Contents

Preface

Part 1 Direct Current

1 Background Physics
Atoms
Protons, Neutrons, and Atomic Numbers
Isotopes and Atomic Weights
Electrons
Ions
Compounds
Molecules
Conductors
Insulators
Resistors
Semiconductors
Current
Static Electricity
Electromotive Force
Non-Electrical Energy
Quiz

2 Electrical Units
The Volt
Current Flow
 The Ampere
Resistance and the Ohm
Conductance and the Siemens
Power and the Watt
A Word about Notation
Energy and the Watt-Hour
Other Energy Units
Alternating Current and the Hertz
Rectification and Pulsating Direct Current
Stay Safe!
Magnetism
Magnetic Units
Quiz

3 Measuring Devices
Electromagnetic Deflection
Electrostatic Deflection
Thermal Heating
Ammeters
Voltmeters
Ohmmeters
Multimeters
FET Voltmeters
Wattmeters
Watt-Hour Meters
Digital Readout Meters
Frequency Counters
Other Meter Types
Quiz

4 Direct-Current Circuit Basics

 Schematic Symbols
Schematic and Wiring Diagrams
Circuit Simplification
Ohms Law
Current Calculations
Voltage Calculations
The Rule of Significant Figures
Resistance Calculations
Power Calculations
Resistances in Series
Resistances in Parallel
Division of Power
Resistances in Series-Parallel
Quiz

5 Direct-Current Circuit Analysis

Current through Series Resistances
Voltages across Series Resistances
Voltage across Parallel Resistances
Currents through Parallel Resistances
Power Distribution in Series Circuits
Power Distribution in Parallel Circuits
Kirchhoffs First Law
Kirchhoffs Second Law
Voltage Division
Quiz

6 Resistors
Purpose of the Resistor
Fixed Resistors
The Potentiometer
 The Decibel
Resistor Specifications
Quiz

7 Cells and Batteries

Electrochemical Energy
Grocery Store Cells and Batteries
Miniature Cells and Batteries
Lead-Acid Batteries
Nickel-Based Cells and Batteries
Photovoltaic Cells and Batteries
Fuel Cells
Quiz

8 Magnetism
Geomagnetism
Magnetic Force
Magnetic Field Strength
Electromagnets
Magnetic Materials
Magnetic Machines
Quiz

Test: Part 1

Part 2 Alternating Current

9 Alternating-Current Basics
Definition of AC
Period and Frequency
The Sine Wave
 Square Waves
Sawtooth Waves
Complex Waveforms
Frequency Spectrum
Fractions of a Cycle
Expressions of Amplitude
The Generator
Why AC and Not DC?
Quiz

10 Inductance
The Property of Inductance
The Unit of Inductance
Inductors in Series
Inductors in Parallel
Interaction among Inductors
Air-Core Coils
Ferromagnetic Cores
Transmission-Line Inductors
Quiz

11 Capacitance
The Property of Capacitance
Simple Capacitors
The Unit of Capacitance
Capacitors in Series
Capacitors in Parallel
Fixed Capacitors
Variable Capacitors
Capacitor Specifications
Interelectrode Capacitance
 Quiz

12 Phase
Instantaneous Values
Rate of Change
Circles and Vectors
Expressions of Phase Difference
Vector Diagrams of Relative Phase
Quiz

13 Inductive Reactance
Inductors and Direct Current
Inductors and Alternating Current
Reactance and Frequency
The RXL Quarter-Plane
Current Lags Voltage
How Much Lag?
Quiz

14 Capacitive Reactance
Capacitors and Direct Current
Capacitors and Alternating Current
Capacitive Reactance and Frequency
The RXC Quarter-Plane
Current Leads Voltage
How Much Lead?
Quiz

15 Impedance and Admittance

Imaginary Numbers Revisited
Complex Numbers Revisited (in Detail)
 The RX Half-Plane
Characteristic Impedance
Conductance
Susceptance
Admittance
The GB Half-Plane
Quiz

16 Alternating-Current Circuit Analysis

Complex Impedances in Series
Series RLC Circuits
Complex Admittances in Parallel
Parallel RLC Circuits
Putting It All Together
Reducing Complicated RLC Circuits
Ohms Law for Alternating Current
Quiz

17 Alternating-Current Power and Resonance

Forms of Power
Power Parameters
Power Transmission
Resonance
Resonant Devices
Quiz

