm`m JaOm dmT>`m_wio d `mg JaOo`m gd dVy qH$dm
nXmWmMo CnmXZ H$aUo Ae` Ag`mZo `mnma dmT>cm.
^mJmo{cH$ n[apWVrVrc {^Vo_wio {d{e> XoemV {d{e>
CnmXZo _moR>m _mUmda hmoVmV. Aem CnmXZmMm nwadR>m
`m XoemV `mZm _mJUr Agoc VoWo H$a`mV `oVmo. Aem
{R>H$mUr `m CnmXZmMr {dH$s hmoVo. `mCcQ> `m dVyMo CnmXZ
EImm XoemV hmoV Zmhr, VoWo Aem dVyMr IaoXr hmoVo.
^mJmo{cH$ n[apWVrVrc {VHy$cVm Am{U dVy CnmXZ IMmVrc
dmT> ho XmoZ KQ>H$ Aem n[apWVrcm H$maUr^yV R>aVmV. Aem
n[apWVrVyZ `mnmamg gwdmV hmoVo.
"`mnma' `m gkoMm AW A{YH$ `mnH$ Pmcm Amho.
dVy, godm, H$me`, {dMma, gemoYZ `mMr XodKod hUOoM
`mnma hmo`. `mnma ho Am{WH$ {dH$mgmMo EH$ n[a_mU Amho.
Wm{ZH$ `mnma Wm{ZH$ CnmXZmMm _`m{XV IaoXr-
{dH$s `dhma Agco`m `mnmamg Wm{ZH$ `mnma hUVmV.
AmYw{ZH$ `mnmamMr gwdmV Wm{ZH$ `mnmamVyZM Pmcr.
^mOrnmcm, XyY, \w$co, \$io, AS>r, _mg Agm ZmedV H$fr
_mc Amgnmg`m ^mJmVyZ `oVmo d cJoMM `mMr {dH$s Wm{ZH$
~mOmamV hmoVo. Aem ~mOmamV CnmXH$ d JmhH$ Odinmg`mM
n[agamVrc AgVmV. ^maVm`m Jm_rU ^mJmV d XwJ_ XoemV
Wm{ZH$ `mnma AmT>iVmo. JmdmJmdmVrc AmR>dS>o ~mOma Am{U
XZ{XZ ~mOma hr Wm{ZH$ `mnmamMr CXmhaUo hmoV.
AmVaam`r` `mnma EH$mM XoemVrc {Za{Zam`m
am`m`m Xa`mZ hmoUmam `mnma hm AmVaam`r` `mnma
hmo`. ^mJmo{cH$ n[apWVrVrc {^Vo_wio ^maVmVrc {Za{Zam`m
am`m_`o AZoH$ H$maMr CnmXZo hmoVmV.
^maVmVrc H$mhr am`m_`o JhmMo CnmXZ KoVco OmVo,
Va H$mhr am`mV VmXyi CnmXZ hmoVo. Aem VhoZo H$moUVoM
am` d`nyU Zmhr ho {XgyZ `oVo. `m_wio am`m-am`m_`o
`mnma gw$ hmoVmo. ^maVmVrc am`m-am`mVrc hmoUmam `mnma
hm naXoemer hmoUm`m `mnmamnojm Iyn OmV Amho.
AmVaam`r` `mnmam_wio am>mVrc EH$m ^mJmVrc
CnmXZmMm Xwg`m ^mJmV \$m`Xm hmoVmo. {d{dY am`o EH$_oH$m`m

JaOm nyU H$a`mMm `Z H$aVmV. {d{dY am`mVrc cmoH$m_`o
gm_m{OH$, ^md{ZH$ XodmU-KodmU gw$ hmoVo. `m_wio EH$m_Vm,
AmnconUm dmT>Vmo.
AmVaam>r` `mnma EH$m am>mMm Xwg`m am>m~amo~a
hmoUmam `mnma hUOo AmVaam>r` `mnma hmo`. Amn`m am>mVrc
_mc naam>mV nmR>dyZ AmnU Omo `mnma H$aVmo `mg {Z`mV
`mnma hUVmV, Va naam>mVrc _mc IaoXr H$$Z Amn`m
am>mV AmU`mg `mg Am`mV `mnma hUVmV.
