Breathe normally

Breathing is the passive process of inhalation oxygen from the surrounding medium and and
exhalation carbon dioxide.

The need to breath normally: Represents the need of the human being to get the oxygen from
the environment useful in the processes of oxidation from the organism and to eliminate the carbon
dioxide resulted from the cellular activity.

The fulfillment of independence in the need of the ventilation: is determined by the

maintenance of the integrity of the respiratory tract, of the respiratory muscles and of their proper
functionality.

The fazes of ventilation are:

Ventilation:
- represents the flow of air full of oxygen that gets inside of the lungs and the air
full of carbon dioxide that is eliminated out of the lungs:
- it has two stages: inhale and exhale;
- the inhale stage is an active act;
- consists in the flow of air that is entering the lungs (approximate a volume of air
of 500 ml); by the dilatation of the diameters of the thoracic cavity the lungs
follow its movement and the pressure inside of the lungs drops with 2-3 mm Hg
bellow the environment pressure;
- the exhale is usually a passive act;
- represents the come-back of the thoracic cavity at its initial volume by stopping
the contraction of the respiratory muscles with the exhaling a volume of air
equal with the one inhaled;
- it is influenced by:
the permeability of the air ways;
the oxygen concentration in the air inhaled;
the respiratory brain center maturity;
the expansion of the thoracic cavity
the normal function of the centers that controls the respiration;
Gas diffusion:
- It is the process in which oxygen from the pulmonary alveoli passes into the
perialveolar capillary and carbon dioxide passes from the capillary into the
pulmonary alveoli;
- It is influenced by:
pressure difference;
the state of the alveoli wall;
the alveoli surface size;
Circulatory faze:
 - represents the transportation of the oxygen thru the arterial blood vessels to the
tissues and of the carbon dioxide that is brought from the tissues thru the veins
to the lungs to be eliminated;
- it is influenced by:
the quantity of hemoglobin in the blood;
the cardiac debit;
the number of RBCs;
the permeability of the arterial outing network;
Tissue faze:
- Represents the trade of gasses between the blood and tissues with the help of
an complex enzymatic system;

Factors that influence the fulfillment of the need to breath:

a) Biological factors:
- age: the children have a bigger frequency of respirations unlike the adults;
- sex : women are at the highest normal limit of breathing frequency, unlike the
men that are at the lowest normal limit of breathing frequency;
- height : the shorter persons breath more frequently than the tall ones;
- sleep : when we sleep we breath less frequent then when we are awake;
- posture :
the appropriate posture allows the expansion of the lung during the
breath;
the healthy individual can breath when he stands, sits or lays down;
the posture that helps breathing it that when we sit or stand with the
correspondent contraction of the diaphragm;
- alimentation : helps to maintain the humidity of the air ways thru the quantity of
glucose, it helps the diaphragm and the other respiratory muscles to function
properly;
- exercise : influences the breathing frequency, the persons that arent trained get
tired faster than those that are trained when they are practicing a small amount
of effort;
b) Psychological factors:
- emotions : influence the frequency and the amplitude of respiration, the
same effect has crying and laughter;
c) Sociological factors:
- environment:
the proper percentage of oxygen (21%) from the atmospheric
air helps breathing;
the polluted environment, full of microbial, chemical particles
doesnt help breathing;
the humidity of the air inhaled of 50-60% creates a comfortable
environment;
- climate :
influences the frequency of breathing;
 the heat rises the frequency of breathing and the cold makes it
less frequent;
the wind disturbs the breathing;
the altitude with less air rises the frequency;
- job : thru chemical or microbial pollution it becomes a bad environment
for breathing;

