2014 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Communication Control and Computing Technologies (ICACCCT)

Implementation of SHE in Solar Energy Conversion

System
M.Prabhu1 ,S.Rajendran2, J.Kohila3, S.Kannan4
1,2,3,4
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kalasalingam University,Krishnannankoil, Srivilliputhur, India
1
prab.madurai@gmail.com,2rsrajedrarn2008@gmail.com,3kohi_688@gmail.com,4kannaneeeps@gmail.com

Abstract In solar energy conversion system the presence of order harmonic components from the voltage waveform
harmonics pose a threat to the supply system. The Selective generated by the voltage source inverter. Fast Fourier
Harmonic Elimination (SHE) method is used for reducing the Transform (FFT) is used for harmonic analysis of output of
harmonics. Solar panel produces DC, which is converted to an the system. Before implementation of SHE technique, inverter
AC using three-phase PWM inverter. The switching angles for
output has a 5th order harmonic and after implementation of
the inverter are calculated using Differential Evolution (DE)
algorithm. The required high voltage transfer gain is achieved SHE technique the 5th order harmonic in the system is
using an Ultra-lift luo converter. The results are demonstrated efficiently eliminated [1].
with a MATLAB-Simulink model.
II. PROPOSED BLOCK DIAGRAM
Keywords Diffential Evolution (DE) algorithm, FFT analysis,
photovoltaic array, selective harmonics elimination, three phase This system is used for reduction of harmonics in PV panel
inverter, ultra lift luo converter. output. The block diagram includes solar PV panel,
Converter, Inverter and control circuit. The proposed block
I. INTRODUCTION diagram is shown in Figure 1.
The Photovoltaic (PV) is defined as the energy produced
and radiated by the Sun in the environment. The effective use
of new PV array has emerged as an alternative measure of
renewable green power, energy conversion and demand side
management. The received energy in the form of radiation can
be converted into other form of energy. The solar cell (or) PV
cell is used to convert light energy into electrical energy [1].
More electric power is generated by the series combination of
such cells. The PV cells made of semiconductor generate
power when they absorb light. The disadvantages of PV
system are the fabrication cost and the conversion efficiency.
To overcome the conversion efficiency drawback, Maximum
Power Point Tracking (MPPT) with Perturb and Observe
(P&O) algorithm is used [1]. The output of the PV panel is
Figure 1. Block Diagram
given to the ultra-lift luo converter to step-up the input voltage
before giving it to the load. The maximum power, voltage and A. PV System
current from PV system are tracked using MPPT and they are
The PV array required special design consideration in
given as input for the P&O algorithm. The positive output
electrical system due to unpredictable solar power generation
self-lift luo (POSLL) converter technique has been widely
and sudden changes in weather condition. Climatic condition
applied in electronic circuit design to achieve higher
changes the solar irradiation level and the operating
efficiency and high power density. The converter operates in
temperature. The output power of solar array is not constant at
Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) and Discontinuous
all times due to the changes in solar irradiation level [1].
Conduction Mode (DCM) [2] [3]. In the simulation, the
B. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MMPT)
switch is realized by an IGBT and it is driven by a pulse width
modulated (PWM) switching waveform with changing The purpose of MPPT technique is to maximize power
frequency (f) and conduction duty cycle (K). The switching from a PV array. The PV output current (Ipv) and output
period is T=1/f. The switch-on period is KT and switch-off voltage (Vpv) are passed through a first order low pass filter
period is (1-K) T. The input voltage and current are Vin and Iin with a magnitude of G = 1 and a time constant of T = 0.01s in
respectively. The output voltage and current are Vout and Iout order to filter the harmonics. The filtered current and voltage
respectively. The sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) signals (Ipv and Vpv) are fed into the MPPT control block that
technique is used to generate the gate pulses. Selective uses the Incremental Conductance Tracking Algorithm. It is
Harmonic Elimination (SHE) is a well-known technique for an algorithm based on the fact that the slope of the PV array
generating PWM signals that can eliminate the specific 5th power curve is zero at the Maximum Power Point (MPP),
positive on the left of the MPPT and negative on the right.

