GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Chandkheda, Ahmedabad
Affiliated

LUKHDHIRJI ENGINEERING COLLEGE MORBI

A Report On-
PREPAID ENERGY METER WITH TARIFF INDICATOR

Under subject of
DESIGN ENGINEERING 2B
B. E. III, Semester VI
(Electrical Branch)
Submitted by:
Group:10

SR. NAME OF STUDENT EN. NO.

1) Kansara Bhagirath Jivanbhai. 130310109047

2) Singh Prithviraj Krishnakumar. 140313109020
3) Kodiatar Vijaybhai Vejabhai. 130310109031
4) Prajapati Gaurav Japrakashbhai. 130310109042

PROF. D.M BHANKHODIYA

(Faculty Guide)

PROF. S.N PANDYA

Head of the Department

Academic year (2016-2017)

 LUKHDHIRJI ENGINEERING COLLEGE MORBI
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the case study report of Design Engineering titled

PREPAID ENERGY METER WITH TARIFF INDICATOR

Is submitted by

SR. NAME OF STUDENT EN. NO.

1) Kansara Bhagirath Jivanbhai. 130310109047

2) Singh Prithviraj Krishnakumar. 140313109020
3) Kodiatar Vijaybhai Vejabhai. 130310109031
4) Prajapati Gaurav Japrakashbhai. 130310109042

As their practical work on the subject Design Engineering

Of the semester 6th for the degree B.E. (Electrical Engineering) at

Gujarat Technological University for the academic year 2016 2017.

Guided By :-

Prof. D.M.Bhankhodiya. Dr.S.N Pandya.

Assistant Professor, Head of the Department,

Electrical Department, Electrical Department,

L. E. College. Morbi. L. E. College. Morbi.

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

(2016-2017)
 ABSTRACT:
A scheme of Electricity billing system called PREPAID ENERGY METER WITH TARIFF
INDICATOR can facilitate in improved cash flow management in energy utilities and
can reduces problem associated with billing This digital prepaid energy meter does
not have any rotating parts. The energy consumption is calculated using the output
pulses of the energy meter chip and the internal counter of microcontroller.
There is no need of manpower for taking meter readings.Here we use EEPROM as a
memory storage device. It store the value of unit recharged in the energy
meter.When power supply is cutoff it has not any ill effect on the meter reading. As
soon as the supply is restored, energy meter restarts with the stored values.
Energy measuring IC continuously measure the unit consumption. According to
information obtain from the measuring IC microcontroller take appropriate action.
According to the power consumption the amount will be reduced.
When the amount is over, the relays will automatically shutdown the whole system.
In our project we also have a provision to give an alarm sound when unit remaining
is below 5 to consumer before the whole amount is reduced.
when unit is recharged, supply restored and customer should be able to use the
electricity. We use a keyboard so authorized person go to customer home and
recharge the unit according to customer need. The fault detection and power theft
monitoring possible by using this prepaid energy meter.
INTRODUCTION:
The present system of energy metering as well as billing which uses
electromechanical and somewhere digital energy meter is error prone and it
consumes more time and labour . The conventional electromechanical meters are
being replaced by new electronic meters to improve accuracy in meter reading. Still
,the Indian power sector faces a serious problem of revenue collection for the actual
electric energy supplied owing to energy thefts and network losses. One of the prime
reasons is the traditional billing system which is inaccurate many times, slow, costly,
and lack in flexibility as well as reliability.
Meters, in the past and today in a few countries, were electromechanical devices
with poor accuracy and lack of configurability. Theft detection was also a challenge.
Recent developments in this direction seem to provide opportunities in
implementing energy efficient metering technologies that are more precise,
accurate, error free, etc.
Prepaid Energy Meter has been proposed as an innovative solution aimed at
facilitating affordability and reducing the cost of utilities. This mechanism,
essentially, requires the users to pay for the electricity before its consumption. In
this way, consumers hold credit and then use the electricity until the credit is
exhausted. If the available credit is exhausted then the supply of electricity is cutoff
by a relay. The amount left for usage will be continuously displayed on the LCD.
But their use is still controversial. On the one hand, those that support the diffusion
of prepaid meters claim that they benefit both consumers and utilities because they
help users to consume more efficiently and to improve the management of their
budget, while allowing firms to reduce financial costs, as well as the costs of
operation and bad debts.
On the other hand, those that are against prepaid meters argue that their adoption
is expensive for firms and risky for low income consumers. Prepaid system has
reduced the usage (wastage) by a large amount. Another advantage of the prepaid
system is that the human errors made reading meters and processing bills can be
reduced to a large extent.
Due to the intelligence built in into the electronic meters, introduction of prepaid
metering becomes much easier than in the case of electromechanical meters.
HISTORY:
Electricity meters operate by continuously measuring the instantaneous
voltage (volts) and current (amperes) and finding the product of these to give
instantaneous electrical power (watts) which is then integrated against time to
give energy used (joules, kilowatt-hours etc.). Meters for smaller services (such as
small residential customers) can be connected directly in-line between source and
customer. For larger loads, more than about 200 ampere of load, current
transformers are used, so that the meter can be located other than in line with the
service conductors. The meters fall into two basic categories, electromechanical and
electronic.

