Target : JEE(NITs) Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Mechanics

Contents
Topic Page No.

Theory 1 20

Exercise - 1 21 22
JEE (main) problems

Exercise - 2 22 24
JEE (advanced) problems

Exercise - 3 24 25
Miscellaneous problems

Exercise - 4 25 26
Level - 1 : AIEEE Problems - JEE (main)
Level - 2 : JEE Problems - JEE (Advance)

Answer Key 26

Advanced Level Problems 27 30

JEE (advanced) problems

Answer Key 30

Solutions of ALP 31 35

JEE(NITs) Syllabus 2012

Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascals law and its applications. Streamline and turbulent flow, Reynolds
number. Bernoullis principle and its applications.

Copyright reserved 2012-13.

All rights reserved. Any photocopying, publishing or reproduction of full or any part of this study material is strictly prohibited. This material belongs to only the
enrolled student of RESONANCE. Any sale/resale of this material is punishable under law. Subject to Kota Jurisdiction only.
 FLUID MECHANICS

DEFINITION OF FLUID
The term fluid refers to a substance that can flow and does not have a shape of its own. For
example liquid and gases.
Fluid includes property (A) Density (B) Viscosity (C) Bulk modulus of elasticity (D) pressure
(E) specific gravity

PRESSURE IN A FLUID
The pressure p is defined as the magnitude of the normal force acting on a unit surface area.

F
P =
A

F = normal force on a surface area A.

The pressure is a scalar quantity. This is because hydrostatic pressure is transmitted equally in
all directions when force is applied, which shows that a definite direction is not associated with
pressure.
Thrust. The total force exerted by a liquid on any surface in contact with it is called thrust of the liquid.

Note :
The normal force exerted by liquid at rest on a given surface in contact with it is called thrust of liquid on that
surface.
The normal force (or thrust) exerted by liquid at rest per unit area of the surface in contact with it, is called
pressure of liquid or hydrostatic pressure.
If F be the normal force acting on a surface of area A in contact with liquid, then pressure exerted by liquid on
this surface is P = F/A
(1) Units : N / m2 or Pascal (S.I) and Dyne/cm2 (C.G.S)

[F] [MLT 2 ]
(2) Dimension : (P) = 2
[ML1T 2 ]
[A] [L ]
(3) At a point pressure acts in all directions and a definite direction is not associated with it. So pressure is
a tensor quantity.
(4) Atmospheric pressure : The gaseous envelope surrounding the earth is called the earth's atmosphere and
the pressure exerted by the atmosphere is called atmospheric pressure its value on the surface of the earth
at sea level is nearly 1.013 105 N/m2 or Pascal in S.I. other practical units of pressure are atmosphere, bar
and torr (mm of Hg)
1 atm = 1.01 105 Pa = 1.01 bar = 760 torr
The atmospheric pressure is maximum at the surface of earth and goes on decreasing as we move up into
the earth's
(5) If P0 is the atmospheric pressure then for a point at depth h below the surface of a liquid of density .
hydrostatic pressure P is given by P = P0 + hg.

RESONANCE AIEEE-FLUID MECHANICS - 1

 (6) Hydrostatic pressure depends on the depth of the point below the surface (h). nature of liquid () and
acceleration due to gravity (g) while it is independent of the amount of liquid, shape of the container or cross-
sectional area considered. So if a given liquid is filled in vessels of different shapes to same height, the
pressure at the base in each vessel's will be the same, though the volume or weight of the liquid in different
vessels will be different.

(7) In a liquid at same level, the pressure will be same at all points, if not, due to pressure difference the liquid
cannot be at rest. This is why the height of liquid is the same in vessels of different shapes containing
different amounts of the same liquid at rest when they are in communication with each other.

(8) Gauge pressure : The pressure difference between hydrostatic pressure P and atmospheric pressure P0
is called gauge pressure.
P P0 = hg

C ON SE QUE N C E S OF P RE SSURE
(i) Railway tracks are laid on large sized wooden or iron sleepers. This is because the weight (force)
of the train is spread over a large area of the sleeper. This reduces the pressure acting on the
ground and hence prevents the yielding of ground under the weight of the train.
(ii) A sharp knife is more effective in cutting the objects than a blunt knife.
The pressure exerted = Force/area. The sharp knife transmits force over a small area as com-
pared to the blunt knife. Hence the pressure exerted in case of sharp knife is more than in case of
blunt knife.
(iii) A camel walks easily on sand but a man cannot inspite of the fact that a camel is much heavier
than man.
This is because the area of camels feet is large as compared to mans feet. So the pressure
exerted by camel on the sand is very small as compared to the pressure exerted by man. Due to
large pressure, sand under the feet of man yields and hence he cannot walk easily on sand.