^maVm`m Am{WH$ {dH$mgmV AmVaam>r` `mnmamMo `moJXmZ
_hdmMo Amho. 1950-51 _`o ^maVmMm AmVaam>r` `mnma
gw_mao 1300 H$moQ>r n`mMm hmoVm, Va 2005-06 _`o hm
`mnma gw_mao Xhm cmI H$moQ>r n`mnojm OmV Pmcm Amho.
^maVm`m AmVaam>r` `mnmamMr d{e>o nwT>rc_mUo
AmhoV
1) Jo`m H$mhr dfmV Am`mV Am{U {Z`mV `mV cjUr`
Aer dmT> Pmcr Amho.
2) {Z`mVrnojm Am`mV OmV Amho.
3) ^maVmMm AmVaam>r` `mnma AgVw{cV Amho.
Am`mV `mnma am>mVrc cmoH$m`m Amd`H$ `m JaOm
nyU H$a`mgmR>r VgoM CnmXZmV dmT> H$a`mgmR>r dVyMr
Am`mV Ho$cr OmVo. ^maVmV I{ZO Voc CnmXZo, ImVoco,
cmoh-nmocmX, XJS>r H$moigm, BcoQ>m{ ZH$s CnmXZo, `,o _m`dmZ
IS>o, _moVr, gmoZo, MmXr, IVo, H$mJX, agm`Zo, AmfYo B`mXr
dVyMr Am`mV Ho$cr OmVo. ^maVm`m EHy$U Am`mVrV gdm{YH$
hUOo 40 Q>o$ dmQ>m `wamonr` XoemMm Amho. `m{edm` H$ZS>m,
Q>S>r gH$b gX^ gm{h (^yJmoc)/ 35
For Private Circulation Only
`w.Eg.E. AmImVr Xoe B`mXr XoemVyZhr Am`mV Ho$cr OmVo.
{Z`mV `mnma ^maVm`m {Z`mV `mnmamV dmT> hmoV
Amho. dmV`moma H$mim`m gwdmVrg I{ZOo, H$fr CnmXZo
`mMr m_w`mZo {Z`mV hmoV Ago. g`m H$fr CnmXZo, H$mnS>,
OS>-Odmhra, A{^`m{H$s CnmXZo, agm`Zo, gmJar CnmXZo,
I{ZOo, BcoQ>m{ ZH$s dVy, Mm_S>m`m dVy B`mXtMr m_w`mZo
{Z`mV Ho$cr OmVo. `m{edm` Mhm, H$m\$s, _gm`mMo nXmW
d noQ>mocO` CnmXZo `mMr ^maVmVyZ {Z`mV hmoVo.
Xhm`m nMdm{fH$ `moOZoV {Z`mVrV dmT> hmdr `mgmR>r
{deof YmoaU AmI`mV Amco. am`m_`o nm`m^yV gw{dYm {Z_mU
H$aUo, dV_mZ gw{dYmMm XOm dmT>{dUo d JwUdmmnyU CnmXZ
{Z{_Vr `mgmR>r `Z Ho$co OmV AmhoV. ^maVmMm {Z`mV
`mnma m_w`mZo `wamonr` am>o, `w.Eg.E., OnmZ, Am{\$Ho$Vrc
am>o `m`m~amo~a hmoVmo.
OmJ{VH$ `mnma Am{U ^maV OJmVrc H$moUVmhr Xoe
gdM Amd`H$ dVy_`o d`nyU AgV Zmhr. OmJ{VH$sH$aU
Am{U _w$ AW`dWm `m_i w o OJmVrc AZoH$ XoemZr `mnmamVrc
{Z~Y H$_r Ho$co AmhoV. OJmVrc XoemZr EH$_oH$mer `mnma
H$aVmZm H$mhr Vdo d {Z`_ nmimdoV, OmJ{VH$ `mnma g~Y
gcmo`mMo amhmdoV hUyZ "g`w$ am>mZr' EH$ H$amaZm_m V`ma
Ho$cm. `mZwgma AmVaam>r` `mnmamMo {Z`_Z H$a`mgmR>r,
dmX-VQ>o, g_`m gmoS>{d`mgmR>r OmJ{VH$ `mnma gKQ>Zm
WmnZ Ho$cr Amho.