ELECTRONIC METERS
Electronic meters display the energy used on an LCD or LED display, and can also
transmit readings to remote places. In addition to measuring energy used, electronic
meters can also record other parameters of the load and supply such as maximum
demand, power factor and reactive power used etc. They can also support time-of-
day billing, for example, recording the amount of energy used during on-peak and
off-peak hours.it reduses the human mistake in reading .many meter include switch
to interrupt and restore service.

ELECTROMECHANICAL METERS
The most common type of electricity meter is the electromechanical induction wat
Hour meter.
The electromechanical induction meter operates by counting the revolutions of
an aluminium disc which is made to rotate at a speed proportional to the power. The
number of revolutions is thus proportional to the energy usage. The voltage coil
consumes a small and relatively constant amount of power, typically around 2 watts
which is not registered on the meter. The current coil similarly consumes a small
amount of power in proportion to the square of the current flowing through it,
typically up to a couple of watts at full load, which is registered on the meter. Most
domestic electricity meters must be read manually, whether by a representative of
the power company or by the customer. Where the customer reads the meter, the
reading may be supplied to the power company by telephone, post or over
the internet. The electricity company will normally require a visit by a company
representative at least annually in order to verify customer-supplied readings and to
make a basic safety check of the meter.
In an induction type meter, creep is a phenomenon that can adversely affect
accuracy, that occurs when the meter disc rotates continuously with potential
applied and the load terminals open circuited. A test for error due to creep is called a
creep test.
THE FOLLOWING ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC ENERGY METER:
1) ACCURACY
While electromechanical meters are normally available with Class 2 accuracy, electronic
meters of Class 1 accuracy are very common.
2) LOW CURRENT PERFORMANCE
Most of the electromechanical meters tend to run slow after a few years and stop
recording at low loads typically below 40% of their basic current This is due to increased
friction at their bearings. This results in large losses in revenue since most of the residential
consumers will be running at very low loads for almost 20 hours in a day. Electronic meters
record consistently and accurately even at 5% of their basic current. Also they are
guaranteed to start recording energy at 0.4% of their basic current.
3) LOW VOLTAGE PERFORMANCE
Most of the mechanical meters become inaccurate at voltages below 75% of rated
voltage whereas electronic meters record accurately even at 50% of rated voltage. This is a
major advantage where low voltage problem is very common.
4) INSTALLATION
The mechanical meter is very sensitive to the position in which it is installed. If it is
notmounted vertically, it will run slow, resulting in revenue loss. Electronic meters are not
sensitive to their mounting position.
5) TAMPER
The mechanical meters can be tampered very easily even without disturbing the
wiring either by using an external magnet or by inserting a thin film into the meter to touch
the rotating disc. In addition to these methods, in the case of a single-phase meter, there
are more than 20 conditions of external wiring that can make the meter record less. In the
case of 3 Phase meter,external wiring can be manipulated in 4 ways to make it slow. Hence,
any of these methods cannot tamper electronic meters. Moreover they can detect the
tampering of meter by using LED.
6) New Features
Electronic meters provide many new features like prepaid metering and remote metering
that can improve the efficiency of the utility.
SYSTEM REQUIREMENT:
Components Used:
Hardware Used:
1. Microcontroller AT89S52
2. Energy Metering IC AD7751
3. EEPROM IC AT24C02
4. Voltage Regulator
5. Relay Driver
6. Matrix keyboard
7. LCD display
Software Used:
1. Keil Vision
2. Prontius
MICROCONTROLLER AT89S52:
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller.