ISBN No. 978-1-4799-3914-5/14/$31.00 2014 IEEE 270

 2014 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Communication Control and Computing Technologies (ICACCCT)

1 (  0/
,(  - 3
The MPP can be tracked by comparing the instantaneous

0 (0
conductance (I/V) with the incremental conductance (I/V)
[1]. The purpose of MPPT technique is to maximize power
from a PV array. The PV output current (Ipv) and output
voltage (Vpv) are passed through a first order low pass filter n = 0 for the elementary circuit with the voltage transfer gain

G  4
1 3
with a magnitude of G = 1 and a time constant of T = 0.01s in
2 43
order to filter the harmonics. The filtered current and voltage
signals (Ipv and Vpv) are fed into the MPPT control block that
uses the Incremental Conductance Tracking Algorithm. It is The converter voltage transfer gain is calculated using
an algorithm based on the fact that the slope of the PV array
78#43 &
G  1  6 9 5
following equation.
power curve is zero at the Maximum Power Point (MPP), 
positive on the left of the MPPT and negative on the right. 2 43
The MPP can be tracked by comparing the instantaneous
conductance (I/V) with the incremental conductance (I/V) where n is the stage number, J is the multiple-enhanced
[1]. number, n = 1 and j = 0 for the elementary circuit with


 , at MPP 

G  1  43 6
 #43

  2

 
, left of MPP 1
 

 


, right of MPP

Therefore the switching period is T=1/f. The switch-on period

 



is KT and switch-off period is
(1-K) T. Therefore, no power losses are considered
During power transformation.

<=&  <>?@ AB C D E  C# D E# 7

Based on the equation (1), the MPPT generates a reference
voltage (V) at which the PV array is forced to operate. The
algorithm decrement or increment is depending upon the
reference voltage (V) to track the MPPT when operating
under varying atmospheric conditions. This reference voltage
(V) is used as an input to the DC-DC Converter control model.
Based on the equation (1), the MPPT generates a reference
voltage (V) at which the PV array is forced to operate. The
algorithm decrement or increment is depending upon the
reference voltage (V) to track the MPPT when operating
under varying atmospheric conditions. This reference voltage
(V) is used as an input to the DC-DC Converter control model.

C. DC-DC Converter Control

DC/DC converter is used to step-up the output voltage of

PV array. The POSLL technique has been widely applied in Figure 2. Positive Lift luo Converter
electronic circuit design shown in Figure 2. DC/DC converter
technology has been developed using POSLL technic to
achieve higher efficiency and high power density [2], [3]. It is
switched-on for the Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) and
switched-off for the Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM).
Assume that the V1 and I1 are the input voltage and current.
V2 and I2 are output voltage and current. Conduction duty
cycle is K. The duty cycle, defined as the fraction of the
period during which the switch is on, ranges between 0 and 1.
A duty cycle value of 0.5 means that on and off time are equal,
a value greater than 0.5 means that on time is greater and a
value less than 0.5 means that off time is greater.

V# K%& '( ) h( *

LUO-Converter

G  2
V 1
K
D. Three Phase Inverter
where n is the stage number and h(n) is the Hong function

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 2014 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Communication Control and Computing Technologies (ICACCCT)
The first step of DE optimization process is initialization
of population. In initialization process all candidates are
randomly generated as a real valued number within its
corresponding feasible bounds using the expression
min max min
+ rand i [0,1] ( X i
G
X ij = Xi Xi ),
i=1,2,.D and j=1,2,NP (8)

where, NP is the number of population and D is the number of

min max
decision parameter of the problem. X i and X i are the
lower and upper bounds of the decision parameter i,
respectively. randi [0, 1] represents a uniformly distributed
random value in the range (0,1).

Figure 3. Three Phase Inverter B. Mutation

The next step of DE optimization process is crossover. In
In order to tie the PV system with the AC system, this step, by applying crossover operation between target
(G )
the DC output power of the DC-DC converter vector and mutant vector a trial vector U i is created
should be converted into a three-phase AC power according to a selected probability distribution
using a three-phase inverter. The inverter input is (G ) (G )
V j , i (G )
if rand j (0 , 1) CR (10)
Ui =U =
DC voltage, which need to be maintained at a j ,i
X j , i otherwise
constant value. The three-phase inverter consists of The crossover constant CR is a user-defined value (known as
a firing pulse generator and a three-phase inverter the crossover probability), which is usually selected from
bridge. Firing pulse generation deals with switching within the range [0, 1]. The crossover constant controls the
diversity of the population and aids the algorithm to escape
signals of six IGBT switches and the 3-legged from local optima. randj is a uniformly distributed random
inverter bridge. These are generated using a number within the range (0, 1).
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM)
technique [4]. It starts with creating three sinusoidal D. Selection
modulating waves with a frequency of 50 Hz and a
Selection is the final operation of DE procedure. This
phase shift equal to the three-phase output with an operator compares the fitness of the trial vector and the
additional shifting of -120 and +120 degrees. Then, corresponding target vector and selects the one that provides
the three sinusoidal modulating waves are the better solution. This selected vector is treated as target
compared with a common triangular carrier wave vector for next iteration.
with magnitude ranging between -1 and 1. The ( G +1)
U i ( G ) if (G ) (G )
f (U i ) f ( X i ) (11)
Xi = (G )
switching angles G1, G3 and G5 are generated by X i otherwise
setting the output of the comparator to 1 whenever The feature of DE selection scheme is that a trial vector is
the modulating wave is greater than the carrier compared with only one individual, not all the individuals in
the present population.
wave and 0 otherwise. Since the operation of the
two switches in each of the three legs Inverter IV. OBJECTIVE FUNCTION TO ELIMINATE THE 5TH ORDER
Bridge should be complementary to produce the HARMONIC
final sinusoidal wave. So the switching angle is G4, When the three-phase VSI inverter feeds a symmetrical
G6 and G2 are generated respectively, which is load, the third order harmonics does not exist. According to
this information, the DE is employed to eliminate the lower
shown in Figure 3. order odd harmonics 5th,7th,11th,13th,17th,19th,and 23th from the
waveform of the inverter output voltage for any desired value
III. DIFFERENTIAL EVALUATION ALGORITHM of the first component in the permissible range(M<0.9) [4] [5].
DE is a population-based stochastic search algorithm that The following objective function should be minimized to
works in the general framework of evolutionary algorithms [5]. obtain the solution:
The various operations of DE are initialization, mutation,
crossover and selection.
A. Initialization