Manifestations of independence:

a) frequency:
- is the number of respirations per minute;
- it is influenced by age and sex:
new-born: 30-50 r/min
2 years: 25-35 r/min
12 years: 15-25 r/min
adult: 16-18 r/min
elder: 15-25 r/min
b) amplitude:
- it is given by the volume of air that enters and it is eliminated from the lungs every time
we breath;
- the respiration is profound and superficial;
c) rhythm:
- represents the pauses between the respirations;
- it is rhythmic;
d) respiratory noises:
- it is quite (normal);
- when we are asleep it becomes noisy (snoring);
e) symmetry of breathing movements:
- the both parts of the thorax present the same movement of rising and lowering
- during the inhale and exhale;
f) types of respiration:
- there are three types of respiration;
- superior costal specific to women by lifting the upper part of the thorax;
- inferior costal specific to men by enlarging the side diameter of the thorax;
- abdominal specific to children and elders by enlarging the vertical diameter of the
thorax;
g) mucus:
- the respiratory mucous membrane is humid, reduced secretion, transparent, dense;
h) cough:
- is a forced exhale that helps eliminate the secretions from the airways;
- is a protection phenomenon of the organism;

Circulation
Definition: Is the function in which is realized the movement of the blood inside the blood vessels that
has the purpose to transport the oxygen and the nutritive substances to the tissues and also to
transport the products of catabolism from the tissues to the excretory organs. An important part has the
blood and the lymph, that are in the circulatory system and heart, in conditions of functional and
anatomical integrity. The medical assistance watches over at the pulse and the blood pressure.

The independence in fulfilling the need of a good circulation

a) pulse
- is the rhythmic expansion of the arteries, that are pressed on a bone structure and is
synchronous with the ventricular systole;
- the pulse is created from the conflict between the blood that is already in the arterial
system and the one that is pushed in the systole period;

Factors that influences the pulse:

- Biological factors:
Age: children have a bigger frequency than the adults
Height: the shorter persons have a bigger frequency than the tall ones
Sleep: the frequency is lower during the sleep period
Alimentation: when we eat the frequency is rising
Exercise: determines the rising of the frequency but it gets lower when the
physical effort stops
- Psychological factors:
The frequency rises when we: cry, emotions, anger
- Sociological factors:
The environment: the concentration of oxygen from the air that is inhaled
influences the frequency

Independence manifestations:

- Frequency:
Is the number of pulsations per minute
New-born 130-140 p/min
2 years 100-120 p/min
10 years 90-100 p/min
Adult 60-80 p/min
Elder 80-90 p/min
- Rhythm
The pauses between the pulsations are equal
The pulse is rhythmic
- Arteriogram
Anacrota
Catacrotav
 Inflexiune dicrota
- Amplitude
Is determined by the amount of blood that exists already in the blood
vessels
It is bigger when the blood vessels are closer to the heart
At the symmetrical arteries the amount of blood is equal
- Celerity
It is determined by the force needed to compress the artery so that the
pulsatile wave vanishes
- Tissue color
The pink coloration of the tissues
The tissues are warm

b) blood pressure
- is the pressure created by the blood that circulates on the arterial walls
- the factors which determine the blood pressure
the cardiac debit
the power of constriction of the heart
the elasticity and the capacity of the vessels
the density of the blood
- the pressure lowers from the center to the outing

Factors that influences the blood pressure

a) biological factors
- age the blood pressure is lower at children, it is stabilized at the adult and it slightly
rises at the elders
- sleep the blood pressure is lower during the sleep than when we are awake
- activity
during the day the blood pressure rises
the physical effort increases the values of blood pressure but it is going back
to normal when the effort stops
b) psychological factors
- emotions, happiness, anxiety raises the blood pressure
c) sociological factors
- climate when it is cold the blood pressure rises and when its hot the blood pressure
lowers

Manifestations of independence

The maximum blood pressure it is obtained in the ventricular systole

The minimum blood pressure it is obtained in the diastole
- 1-3 years 75-90/50-60 mm Hg
- 4-11 years 90-110/60-65 mm Hg
- 11-15 years 100-120/60-75 mm Hg
 - Adult and older 116-139/65-90 mm Hg
The differencial blood pressure is the difference between the maximum and the minimum