Feature:
8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory

4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range

256 x 8-bit Internal RAM

32 Programmable I/O Lines

Full Duplex UART Serial Channel

Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz

PIN DISCRIPTION:
VCC Supply voltage.
GND Ground.
Port 0 Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can
sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high
impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order
address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0
has internal pull- ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and
outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during
program

Port 2 Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2
output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are
pulled high by the

internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being
pulled low will source current because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address
byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory
that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups
when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI),
Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.Port 2 also receives the high-order
address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.

Port 3 Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups.The Port 3
output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are
pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs.

RST
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the
device. This pin drives high for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in
SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the
RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.
 ALE/PROG

Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during
accesses to external memory. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the
oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that
one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can
be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or
MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high.Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect
if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.

PSEN
Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S52 is
executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except
that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.

EA/VPP
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code
from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH.Note, however, that if lock
bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. This pin also receives the 12-volt
programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming.

XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the

internal clock operating circuit.

XTAL2 Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

ROLE OF MICROCONTROLLER AT89S52:

It will acts as master to communicate with memory.

Whenever command is sent to reset the memory,it reset memory.

Controller takes the pulses from energy measuring IC and increments the unit which
depends upon the calculation and stores it in memory.

Microcontroller also switches off the energy meter when owner has not pay the bill.

ENERGY MEASURING IC AD7751

The AD7751 is a high-accuracy fault-tolerant electrical energy measurement IC that is
intended for use with 2-wire distribution systems.

The only analog circuitry used in the AD7751 is in the ADCs and reference circuit. All other
signal processing is carried out in the digital domain. This approach provides superior
stability and accuracy over extremes in environmental conditions and over time.

The AD7751 incorporates a novel fault detection scheme that warns of fault conditions and
allows the AD7751 to continue accurate billing during a fault event.

The AD7751continuously monitoring both the phase and neutral currents. A fault is
indicated when these currents differ by more than 12.5%. Billing is continued using the
larger of the two currents.
 The AD7751 supplies average real power information on the low-frequency outputs F1 and
F2. These logic outputs may be used to directly drive an electromechanical counter or
interface to an MCU. The CF logic output gives instantaneous real power information. This
output is intended to be used for calibration.

The AD7751 includes a power supply monitoring circuit on the AVDD supply pin. The AD7751
will remain in a reset condition until the supply voltage on AVDD reaches 4 V. If the supply
falls below 4 V, the AD7751 will also be reset and no pulses will be issued on F1, F2, and CF.

PIN DIAGRAM OF AD7751

PIN DESCRIPTION:
DVDD Digital Power Supply. This pin provides the supply voltage for the digital circuitry in
the AD7751. The supply voltage should be maintained at 5 V +- 5% for specified operation.
This pin should be decoupled with a 10 F capacitor in parallel with a ceramic 100 nF
capacitor.

AC/DC High-Pass Filter Select. This logic input is used to enable the HPF in Channel 1. A
Logic 1 on this pin enables the HPF. The associated phase response of this filter has been
internally compensated over a frequency range of 45 Hz to 1 kHz. The HPF filter should be
enabled in energy metering applications.
 AVDD Analog Power Supply. This pin provides the supply voltage for the analog circuitry in
the AD7751.The supply should be maintained at 5 V +- 5% for specified operation. Every
effort should be made to minimize power supply ripple and noise at this pin by the use of
proper decoupling. This pin should be decoupled to AGND with a 10 F capacitor in parallel
with a ceramic 100 nF capacitor.

V1A, V1B Analog Inputs for Channel 1 (Current Channel). These inputs are fully differential
voltage inputs with a maximum signal level of +-660 mV with respect to Pin V1N for specified
operation. The maximum signal level at these pins is +-1 V with respect to AGND. Both
inputs have internal ESD protection circuitry and an overvoltage of +-6 V can also be
sustained on these inputs without risk of permanent damage.

V1N Negative Input Pin for Differential Voltage Inputs V1A and V1B. The maximum signal
level at this pin is +-1 V with respect to AGND.The input has internal ESD protection circuitry
and in addition, an overvoltage of +-6 V can be sustained without risk of permanent damage.
This input should be directly connected to the burden resistor and held at a fixed potential.