^maVm`m Am{WH$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ {dH$mgmV dmhVyH$,
gXoedhZ d `mnma `mZm AZ`gmYmaU _hd Amho.

H$aU 11 - m{jH$ ^yJmob
AmYw{ZH$ `wJmV _mZdmZo dkm{ZH$ d Vm{H$ jomV ~arM
JVr Ho$cr Amho. dkm{ZH$ d Vm{H$ kmZm`m AmYmao _mZdmZo
ndrdarc {d{dY ggmYZmMm Cn`moJ H$$Z KoVcm Amho.
ggmYZm`m CncY gmp`H$sd$Z H$mhr {ZH$f H$mT>mdo
cmJVmV. `mgmR>r gmp`H$s` _m{hVrMo dJuH$aU, loUr d
gmaUrH$aU H$amdo cmJVo. Aem H$mao gmp`H$s` _m{hVrMm
H$ma d H$mcmdYr `m KQ>H$mZwgma doJdoJ`m nVtMm Adc~
H$$Z Vr _m{hVr Xe{dcr OmVo. `mgmR>r {d{dY AmcoI d
AmH$`m H$mT>`m OmVmV.
^mJmo{cH$ KQ>H$mMr gmp`H$s` _m{hVr {d{e> {Mho,
IwUm, AmcoI d AmH$`m`m gmhm`mZo ZH$memV XmIdcr
OmVo.
gmp`H$s` _m{hVr XmoZ H$mao Xe{dcr OmVo.
1) ZH$memMm dmna Z H$aVm AmcoI d AmH$`m H$mT>Uo.
2) AmcoI d AmH$`m ZH$memda H$mT>Uo.
gmp`H$s` _m{hVrMo AmH$Vr`m gmhm`mZo {MU H$aVmZm
EH$mM ^mJmo{cH$ KQ>H$m`m AmH$S>odmargmR>r hoVyZwgma doJdoJ`m
nVtMm Adc~ Ho$cm OmVmo. CXm. cmoH$g`m {dVaUmgmR>r
qQ>~ nVr, cmoH$g`oMr KZVm XmI{d`mgmR>r jodU nVr,
{d{dY dfmMr cmoH$g`m {Xcocr Agoc Va AmcoI nVr
dmnacr OmVo. AmH$`m H$mT>`mMm Amncm hoVy H$m` Amho
`md$Z `mo` Aem ZH$mem emr` nVrMr {ZdS> Ho$cr OmVo.
AmH$`m H$mT>VmZm _mU {ZpMV H$aVmZm g`oVrc H$_rV
H$_r d OmVrV OmV _y` {dMmamV `mdo cmJVo.
gmp`H$s` _m{hVr gmXarH$aU
gmp`H$s` _m{hVr gmXarH$aUm`m nwT>rc nVr AmhoV
- 1) gmYm V^mcoI
(A) EH${_Vr` AmH$`m aofmcoI, V^mcoI
(~) {{_Vr` AmH$`m {d^m{OV dVwi, _mU~ Mmag
d dVwi, {d^m{OV Am`VmH$Vr.
(H$) {{_Vr` AmH$`m KZJmoc, KZ Mmag, R>moH$im nVr
(S>) {dVaUm_H$ ZH$meo qQ>~ nVr, jodU nVr.
`mnH$s H$mhr nVtMr _m{hVr AmnU {_idy.
