Digital Logic Design

Lecture 3

Discreet Realization of Logic Gates

Zelalem Birhanu, AAiT 1

 In this lecture:

Logic Families
MOS Logic Families
Bipolar Logic Families

Zelalem Birhanu, AAiT 2

 Introduction

Historically logic gates have been realized

with
Relays (1930s)
Vacuum tubes (1940s)
Discreet diodes, transistors (1950s)
IC logic families (1960s)

Zelalem Birhanu, AAiT 3

 Logic Families

Collection of different IC chips that have similar

input, output, and internal circuit characteristics

Logic families:
MOS (Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) Logic Families
Based on MOSFET transistors
Bipolar Logic Families
Based on BJT transistors

In all cases the transistors are used as switches

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 MOS Logic Families

Can be categorized as:

NMOS (n-channel MOS) Logic
PMOS (P-channel MOS) Logic
CMOS (Complementary MOS) Logic
NMOS Logic
Based on N-channel MOSFET

VGS 0V
VGS=0V => RDS very high
VGS=> RDS

The transistor can be considered as a variable resistor , RDS, controlled by the

voltage VGS Zelalem Birhanu, AAiT 5
 MOS Logic Families cntd
NMOS Inverter (NOT gate)

Vin Vout
0V VDD
VDD 0V

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 MOS Logic Families cntd
Connecting two NMOSFETs in series

What logic gate is this?

Vx1 Vx2 VY
0V 0V VDD
0V VDD VDD
VDD 0V VDD
VDD VDD 0V

NAND gate

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 MOS Logic Families cntd
Connecting two NMOSFETs in parallel

What logic gate is this?

Vx1 Vx2 VY
0V 0V VDD
0V VDD 0V
VDD 0V 0V
VDD VDD 0V

NOR gate

OR gate and AND gate can be made using NOR, NAND and NOT gates

Zelalem Birhanu, AAiT 8

 MOS Logic Familiescntd

PMOS Logic
Based on P-channel MOSFET

VGS 0V
VGS=0V => RDS very high
|VGS|=> RDS

The source should be at higher

potential than the gate for the
PMOS Inverter transistor to be more
conductive

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 MOS Logic Familiescntd

PMOS NAND gate PMOS NOR gate

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 MOS Logic Familiescntd

CMOS Logic
Combines both n-channel and P-channel MOSFETs

NMOS Logic PMOS Logic CMOS Logic

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 MOS Logic Families cntd

CMOS Inverter (NOT gate)

Vin Vout
0V VDD
VDD 0V

The CMOS design is more power efficient than NMOS or

PMOS designs
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 MOS Logic Families cntd

CMOS NAND gate CMOS NOR gate

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 Bipolar Logic Families

They are based on BJTs, diodes, resistors

Several categories:
Diode Logic
RTL Logic
DTL Logic
TTL Logic

Obsolete except TTL logic families

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 Bipolar Logic Familiescntd

Diode Logic

OR Gate AND Gate

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 Bipolar Logic Familiescntd

TTL Logic (Transistor-Transistor Logic)

Use BJT transistors TTL combines the diode logic AND and
OR gates with the BJT inverter to make
NAND and NOR gates

But instead of using diodes, it uses

multiple -emitter BJT transistors

BJT NOT Gate (Inverter)

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 More Readings

1. Fundamentals of Digital Logic with VHDL,

Vranesic
2. Digital Design Principles & Practices, John F.
Wakerly

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