V2N, V2P Negative and Positive Inputs for Channel 2 . These inputs provide a fully
differential input pair. The maximum differential input voltage is +-660 mV for specified
operation. The maximum signal level at these pins is+-1 V with respect to AGND. Both inputs
have internal ESD protection circuitry and an overvoltage of +-6 V can also be sustained on
these inputs without risk of permanent damage.

RESET Reset Pin for the AD7751. A logic low on this pin will hold the ADCs and digital
circuitry in a reset condition. Bringing this pin logic low will clear the AD7751 internal
registers.

REFIN/OUT Provides Access to the On-Chip Voltage Reference. The on-chip reference has
a nominal value of 2.5 V +- 8% and a typical temperature coefficient of 30 ppm/C. An
external reference source may also be connected at this pin. In either case, this pin should
be decoupled to AGND with a 1 F ceramic capacitor and 100 nF ceramic capacitor.

AGND Provides the Ground Reference for the Analog Circuitry in the AD7751. This pin
should be tied to the analog ground plane of the PCB. The analog ground plane is the ground
reference for all analog circuitry. For good noise suppression the analog ground plane should
only be connected to the digital ground plane at one point. A star ground configuration will
help to keep noisy digital return currents away from the analog circuits.

SCF Select Calibration Frequency. This logic input is used to select the frequency on the
calibration output CF.

S1, S0 These logic inputs are used to select one of four possible frequencies for the
digital-to-frequency conversion. This offers the designer greater flexibility when designing
the energy meter.

G1, G0 These logic inputs are used to select one of four possible gains for the analog inputs
V1A and V1B. The possible gains are 1,2, 8 and 16.
 CLKIN An external clock can be provided at this logic input. Alternatively, a parallel
resonant AT crystal can be connected across CLKIN and CLKOUT to provide a clock source for
the AD7751. The clock frequency for specified operation is 3.579545 MHz. Crystal load
capacitors of between 22 Pf and 33 pF (ceramic) should be used with the gate oscillator
circuit.

CLKOUT A crystal can be connected across this pin and CLKIN as described above to provide
a clock source for the AD7751.The CLKOUT pin can drive one CMOS load when an external
clock is supplied at CLKIN or by gate oscillator circuit.

FAULT This logic output will go active high when a fault condition occurs. A fault is defined
as a condition under which the signals on V1A and V1B differ by more than 12.5%. The logic
output will be reset to zero when a fault condition is no longer detected.

REVP This logic output will go logic high when negative power is detected, i.e., when the
phase angle between the voltage and current signals is greater that 90. This output is not
latched and will be reset when positive power is once again detected. The output will go
high or low at the same time as a pulse is issued on CF.

DGND This provides the ground reference for the digital circuitry in the AD7751, i.e.,
multiplier, filters and digital-to-frequency converter. This pin should be tied to the analog
ground plane of the PCB. The digital ground plane is the ground reference for all digital
circuitry, MCUs and indicator LEDs. For good noise suppression the analog ground plane
should only be connected to the digital ground plane at one point, e.g., a star ground.

CF Calibration Frequency Logic Output. The CF logic output gives instantaneous real
power information. This output is intended to be used for calibration purposes.

F2, F1 Low Frequency Logic Outputs. F1 and F2 supply average real power information.
The logic outputs can be used to directly drive electromechanical counters and two-phase
stepper motors.
CONNECTION :

ROLE OF AD7751:
Ad7751 Receives Signal From Ct And Pt And Grenerates 1000 Pulses For 1 Consumption Unit.
Microcontroller Counts These Pulses And Display Energy Units On Lcd

EEPROM IC AT24C02:
The AT24C02 provides 2048 bits of serial electrically erasable and programmable read-only
memory(EEPROM).

Organized as 256 words of 8 bits each.

The device is optimized for use in many industrial and commercial applications where low-
power and low-voltage operation are essential.

It provides Bi-directional data transfer protocol and self time write cycle.

It Is Connected To Microcontroller Through Data Pin SDA And Clock pin SCL
FEATURES:
Internally Organized 128 x 8 (1K), 256 x 8 (2K), 512 x 8 (4K),1024 x 8 (8K) or 2048 x 8 (16K).

2-wire Serial Interface(12C Protocol)

PIN DIAGRAM OF EEPROM

PIN DESCRIPTION:
SERIAL CLOCK (SCL): The SCL input is used to positive edge clock data into each EEPROM
device and negative edge clock data out of each device.