18 Transformers and Impedance Matching

Principle of the Transformer
Transformer Geometry
Power Transformers
Isolation and Impedance Matching
 Radio-Frequency Transformers
Quiz

Test: Part 2

Part 3 Basic Electronics

19 Introduction to Semiconductors
The Semiconductor Revolution
Semiconductor Materials
Doping and Charge Carriers
The P-N Junction
Quiz

20 Diode Applications
Rectification
Detection
Frequency Multiplication
Signal Mixing
Switching
Voltage Regulation
Amplitude Limiting
Frequency Control
Oscillation and Amplification
Energy Emission
Photosensitive Diodes
Quiz

21 Bipolar Transistors
NPN versus PNP
Biasing
 Amplification
Gain versus Frequency
Common-Emitter Configuration
Common-Base Configuration
Common-Collector Configuration
Quiz

22 Field-Effect Transistors
Principle of the JFET
Amplification
The MOSFET
Common-Source Configuration
Common-Gate Configuration
Common-Drain Configuration
Quiz

23 Integrated Circuits
Advantages of IC Technology
Limitations of IC Technology
Linear ICs
Digital ICs
Component Density
IC Memory
Quiz

24 Electron Tubes
The Main Advantage
Vacuum versus Gas-Filled
Electrode Configurations
Circuit Arrangements
Cathode-Ray Tubes
 Tubes above 300 MHz
Quiz

25 Power Supplies
Power Transformers
Rectifier Diodes
Half-Wave Circuit
Full-Wave Center-Tap Circuit
Full-Wave Bridge Circuit
Voltage-Doubler Circuit
Power-Supply Filtering
Voltage Regulation
Voltage Regulator ICs
Switched-Mode Power Supplies (SMPS)
Equipment Protection
Quiz

26 Amplifiers and Oscillators

The Decibel Revisited
Basic Bipolar-Transistor Amplifier
Basic FET Amplifier
Amplifier Classes
Efficiency in Power Amplifiers
Drive and Overdrive
Audio Amplification
Radio-Frequency Amplification
How Oscillators Work
Common Oscillator Circuits
Oscillator Stability
Audio Oscillators
Quiz
27 Wireless Transmitters and Receivers
Modulation
Image Transmission
The Electromagnetic Field
Wave Propagation
Transmission Media
Receiver Fundamentals
Predetector Stages
Detectors
Postdetector Stages
Specialized Wireless Modes
Quiz

28 Digital Basics
Numeration Systems
Digital Logic
Binary Communications
Quiz

Test: Part 3

Part 4 Specialized Devices and Systems

29 Microcontrollers
Benefits
All Shapes and Sizes
General-Purpose Input/Output (GPIO) Pins
Digital Outputs
Digital Inputs
PWM Outputs
Analog Inputs
 Dedicated Serial Hardware
An Examplethe ATtiny44
Programming Languages
Programming a Microcontroller
Quiz

30 Arduino
The Arduino Uno/Genuino
Setting up the Arduino IDE
Programming Blink
Programming Fundamentals
Setup and Loop
Variables and Constants
The Serial Monitor
Ifs
Iteration
Functions
Data Types
Interfacing with GPIO Pins
The Arduino C Library
Libraries
Special Purpose Arduinos
Shields
Quiz

31 Transducers, Sensors, Location, and Navigation

Wave Transducers
Displacement Transducers
Detection and Measurement
Location Systems
Navigational Methods
 Quiz

32 Acoustics and Audio

Acoustics
Loudness and Phase
Technical Considerations
Components
Specialized Systems
Hard Recording Media
Electromagnetic Interference
Quiz

33 Lasers
How a Laser Works
The Cavity Laser
Semiconductor Lasers
Solid-State Lasers
Other Noteworthy Lasers
Quiz

34 Advanced Communications Systems

Cellular Communications
Satellites and Networks
Amateur and Shortwave Radio
Security and Privacy
Modulated Light
Fiber Optics
Quiz

35 Antennas for RF Communications

Radiation Resistance
Half-Wave Antennas
Quarter-Wave Verticals
Loops
Ground Systems
Gain and Directivity
Phased Arrays
Parasitic Arrays
Antennas for Ultrahigh and Microwave Frequencies
Safety
Quiz

Test: Part 4

Final Exam

Appendix A Answers to Quizzes, Tests, and Final

Exam

Appendix B Schematic Symbols

Suggested Additional Reading

Index