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 2014 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Communication Control and Computing Technologies (ICACCCT)
#
16
O

G  HI( J # LM1 ) N
1 QARS= T
UV
The proposed positive output self-lift luo
=
K converter (POSLL) model simulated using this
=P
# scheme is given in Figure 5.
4
O

) LM1 ) N
1 =
QAR( S= T V W
(K
=P

The objective function F is subjected to the following

constraint:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 /2

V. SIMULATION

The block diagram shown in Figure 1 is

implemented using MATLAB-Simulink. The DE
algorithm is used for generating gate pulses. The 5th Figure 5. Simulation Diagram for Positive Output Self lift luo Converter

order harmonics are efficiently reduced using

control techniques.

A) SIMULATION OF PV ARRAY 1. CONTINUOUS CONDUCTION MODE

The PV cell output voltage is a function of the
photocurrent that is mainly determined by load
current depending on the solar irradiation level
during the operation. The PV array consists of 72
PV cells all connected in series to have a desired
output voltage. The solar design is 612 matrix
form in which, each cell has 0.5 V output. Then the
total PV array output is 36 V. PV solar cells are
connected in series combination to form solar PV
arrays, which is usually represented by a simplified
circuit model given in Figure 4.
In CCM, when the switch is turned ON, the
capacitor C will discharge while the inductor L0 will
charge. When the switch is turned OFF, the
capacitor C is charged at the time inductor L1 will
charge and to evaluate the average current IL0 is
equal to the output current I0 [2] [3]. The voltage
across the capacitor C0 is equal to the output
voltage V0. When the switch S is in ON period, the
voltage across inductor L1 is Vin and switch S is in
off period voltage across the inductor L1 is (VC1 -
VC).

2. DISCONTINUOUS CONDUCTION MODE

In DCM, when the switch is turned OFF the

Figure 4. Simulation Diagram for PV Array
B) ULTRA LIFT LUO CONVERTER
current flow through diode D2 reach zero at time t1
before the next switch S is turned ON. The
variations of currents iL1 and iLO are equal to each
other in DCM, that is during the switch-on period,
C is discharged by the current iLO. C is charged by
the current iL1. To maintain the charge balance of
the output capacitor CO in DCM, the average
current of inductor LO also should be equal to the
output current. The capacitor C1 is discharged with
the current (iLO + iL1).

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 2014 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Communication Control and Computing Technologies (ICACCCT)

