Artificial Intelligence in Power Systems

SWARNA BHARATHI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

KHAMMAM

By:

1) V. Praveen 2) K.Santosh Sai Kumar

E.E.E Branch E.E.E Branch

3rd year, 2nd semister 3rd year, 2nd semister

07M61A0237 07M61A0246

e-mail: praveen.eee37@gmail.com e-mail:

Atreyasa.santosh@gmail.com
 Ph No.:9700787712 Ph No.: 9030573891

ABSTRACT:-
AI techniques play a prominent role in power system management and control. This
paper describes the power system problems that are likely candidates for AI techniques, and the
techniques that have been used on those problems. The electric power industry is continuously
searching for ways to improve the efficiency and reliability with which it supplies energy.
Although the fundamental technologies of power generation, transmission, and distribution
change quite slowly, the power industry has been quick to explore new technologies that might
assist its search and to wholeheartedly adopt those that show benefits. This general tendency has
held true to form for the various artificial intelligence technologies. General planners, expert
systems, artificial neural networks, inductive learning, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithms-
researchers have applied almost every form of AI tool in at least prototype form to one or more
problem areas in the power industry, and new practical applications of AI appear with increasing
frequency. In some cases, AI tools augment or replace existing techniques. In others, AI tools
enable solutions to problems previously addressed only by natural intelligence, creating new
applications for computers. The dual questions of which problems to attack with AI techniques
and which AI techniques to use for a particular problem are abiding ones in the power industry,
as they are in many other industries. Problem-centered approaches (problems seeking solutions),
tool-centered approaches (solutions seeking problems), and random-matching approaches
(justified only by results) have all been employed in the power industry. We'll describe the
power system problems that are likely candidates for AI techniques, and the techniques that have
been used on those problems. These techniques promise to play an even more prominent role in
power system management and control.

INTRODUCTION:-
Electric Power Systems are among the most complex man made systems in the world.
These Systems have emerged at century's end as most critical infrastructure in the sense that they
enable all other infrastructures. One of the main problems in power system is to arbitrate
between economy and security. At the start of the new millennium the lot debates are going on
for the "Power System of Future". New goals are being set for the working philosophy of
individual utilities and the priorities for the modernization of their power system in the next 20
years. The Power System of future should enable the utilities to:
• Be more competitive with overall strategies.
• Provide better service.
• Better manage their assets.
• Extend equipment life.
• Improve diagnostics.
• Develop reliability-centered maintenance.

“Intelligence” is commonly considered as the ability to collect knowledge and to reason

with this knowledge in discipline with two strands: science and engineering. The scientific strand
attempts to understand the requirements and mechanisms enabling intelligence of various kinds
in humans, other animals, and information processing machines and robots. The engineering
strand attempts to apply such knowledge in designing useful new kinds of machines and helping
us to deal more effectively with natural intelligence. There are many ways to define the field of
Artificial Intelligence. However, two definitions are given below:

“Artificial Intelligence is the science of making machines do things that require

intelligence if done by men."-- Marvin Minsky, MIT)

“The goals of Artificial Intelligence can be defined to make computers more useful and
to understand the principles that make intelligence possible.”--- PatricWinston, MIT).

THE TOOLS FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) MAY BE LISTED AS:

1. Artificial Neural Network (ANN)

2. Expert Systems
3. Evolutionary Computation
4. Fuzzy Logic
5. Hybrid Approaches
 Modern power systems are required to generate and supply high-quality electrical energy
to consumers. The electric power industry is continuously searching for ways to improve the
efficiency and reliability with which it supplies energy. Although the fundamental technologies
of power generation, transmission, and distribution change quite slowly, the power industry has
been quick to explore new technologies that might assist its search and to wholeheartedly adopt
those that show benefits. Since beginning of last decade of previous century, the researchers in
the power engineering community have been studying the feasibility and application of new
information processing techniques for efficient problem solving of complex power system
problems. With the advent of artificial intelligence tools, alternative strategies have been
identified, proposed and developed for the solution of ill-structured and complex problems in
power systems. The acceptance of these techniques by the power engineering community, both
in the academic institutions and industry, has paved way for basic research into the identification
of new methodologies in artificial intelligence and machine learning, and in an attempt to
understand the basic concept of problem solving and its application to power systems. The dual
questions of which problem to attack with AI techniques and which AI technique to use for a
particular problem are abiding ones in the power industry, as they are in many other industries.

ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK APPLICATIONS FOR POWER

SYSTEM PROTECTION:
This paper reviews a few ANN models that have been proposed for protecting different
components of power systems, such as transmission lines, transformers and generators.

PROTECTING POWER SYSTEM COMPONENTS

1. TRANSMISSION LINE PROTECTION

One of the initial developments in application of ANNs for protecting transmission lines
was the design and implementation of a fault direction discriminator [1]. A multi-layer feed
forward network with a 12-4-1 configuration was used in this design. This ANN based
directional relay used sampled values of voltages and currents, processed them to determine if a
fault is on the line side of the relay or is on the bus side of the relay. Patterns from all three
phases (consisting of Va, Vb, Vc, and Ia, Ib, Ic) were used to train the network. The performance
of the designed protection system was tested by using data obtained from simulations performed
on the EMTDC/PSCAD software package. This was a significant development because it
showed that it is possible to use ANNs in the designs of protection systems. However, concerns
were expressed about the use of ANN based systems in practical applications because the
integrity of their design for protecting parallel lines had not been checked. Also the design was
not checked for differentiating between faults and major load changes. A few other ANN Models
for protecting transmission lines have been presented since then. A recent design uses a finite
impulse response ANN (FIRANN) for detecting the onset of faults and determining the direction
of the fault on high-voltage transmission lines [2]. The configuration of the proposed network is
45-35-5. Three of the five outputs Of the network identified faults of the three phases (one for
each phase); the fourth output determined the direction of the fault and the fifth output identified
undercurrent / under voltage conditions. A total of 100,000 patterns (that comprised of voltages
and currents of all three phases and their sums) from different relays locations in a modeled
system were used to train this network. This ANN design is rather complex as compared to the
previously proposed designs. In this paper, one network provides five outputs but does not
clearly define the operations that take place inside the network. Also, the reasons for using such a
large network and for using such a large number of patterns for training the network are not
discussed. These essential but unaddressed issues lead to the uncertainty about the integrity of
the ANN when applied on a power system.

2. TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

Artificial Neural Networks have found their use in the protection of power transformers
as well. A time delay artificial neural network processes the normalized values of samples of
currents [5]. The Discrete Fourier transform filters the fundamental frequency and harmonic
components of the currents. The fundamental and harmonics of second to fifth order are applied
to a multi-layer feed forward network for implementing differential protection [6]. A recent
paper describes the use of a FIRANN as a differential relay for protecting three phase power
transformers [7]. Two FIRANNs with delay units form the two networks. The first FIRANN
with two hidden layers and a configuration of 6-6-4-1 detects the existence of a system fault. The
second network, which has a configuration of 6-8-8-2, provides two outputs. One output
indicates a fault in the transformer protection zone and the second output indicates that that fault
is outside the protection zone. Even though these two networks have different structures, same
input patterns, which comprised of voltages and currents from all the phases, were used to train
the networks. The choice of the configurations of the networks and the number of the patterns
used for training the networks is not discussed. The paper does not provide much insight in to the
internal processes of the used ANN. Moreover, the paper does not include enough evidence to
show that the designed network works with adequate integrity in the neighborhood of the
boundary of the relay characteristics.

3. GENERATOR PROTECTION

The use of ANN based systems for protecting generators has not received much attention
so far. A recent paper presents the implementation of an ANN-based fault diagnosis scheme for
generator windings [8]. According to this paper, the proposed network has the ability for
detecting and classifying generator winding faults with higher sensitivity and stability boundaries
as compared to conventional differential relays in addition to the ability for identifying the
faulted phases. This paper states that there is no way to determine the best configuration for an
ANN, therefore three networks are tried and the network that provides the best results is chosen.
The first network has a configuration of 6-3-7, uses six samples of currents as inputs and
provides seven outputs identifying phase to ground, two phase and three phase faults. The second
design uses three networks with a configuration of 2-2-1; each network (one for each phase) uses
two sets of inputs and provides three outputs. In the third design, seven networks are used; a set
of six inputs is applied to each network that has a configuration of 6-3-1. Each network detects
one type of fault.

FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER STABILITY ANALYSIS

No systematic and general methodologies exist for the analysis of fuzzy control systems
[31]. Fuzzy control systems are essentially nonlinear systems, due to the nature of the nonlinear
fuzzy controller.
 Mostly, the nonlinear DEs representing the nonlinear system is so difficult to be solved.
Consequently, the analysis of such systems is complicated, particularly, when a fuzzy controller
is involved. This is because of the absence of a universal mathematical model.

Because a nonlinear system does not follow the principle of superposition, elective
analytical tools such as frequency domain transformation, Fourier transforms, and

Input1

Output
Input2

Fig: - Inference of a rule due to certain inputs

Example: If e1 = Input1 and e2 = Input2 then U= Output

Laplace transforms are not applicable. Unfortunately, fuzzy control cannot take full
advantage of linear control theory unless a good linear approximation of fuzzy control systems
can be found. Many approaches were made to give an analysis of a fuzzy control system. The
first approach is the intuitive and qualitative approach, corresponding to the dynamic fuzzy
system. The second is the nonlinear theory approach.
 I n i t i a l i z e U m a t ri x w i t h
z e ro s v a u e s w i th
S t a rt n u m b e r o f ro w s a s ro w
d im e n s io n s o f A
a n d O n e c o lu m n

C a lc u la te R o to r S p e e d s
d e v i a t i o n (w ) f r o m X
(E a c h ro t o r s p e e d i s
fo u n d to b e o n e o f th e
s ta te s X )

C a lc u la te R o to r S p e e d s
d e v i a ti o n (d w ) c h a n g e
f r o m X , X P re v ( X f o r
w s ta te s - X P re v fo r w
s ta te s )

N o rm a l i z e w , d w a n d
F u z z i f y i t s n o rm a l i z e d
v a lu e s

A p p l y M a x - M i n ru l e w i t h
t h e c u rre n t v a l u e o f
w ,d w to g e t U m a trix

A p p ly C O G m e th o d to
g e t c ri s p v a l u e o f X = A X + B U + U m a tri x
C o n t ro l o u t p u t U m a t r i x

S a v e X i n X P re v
S to p

Flowchart of fuzzy controller simulation subroutine

Intuitive and qualitative approach

 The study of the internal representation of a dynamic system gives the category approach
and the energetic approach, both of which are qualitative in nature.

The category approach

Using the category approach. A fuzzy system specifies interaction rules between
different descriptions, with structural stability emerging as a consequence. Stability is treated as
a property of the system as a whole related to the coordination of the actions between its parts.
Also noted is that every stable system has the property that, if displaced from a state of
equilibrium and released, the subsequent movement is matched in such a way to the initial
displacement that the system is brought back to the state of equilibrium. The category approach
is, in essence, a theoretical analysis. No practical engineering application has been proposed.

Energetic approach
Following a philosophy similar to the Lyapunov method, the concept of energy, may be
applied to stability analysis of fuzzy systems. A formulated energy function is called the energy
measure of a fuzzy dynamic system. Under the guideline that a system is stable unless its total
energy decreases monotonically. Observation of the state of a physical system reveals that the
states in a stable system tend toward a position in space where minimum energy is attained. If the
system achieves a stable position, then the energy at this point is constant and minimal. If the
stored energy in the system monotonically decreases as time increases, and after some time
attains a minimal value, the system is locally stable. A position in the state space where the
system has minimal energy is called a stable point. A stable point is identified as an equilibrium
point. In the sense of local stability, attainment of the stable point does not depend upon a
starting point (initial condition) of the system. A system whose energy decreases on the average
may have multiple equilibrium points (states) and, as such, its energy may not decrease at each
instant. System stability is observed by studying the change of the energy. The fuzzy system is
said to be unstable if the energy of the fuzzy relation increases with time. One may easily find a
fuzzy control system meeting this measure but it is either in the marginal stable region or is
unstable. When engineering exactness is emphasized, the approach has no significant practical
use. Furthermore, the local stability of the fuzzy system does not necessarily guarantee global
stability.
NONLINEAR THEORY APPROACH
If the fuzzy control system can be modeled as a linear or nonlinear system, the stability
analysis can be performed by using the classical control theory tools. Again, correct modeling of
the corresponding practical fuzzy control system is assumed. Traditional analytical tools for
dealing with stability analysis of nonlinear control systems include describing function, phase
plane, and Lyapunov stability. Each of these methods has been used in analyzing fuzzy control
system stability. Because analytical solutions of nonlinear differential equations are difficult, if
not impossible, to Obtain .Most nonlinear systems, such as fuzzy control systems, are continuous
in nature and hard to meaningfully discretize, while digitally controlled systems may be treated
as continuous-time systems in analysis if high sampling rates are implemented.