SERIAL DATA (SDA):The SDA pin is bi-directional for serial data transfer. This pin is open-
drain driven and may be wire-ORed with any number of other open-drain or open collector
devices.

DEVICE/PAGE ADDRESSES (A2, A1, A0): The A2, A1 and A0 pins are device address inputs
that are hard wired for the AT24C01A and the AT24C02. As many as eight 1K/2K devices may
be addressed on a single bus system .The AT24C08 only uses the A2 input for hardwire
addressing and a total of two 8K devices may be addressed on a single bus system. The A0
and A1 pins are no connects.

WRITE PROTECT (WP):The AT24C01A/02/04/16 has a Write Protect pin that provides
hardware data protection. The Write Protect pin allows normal read/write operations when
connected to ground (GND). When the Write Protect pin is connected to VCC, the write
protection feature is enabled.

ROLE OF EXTERNAL EEPROM:

1. To store the amount of unit that the user recharged.

2. It also store the amount during light off period.

VOLTAGE REGULATOR:
The LM78XXC intended as fixed voltage regulators in a wide range of applications including
local (on-card) regulation for elimination of noise and distribution problems associated with
single-point regulation.

In addition to use as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external
components to obtain adjustable output voltages and currents.

The microcontroller and other devices get power supply from AC to DC adapter through
voltage regulator. The adapter output voltage will be 12V DC non regulated. The 7805
voltage regulators are used to convert 12 V to 5VDC.

VOLTAGE REGULATOR:-

ROLE OF VOLTAGE REGULATOR:

To provide constant 5V supply to different circuit.
LCD (LIQUID CRISTAL DISPLAY):
In many microcontroller applications some sort of display is needed to present information
and status of the controller to the user. LCDs can add a lot to your application in terms of
providing a useful interface for the user debugging an application or just giving it a
professional look. The most common type of LCD Controller is the Hitachi 44780, which
provides a relatively simple interface between a Processor and an LCD.

Apart from the data-bus, 2 or 3 control-lines are needed, namely RS (register Select) which
selects if the data written to the module should be interpreted as data or an instruction,
R/W (Read/Write) which determines the data direction(this pin can be tide to GND to save
an I/O-pin on the controller, but this will make it impossible to read back status from the
display, so all data must be sent slow enough to live up to the wrost-case delays found in the
data-sheet), end finally E(Enable), which is used to make the display read the data-bus.

The HD44780-based displays can be operated in either 4-bit mode. When using 4-bit mode,
the two nibbles of each byte is sent is sequence(high nibble first) On the high 4 bits of the
data-bus(eg. DB7..DB4), and the low bits(DB3..DB0)are not connected(or they can be
grounded). Selecting 4-bit or 8-bit mode is done during initialization(with a bit in the most
significant nibble, which is sent first regardless of 4 or 8 bit).
PIN DESCRIPTION:

NEED FOR LCD DISPLAY:

1. The declining prizing of LCDs.

2. The ability to display numbers characters and graphics. This is in contrast to LEDs, In recent
years the LCD is finding wide spread use replacing LEDs (seven segment which are limited to
numbers and few characters.

3. Incorporation of a refreshing controller into LCD thereby relieving the CPU of task of
refreshing of LCD. In contrast CPU to keep displaying data must refresh LED.

4. Ease of programming characters and graphics.

ROLE OF LCD:
1. To display the information regarding to unit consumption.
RELAY:
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of the relay
creates a magnetic field, which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. The coil
current can be on or off so relays have two switches positions and they are double throw
(changeover) switches.

Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit, which can be completely separate from
the first. For example a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V AC mains
circuit. There is no electrical connection inside the relay between the two circuits, the link is
magnetic and mechanical.

The coil of a relay passes a relatively large current, typically 30mA for a 12V relay, but it can
be as much as 100mA for relays designed to operate from lower voltages. Most ICs (chips)
cannot provide this current and a transistor is usually used to amplify the small IC current to
the larger value required for the relay coil. The maximum output current for the popular 555
timer IC is 200mA so these devices can supply relay coils directly without amplification.

Relays are usually SPDT or DPDT but they can have many more sets of switch contacts, for
example relays with 4 sets of changeover contacts are readily available.

Most relays are designed for PCB mounting but you can solder wires directly to the pins
providing you take care to avoid melting the plastic case of the relay.