(A) EH${_Vr` AmH$`m
aofmcoI
AmcoI H$mJXmdarc AmS>dm "j' d C^m Aj "`' `m
ZmdmZo AmoiIcm OmVmo. `mnH$s "j' Ajmda H$mcmdYr AWdm
{R>H$mUo g_mZ AVamda XmIdcr OmVmV. "j' Ajmda _mUmZwgma
_y`o Xe{dcr OmVmV. "`' AjmMr CMr {Xco`m g`oda
Adc~yZ AgVo.
Q>S>r gH$b gX^ gm{h (^yJmoc)/ 36
For Private Circulation Only
gmp`H$s` _m{hVr Wc-H$mcmZw$n AmcoI H$mJXmda
q~Xy`m gmhm`mZo {ZpMV H$aVmV. ho q~Xy OmoS>`m_wio V`ma
hmoUm`m AmH$Vrg aofmcoI hUVmV. gmYm aofmcoI d ~haofmcoI
Ago `mMo H$ma Ho$co OmVmV.
EH$mnojm A{YH$ aofmcoI EH$mM AmcoI H$mJXmda H$mT>co `m
AmH$Vrg ~haofmcoI hUVmV. ~haofmcoImgmR>r dmnacocr
gmp`H$s` _m{hVr Wc-H$mcmZw$n EImm KQ>H$mMo CnKQ>H$
AJa AZoH$ KQ>H$mMr AgVo. `oH$ KQ>H$ qH$dm CnKQ>H$mgmR>r
EH$ `m_mUo XmoZ qH$dm `mnojm A{YH$ aofmcoI EH$mM AmcoI
H$mJXmda H$mT>co OmVmV.
`m aofmcoImV _mU {ZpMV H$aVmZm doJdoJio KQ>H$
aofmcoImV AmoiIVm `mdo hUyZ `oH$ KQ>H$m`m aofm doJdoJ`m
Xedm`m cmJVmV. ~haofmcoImOdi Vgm Vnerc mdm cmJVmo.
`m_wio KQ>H$-CnKQ>H$mMo doJionU d `mV Pmcoco ~Xc cdH$aM
cjmV `oVmV. {d{dY KQ>H$mMr VwcZm H$a`mgmR>r ~haofmcoI
Cn`w$ R>aVmo.
V^mcoI
gmp`H$s` _m{hVr V^m`m gmhm`mZo AmcoI H$mJXmda
XmI{dVmV, `mg V^mcoI hUVmV. V^mcoImV "j' Ajmda
Wc qH$dm H$mcmdYr Va "`' Ajmda gmp`H$s` _m{hVr
_mUmZwgma XoVmV. g`oMo _y` nmhZ q~Xy {ZpMV H$aVmV
d VodT>m CMrMo d g_mZ OmS>rMo V^ g_mZ AVamda H$mT>co
OmVmV. XmoZ V^mVrc AVa V^ OmS>rnojm H$_r Agmdo.
V^mcoIm_wio WcH$mcmZwgma Pmcocm MT>CVma g_OVmo.
V^mcoImVrc V^ C^o qH$dm AmS>do Agy eH$VmV. V^mcoImMo
nwT>rc_mUo H$ma nS>VmV.
2) OmoS> V^mcoI
3) g`w$ V^mcoI
1) gmYm V^mcoI
AmcoI H$mJXmda EH$mM KQ>H$mMr gmp`H$s _m{hVr Wc
d H$mcmZwgma {d{dY V^mZr Xe{dcr OmVo. "j' Ajmda
H$mcmdYr qH$dm Wc Am{U "`' Ajmda gmp`H$s` _m{hVr
_mUmZwgma {Xcocr AgVo. H$_rV H$_r d OmVrV OmV
_y` {dMmamV KoD$Z _mU {ZpMV Ho$co OmVo. "j' Ajmdarc
H$mcmdYr qH$dm Wio g_mZ AVamZo {c{hcr OmVmV. gmp`H$s`
_y`mZwgma q~Xy {ZpMV H$$Z `m q~XynmgyZ "j' Ajmda
gai aofm H$mTy>Z `m aofmZm R>amdrH$ OmS>r {Xcr OmVo. `mV
gd V^ g_mZ