As stated, a nonlinear system demonstrates much richer and more complicated properties
and system behavior than a linear system. The study of nonlinear system behavior is very
important when analyzing the stability of fuzzy control systems.

Before proceeding with the study of fuzzy control systems, an assumption is the
dynamics of the objective system. The early design and analysis of the fuzzy control system is
based on specific applications, depending largely on the knowledge and expertise of the
particular designer. No systematic and general methodologies exist for the design and analysis of
such dynamic fuzzy control systems. It maps to the space partition of the fuzzy rule where the
linguistic trajectory is formed

The partition limits are determined as the below figure. The highlighted area is the
linguistic trajectory of the fuzzy controller, which is the rule-firing sequence of the rule base.
This technique depends on analyzing the vector interpretation of both the control plant and the
fuzzy controller. From a design point of view, this method provides interesting guidelines for the
analysis of a fuzzy controller. Non-operative rules (non-fired rules in a given mode of operation
or working conditions) can be easily modified.
Fig: - Mapping of system trajectory

Although, modern controllers provide a sufficient solution for the problem of damping
oscillations in power systems, these controllers have many difficulties in applicability on a real
power system. This is because of calculations, on-line time modeling and extensive number of
feedback channels. The proposed controller has many benefits to get rid of these difficulties. It
does not require extensive number of calculations, no on-line modeling it needs and, the
proposed controller does not depend on any signals from other areas. So the applicability of this
controller is effective.

CONCLUSION:-

ANN based designs of relays proposed previously have been examined in this paper. A
new methodology that fully exploits the potential of an artificial neural network for its
application to protect transmission lines has been presented. The proposed design provides a
better understanding of the internal structure of an ANN and makes it convenient to modify the
ANN during training. The conventional inputs that are generally used to train ANNs have been
modified so that the integrity of the generic relay characteristics is maintained. The proposed
methodology is a general purpose approach that can be applied to design networks for protecting
other components of power system as well. Coming to fuzzy controllers, the performance of
vector-control drive with fuzzy controller is superior to that with conventional P-I controller.
Thus, by using fuzzy controller the transient response of induction machine has been improved
greatly and the dynamic response of the same has been made faster. The robustness in response
is evident from the results. Since exact system parameters are not required in the implementation
of the proposed controller, the performance of the drive system is robust, stable, and insensitive
to parameters and operating condition variations. The performance has been investigated at
different dynamic operating conditions. It is concluded that the proposed FLC has shown
superior performances over the PI controller and has its transient response 13 times faster than a
simple P-I controlled system and also 2.1 times faster than earlier proposed system.

REFERENCES:-

[1]. B. K. Bose, “Expert systems, fuzzy logic, and neural network application in power
Electronics and motion control”, proceeding of the IEEE, vol.82, Aug. 1994.

[2]. L. H. Tsoukalas and R. E. Uhrig, “Fuzzy and Neural Approaches in Engineering”,

John Wiley, NY, 1997.

[3] A.L.O Fernandez, N.K.I Ghonaim, "A Novel Approach using a FIRANN for Fault
Detection and Direction Estimation for High Voltage Transmission Lines," IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 17, No. 4, Oct 2002, pp 894-900.

[4] H.Singh, M.S. Sachdev, T.S. Sidhu "Design, Implementation and Testing of an
Artificial Neural Network Based Fault Direction Discriminator for protecting
Transmission Lines," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 10, No. 2, 1995, pp
697-706.