VARIATI ON OF PRESSURE WITH HEI GHT

Assumptions : (i) unaccelerated liquid (ii) uniform density of liquid (iii) uniform gravity
dp
W eight of the small element dh is balanced by the excess pressure. It means = g.
dh

P h
dp g

Pa
dh
0

P = P a + gh

P A SC AL S L AW
if the pressure in a liquid is changed at a particular, point the change is transmitted to the entire
liquid without being diminished in magnitude. In the above case if P a is increased by some amount
than P must increase to maintained the difference (P P a) = hg. This is Pascals Law which
states that Hydraulic lift is common application of Pascals Law.

RESONANCE AIEEE-FLUID MECHANICS - 2

1. Hydraulic press.
f W W
p= or f a
a A A
as A >> a then f << W..
This can be used to lift a heavy load placed on the platform
of larger piston or to press the things placed between the
piston and the heavy platform. The work done by applied
force is equal to change in potential energy of the weight in
hydraulic press.

Density
In a fluid, at a point, density is defined as :
m dm
= lim
V 0 V dV
(1) In case of homogenous isotropic substance, it has no directional properties, so is a scalar.
(2) It has dimensions (ML3) and S.I. unit kg/m3 while C.G.S. unit g/cc with 1g /cc = 103 kg/m3
(3) Density of substance means the rotio of mass of substance to the means the ratio of mass of a body to
the volume of the body. So for a solid body.
Density of body = Density of substance
While for a hollow body, density of body is lesser than that of substance [As Vbody > Vsub.]
(4) When immiscible liquids of different densities are poured in a container, the liquid of highest density will
be at the bottom while that of lowest density at the top and interfaces will be plane.
(5) Sometimes instead of density we use the term relative density or specific gravity which is defined as :
Density of body
RD = Density of water

(6) If m1 mass of liquid of density 1 and m2 mass of density 2 are mixed. then as
m = m1 + m2 and V = (m1 / 1) + (m2 / 2)
[As V = m/]
(7) If V1 volume of liquid of density 1 and V2 volume of liquid of density 2 are mixed, then as
m = 1V1 + 2V2 and V = V1 + V2 [As = m/V]
If V1 = V2 = V 1(1 + 2 )/2 = Arithmetic Mean

Example 1. A body of one kg placed on two object of negligible mass.

Calculate pressure due to force on its bottom.

F mg
Solution : P =
A A
1 10N
(i) P1 = 10 4 N / m 2
10 10 2 m 2
1 10N
(ii) P2 = = 5 10 4 (= 5p 1)
2 10 4
Example 2. For a hydraulic system A car of mass 2000 kg standing on the platform of Area 10m 2 while
the area other side platform 10 cm 2 find the mass required to balance the car
Solution : According to the Pascal Law
m car g mg
P 1 = P2
A car A

A 2
m car = 10cm 2000 kg = 0.2 kg = 200 gm

m = A
car 10m 2

RESONANCE AIEEE-FLUID MECHANICS - 3

Example 3. If two liquids of same masses but densities P1 and P2 respectively are mixed, then density of
mixture is given by

1 2 1 2 21 2 1 2
(1) = (2) = 2 (3) = (4) =
2 1 2 1 2 1 2

Total mass 2m 2m
Solution : = Total volume =
V1 V2 1
m
1 2

21 2

1 2

Example 4. If two liquids of same masses but different densities 1 and 2 are mixed, then density of mixture is
given by

1 2 1 2 21 2 1 2
(1) = (2) = 2 (3) = (4) =
2 1 2 1 2 1 2

Total mass m1 m 2 V(1 2 ) 1 2

Solution : = Total volume 2V 2V

2

Example 5. If pressure at the half depth of a lake equal to 2/3 pressure at the bottom of the lake, then the depth
of the lake [water = 103 kgm3, P0 = 105 N/m2 ]
(1) 10 m (2) 20 m (3) 60 m (4) 30 m
Solution : Pressure at bottom of the lake = Po + hg
h
Pressure at half the depth of a lake = Po + g
2
According to given condition
1 2
Po + hg (Po hg)
2 3

1 1
Po hg
3 6

2Po 2 105
h= 3 = 20m.
g 10 10

Example 6. A uniformly tapering vessel is filled with a liquid of uniform density

900 kg/m3. The force that acts on the base of the vessel due to the liquid is
(g = 10 ms2)

(1) 3.6 N (2) 7.2 N

(3) 9.0 N (4) 14.4 N
Solution : Force acting on the base
F = P A = hdgA = 0.4 900 10 2 103 = 7.2N

Example 7. The area of cross-section of the two arms of a hydraulic

press are 1 cm 2 and 10 cm 2 respectively (figure). A force of
5 N is applied on the water in the thinner arm. W hat force
should be applied on the water in the thicker arms so that
the water may remain in equilibrium?