The supplier's catalogue should show you the relay's connections. The coil will be obvious
and it may be connected either way round. Relay coils produce brief high voltage 'spikes'
when they are switched off and this can destroy transistors and ICs in the circuit. To prevent
damage you must connect a protection diode across the relay coil.

The animated picture shows a working relay with its coil and switch contacts. You can see a
lever on the left being attracted by magnetism when the coil is switched on. This lever
moves the switch contacts. There is one set of contacts (SPDT) in the foreground and
another behind them, making the relay DPDT.

The relay's switch connections are usually labeled COM, NC and NO:
COM = Common, always connect to this, it is the moving part of the switch.

NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is off.

NO = Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is on.

Connect to COM and NO if you want the switched circuit to be on when the relay coil is on.

Connect to COM and NC if you want the switched circuit to be on when the relay coil is off.

Relay Driver :
Generally relay coils are designed to operate on voltage of 5V or 12V.

The function of relay driver circuit is to provide the necessary current to energize the relay
coil.

A diode is connected across the relay coil,this is to protect the transistor from damage due
to the BACK EMF generated in the relays inductive coil when the transistor is turned off.
 Relay Driver

RELAY DRIVER CIRCUIT

ROLE OF RELAY:
Disconnect the power supply to consumer when unit become zero.

ADVANTAGES OF RELAYS:
Relays can switch AC and DC, transistors can only switch DC.

Relays can switch high voltages, transistors cannot.

Relays are a better choice for switching large currents (> 5A).

Relays can switch many contacts at once.

DISADVANTAGES OF RELAYS:
Relays are bulkier than transistors for switching small currents.

Relays cannot switch rapidly (except reed relays), transistors can switch many times per
second.

Relays use more power due to the current flowing through their coil.

Relays require more current than many chips can provide, so a low power transistor may be
needed to switch the current for the relay's coil.
BUZZER DRIVER:
The Buzzer driver is a simple transistor based circuit designed to drive a buzzer. The circuit
consists of a NPN transistor BC548. The base of the BC548 is connected to the
microcontroller pin 17(P3.7) through a 560 resistor. The 5V supply is connected to the
collector pin through the buzzer.

When the microcontroller puts a HIGH on the p3.7, the transistor will be in ON state and as a
result, the Buzzer beeps. When the pin LOW, transistor goes to OFF state and the buzzer is
also in OFF state.

BUZZER & BUZZER DRIVER CIRCUIT

4 X 3 MATRIX KEYBOARD:
A simple 4X3 keyboard that allows data entry into bus system.
The circuit board consists of 7 digital I/O lines on a downstream 9 way D-type plug.
This routes each bit to a particular line of the keypad.
Columms 1,2, and 3 routed to bits 0,1,and 2 respectively. Row 1,2,3, and 4 routed to
bits 5,6,7,and 8 respectively.

ROLE OF KEYBOARD:
1.To enter the password and after that to recharge the units.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PREPAID ENERGYMETER
CONNECTION DIAGRAM:
PCB LAYOUT:
CONNECTION DETAILS:
The Atmels AT89S52 microcontroller is working as the heart of the device. The
controller IC is in a 40 pin DIP package and working at the TTL level logic (5V & 0V).
The 5VDC is driven to the controller through the pin 40(VCC) and the 0V (GND) is
applied to the pin 20.
The controller is required the clock pulses for the internal operations. The required
clock is generated with a crystal based oscillator .The external crystals are connected
at the pins 18 &v19 (XTAL1&XTAL2) The value of the crystal determines the speed of
the microcontroller for executing the instructions. In our circuit we are using the
11.0592MHz crystal.
The LCD display is connected to the P0 port (pin 39-32). It acts the data lines to the
LCD (D0-D3). The P0.7 (pin 32) is also used for the sensing the BUSY flag from the
LCD display. The LCD display requires three control lines. Since the P0 doesnt
contains the internal pull resistors, an external array of 10K resistors are connected
to the pins.
The Buzzer driver is a simple transistor based circuit designed to drive a buzzer. The
circuit consists of a NPN transistor . The base of the transistor is connected to the
microcontroller pin 15(P3.5). The 5V supply is connected to the collector pin through
the buzzer. When the microcontroller puts a HIGH on the p3.5, the transistor will be
in ON state and as a result, the Buzzer beeps. When the pin LOW, transistor goes to
OFF state and the buzzer is also in OFF state.
The Relay driver is a simple transistor based circuit designed to drive a Relay. The
circuit consists of a NPN transistor . The base of the transistor is connected to the
microcontroller pin 16(P3.5).Relay receive 12v supply from output of rectifier.
EEPROM pin SDA and SCL(pin no.5&6) connect to the microcontroller pin no.21&22
respectively.
AD7751 receive current signal through C.T and receives voltage signal through pin no
7&8.
WORKING OF PREPAID ENERGY METER:
Our energy meter circuit requires 5V and 12V supply voltage to operate,we get this
supply from supply mains.
Authorized person recharges the units according to customer need after giving the
password ,which are stored in EEPROM.
The AD7751counts unit consumption. For this it requires voltage & current signal.
Voltage signal is received from PT, and current signal is received from CT, which is
connected in series with load.
The AD7751 gives pulses to one of the pin of Microcontroller according to the
energy consumed.
The counter is activated at the interrupt pin, which counts the number of pulses that
controller is receiving and thus controller measures the amount of energy consumed
in the house hold. According to the calibration, these pulses will be converted into
units. These units will get cut from units store in EEPROM and remaining units are
displayed on The LCD .
FLOW CHART:

If the remaining units falls below some level(depending on program,in our case it is 5
units ) ,the controller activates the buzzer which indicate that amount left in the
meter is low.
In this period, customer needs to recharge the units by authorized person.
When unit falls to 0 , then with the help of relay driver, controller drive the relay
which will disconnect the supply from the household.
On recharging the meter the controller connects the supply to the load with the help
of relays.
 Thus prepaid energy meter controls the power supplied to the household on the
basis of amount available in the meter.

DATA ACQUISITION FOR CALCULATING POWER

The Energy Meter IC AD7751 produces an output frequency that is proportional to
the time average value of the product of two voltage signals. The input voltage
signals are applied across pin 4, 6 and pin 8, 7 of Energy Meter IC. The Energy Meter
IC also provides an output frequency at pin 22 of Energy meter IC equal to the
output power that can be calculated using an equation as

where,
VREF= Nominal reference voltage for Energy Meter IC =2.5 volts
F1-4=1.7
Gain=1
V1= Voltage applied across pin 4 and 6 which is proportional to load current
V2= Voltage applied across pin 8 and 7 which is proportional to line to neutral voltage
This output frequency is proportional to the real power information During calibration
we have got the frequency F=0.5 Hz against 1.5 kW load When F= 0.5 Hz, then
power=1500 Watt. So for any value of the frequency at F (say F= X Hz), Power, P will be

ENERGY CALCULATION
The complete equation for determining the energy or units consumed from Power, P is
obtained as follows
ADVANTAGES:
1. IMPROVED OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCIES:

They eliminate administrative hassles associated with disconnection and reconnection. Prepaid
meters could help control appropriation of electricity in a better way than conventional meters.

In short

No bill production

No bill distribution

2. REDUCED FINANCIAL RISKS:

Since the payment is up-front, it reduces the financial risk by improving the cash flows and
necessitates an improved revenue management system.

In short

Pay before use.

Recover money owed (debt).

Lower Overheads.

3. BETTER CUSTOMER SERVICE:

The system eliminates billing delay, removes cost involved in disconnection/reconnection,

enables controlled use of energy, and helps customers to save money through better energy
management. In short

No need to chase payments.

No need to pay fix charges of meter.

APPLICATION:
In homes.

In festivals where electricity is required just for a few days.

Rental accommodation.

In industries and factories.

In malls.
NAL VIEW OF PREPAID ENERGY METER
CONCLUSION:
Prepaid energy meter is demonstrated for measuring the electrical energy consumption of an
electrical load for single phase system. The process of reading of energy meter is done by LCD which
is more simpler than that for analog meter .If the consumer will not pay the bill then there is no
need of man to go & cut the power supply, here the model has the advantage that if consumer will
not pay the money then after consuming the rest unit it will automatically disconnect the load from
power supply. This energy meter has the potential to change the traditional billing system. The
energy billing system may help the energy distribution companies to reduce costs and increase
profits, to improve metering and billing accuracy and efficiency, and to contribute the energy in a
sustainable way.

REFERENCES:
www.electronicsforu.com

www.wikipedia.com

www.energymeter.com

www.thinkfast.com