C) THREE PHASE INVERTER

Objective
1.955e-06
function
The three-phase inverter has open loop SHE
using DE algorithm. The three-phase voltage source
DE method is used to eliminate the 5th order
inverter has been configured with six IGBTs and
harmonics from the inverter voltage waveform for
six diodes. It is connected to the RL load. The
any desired value of the first order harmonic in the
control signal such as gate pulse is given to the
corresponding IGBT. The operation of the three- permissible range of modulation index M. In this
section, the complete solution of switching angle is
phase inverter can be divided into six modes, terms
presented in [5]. All other presented results are
as Mode1, Mode2, Mode3, Mode4, Mode5, and
registered for M = 0.5 as a case study. The
Mode6 in [4]. The gate pulse is generated using
parameters used in the algorithm are to solve the
SPWM technique. The optimal value of 1-8 are
SHE problem. The obtained DE based solution of
calculated using DE algorithm. Generating the
the switching angles (1-8) of the SHE problem is
SPWM pulses toggle to the corresponding
presented for M [0, 0.9]. As a simple case, the
switching sequence and it is shown in Figure 6.
system is studied for M=0.5.According to the
obtained results, the DE algorithm function is
converged to the solution after 2000 iteration.
Moreover, the corresponding amplitudes of the 5th
order harmonics to be removed are also computed.
According to the obtained results, the DE algorithm
minimized the objective function to a satisfactory
value (1.95e-06). The 5th order harmonics are well
attenuated, and the amplitude of the first order
harmonic is set to the desired value at the same time.
A) THREE PHASE STAR CONNECTED (RL) LOAD
The harmonic spectrum of inverter phase-
neutral voltage (Van, Vbn,Vcn) Line-line voltage
(Vab,Vbc,Vca) and phase (or) line current (Ian ,Ibn ,Icn)
Figure 6. Simulation Diagram for Three Phase Inverter are shown in figures 7, 8 and 9. According to the
TABLE I MODE OF OPERATION obtained results, the 5th order harmonics are well
Phase attenuated. The harmonic spectrum verifies the
Mode S1 S3 S5 S2 S6 S4
angle() capability of the DE algorithm to determine
Mode1 0< </3 on - on on -
efficiently the required switching angles to
Mode2 /3<<2/3 on - - on on -
implement the SHE strategy.
Mode3 2/3<< on on - on - -
Mode4 <<4/3 - on - on - on
Mode5 4/3<<5/3 - on on - - on
Mode6 5/3<< 2 - - on - on on

VI. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

TABLE-II SWITCHING ANGLE COMPUTED USING DEA

Figure 7. Simulation Output for Phase-Neutral Voltage

VARIABLE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
S

SWITCHIN 11. 43. 45. 51. 57. 60. 74. 81.9

G ANGLES 46 55 26 57 87 16 48 3

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 2014 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Communication Control and Computing Technologies (ICACCCT)

Figure 8. Simulation Output for Line-Line Voltage

Figure 12. Harmonic Spectrum for Inverter Load Voltage

TABLE-III LIST OF 5TH ORDER HARMONICS LEVEL

The 5th order harmolnic level has been reduced lower than 5%
using SHE method with SPWM using DE algorithm
.
Figure 9. Simulation Output for Inverter Load Current S.No Parameters 5th harmonics level
B)SHE FOR THREE PHASE INVERTER value (%)
1 Line voltage 2.20
To evaluate the performance of the proposed method the 2 Phase voltage 2.57
FFT analysis of inverter phase-neutral voltage (Van,Vbn,Vcn)
Line-line voltage (Vab,Vbc,Vca) and phase (or)line current 3 Line current 3.0
(Ian,Ibn,Icn) are calculated. According to the obtained results, the
5th order harmonics are removed from the spectrum, proving
VII. CONCLUSION
success of the DE algorithm. The harmonic spectrum of
inverter output voltage with relatively high magnitude In this paper the implementation of SHE technique in
compared with the fundamental. The existence of such solar energy conversion system is described. Ultra-lift luo
harmonic is not harmful in the case of the R-L load considering converter is implemented for voltage boost up with high
the fact that the load has a low-pass filter effect on the transfer gain. Before implementation of SHE technique, the
waveform of the voltage in figures 10, 11 and 12. inverter output had the 5th order harmonics in the range of 40-
60%. The Implementation of SHE technique effectively
reduces the 5th order harmonics in the range of 2-3%. By using
hardware, the other order harmonics may be reduced.

REFERENCES
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[2] F.L. Luo and H. Ye Ultra-lift Luo-converter IEE Proc.-Electr. Power
Appl., vol. 152, no. 1, pp.27 32, January 2005.
[3] Fang Lin Luo, and Hong Ye, Ultra-Lift Luo-Converter International
Figure 10. Harmonic Spectrum for Phase-Neutral Voltage Conference on Power System Technology- POWERCON 2004
Singapore, pp. 21-24, November 2004.
[4] Mohamed Azab Harmonic Elimination in Three-Phase Voltage
Source Inverters by Particle Swarm Optimization Journal of Electrical
Engineering & Technology vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 334-341, 2011.
[5] S. Zhang, C. Zhu, J. K. O. Sin, and P. K. T. Mok, A novel ultrathin
elevated channel low-temperature poly-Si TFT, IEEE Electron Device
Lett., vol. 20, pp. 569571, Nov. 1999.

Figure 11. Harmonic Spectrum for Line-Line Voltage

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