RESONANCE AIEEE-FLUID MECHANICS - 4

Solution : In equilibrium, the pressures at the two surfaces should be equal as they lie in the same
horizontal level. If the atmospheric pressure is P and a force F is applied to maintain the
equilibrium, the pressures are
5N F
P0 + 2 and P 0 + respectively..
1 cm 10 cm 2
This givens F = 50 N.

2. Hydraulic Brake.
Hydraulic brake system is used in automobiles to retard the motion.

HY DRO STATI C P A RAD OX

Pressure is directly proportional to depth and by applying pascals law it can be seen that pres-
sure is independent of the size and shape of the containing vessel. (In all the three cases the
heights are same).

A B C
PA = PB = PC

A T M OS P H E R I C P R E SS U R E
Definition.
The atmospheric pressure at any point is numerically equal to the weight of a column of air of unit
cross-sectional area extending from that point to the top of the atmosphere.
At 0C, density of mercury = 13.595 g cm 3 , and at sea level, g = 980.66 cm s 2
Now P = hg.
Atmospheric pressure = 76 13.595 980.66 dyne cm 2 = 1.013 10 5 N-m 2 (p a)

Height of Atmosphere
The standard atmospheric pressure is 1.013 10 5 Pa (N m 2 ). If the atmosphere of earth has a
uniform density = 1.30 kg m 3 , then the height h of the air column which exerts the standard
atmospheric pressure is given by
hg = 1.013 10 5

1.013 105 1.013 10 5

h= = m = 7.95 10 3 m 8 km.
g 1.13 9.8
In fact, density of air is not constant but decreases with height. The density becomes half at
1
about 6 km high, th at about 12 km and so on. Therefore, we can not draw a clear cut line above
4
which there is no atmosphere. Anyhow the atmosphere extends upto 1200 km. This limit is con-
sidered for all practical purposes.

M E A SURE M E N T OF ATMOS P HE RI C P RE SS URE

1. Mercury Barometer.
To measure the atmospheric pressure experimentally,
torricelli invented a mercury barometer in 1643.

p a =hg
The pressure exerted by a mercury column of 1mm
high is called 1 Torr.
1 Torr = 1 mm of mercury column

RESONANCE AIEEE-FLUID MECHANICS - 5

2. Open tube Manometer
Open-tube manometer is used to measure the pressure gauge. W hen equilibrium is reached, the
pressure at the bottom of left limb is equal to the pressure at the bottom of right limb.

i.e. p + y1 g = p a + y2 g
p p a = g (y2 y1) = gy
p p a = g (y2 y1) = gy
p = absolute pressure, p p a = gauge pressure.
Thus, knowing y and (density of liquid), we can measure the gauge pressure.

Example 8. A barometer tube reads 76 cm of mercury. If the tube is gradually inclined at an angle of 60 with
vertical, keeping the open end immersed in the mercury reservoir, the length of the mercury column
will be
(1) 152 cm (2) 76 cm (3) 38 cm (4) 38 3cm

h
Solution : cos 60 =

h 76
=
cos 60 1/ 2
= 152 cm

Example 9. When a large bubble rises from the bottom of a lake to the surface. Its radius doubles. If atmospheric
pressure is equal to that of column of water height H, then the depth of lake is
[AIIMS 1995 ; AFMC 1997]
(1) H (2) 2H
(3) 7H (4) 8H
Solution : P1V1 = P2V2
4 2 4
(Po + hg) r Po ( 2r )3
3 3

Example 10. A beaker containing liquid is kept inside a big closed jar If the air inside the jar is continuously
pumped out, the pressure in the liquid near the bottom of the liquid will
(1) Increase
(2) Decreases
(3) Remain constant
(4) First decrease and then increase
Solution : Total pressure at (near) bottom of the liquid
P = P0 + hg
As air is continuously pumped out from jar (container), P0 decreases and hence P decreases.

RESONANCE AIEEE-FLUID MECHANICS - 6

Example 11. W rite the pressure inside the tube

8
Solution : P A = P 0 + g = PB ...(i)
100

6
P tube = P B g ...(ii)
100
(i) & (ii)

8 6
P tube = P0 g g
100 100

g
P tube = P0
50

g
Ans. P0 P
50

Example 12. Find the pressure inside the tube

RESONANCE AIEEE-FLUID MECHANICS - 7

Solution : P A = (P 0 + gh) + 3g (2h) = P B

2h h
P tube = P B 8g
3 4

5
= P 0 + gh + 6gh 8g h
12

10
= P 0 + gh + 6gh gh
3

( 21 10 )gh 11
= P0 = P0 + gh
3 3

11
Ans. P0 + gh
3

Example 13. The m anom eter shown below is us ed to m easur e the dif fer ence in water level
between the two tanks. Calculate this difference for the conditions indicated.

Solution : p a + h 1 g 40 1g + 40g = p a + h 2 g
h 2 g h 1 g = 40 g 40 1g

as 1 = 0.9
(h 2 h 1) g = 40g 36g
h 2 h 1 = 4 cm

3. Water Barometer.
Let us suppose water is used in the barometer instead of mercury.

1.013 10 5
hg = 1.013 10 5 or h=
g
The height of the water column in the tube will be 10.3 m. Such a long tube cannot be managed
easily, thus water barometer is not feasible.

RESONANCE AIEEE-FLUID MECHANICS - 8

Example 14. I n a g i v e n U - t u b e ( o p e n a t o n e - e n d ) f i n d o u t r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n p a n d p a .
Given d 2 = 2 13.6 gm/cm 3 d 1 = 13.6 gm/cm 3

Solution : Pressure in a liquid at same level is same i.e. at A A,

p a d2 yg xd1g p

In C.G.S.
p a + 13.6 2 25 g + 13.6 26 g = p
p a + 13.6 g [50 + 26] = p
2p a = p [p a = 13.6 g 76]

Example 15. Truck start from rest with acceleration 2.5 ms2 then the angle (acute) between vertical and surface
at the liquid, In equilibrium (assume that liquid is at with respect to truck)

4 1
(1) sin = (2) cos =
17 17
(3) tan = 4 (4) None of these

Solution :

Consider a particle on the liquid surface

mg cos = ma cos
gcos = a sin
g 10
tan = tan = =4
a 2.5
Ans. ABC

RESONANCE AIEEE-FLUID MECHANICS - 9

Example 16. In previous question pressure at the point A, B and C
(1) PA = PB = PC (2) PA > PB > PC
(3) PA < PB < PC (4) Non of these

Example 17. In previous question, three different point, above the point A,B and C of an accelerated liquid surface
in equilibrium called A' B', C' then pressure at the point A' B' and C'
(1) PA' = PB' = PC' (2) PA' > PB' > PC'
(3) PA' < PB' < PC' (4) Po = atmosphere pressure

Example 18. Highest pressure at the point inside the liquid :

(1) A (2) C
(3) Pressure at A, B and C are equal and highest (4) None of these

Example 19. Slope of the line on which pressure is same consider the direction of acceleration of truck as the
X-axis
1
(1) 4 (2) 0.25 (3) 2.5 (4)
4
Solution : (16 to 19)
In the frame of truck liquid is in equilibrium, liquid surface is to the geff and pressure increase along
the line of g(eff) as P = P0 + geff(h), where h is depth along the geff or to the surface, all the line which
is parallel to the liquid surface have same magnitude of pressure and magnitude increase as one
move along the geff inside the liquid.
So PA > PB > PC & PA = PB = PC = P0 (pressure is highest at A)
1 1
and slope tan(90 + ) = cot = =
tan 4

ARC HI M E DE S P RI N C I P L E
According to this principle, when a body is immersed wholly or partially in a fluid, it loses its
weight which is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body.
Up thrust = buoyancy = V g
V = volume submerged
= density of liquid.
Relation between density of solid and liquid
weight of the floating solid = weight of the liquid displaced
1 V2
V1 1 g = V2 2 g
2 V1

Density of solid Volume of the immeresed portion of the solid

or
Density of liquid Total Volume of the solid

RESONANCE AIEEE-FLUID MECHANICS - 10

 This relationship is valid in accelerating fluid also. Thus, the force acting on the body are :
(i) its weight Mg which acts downward and
(ii) net upward thrust on the body or the buoyant force (mg)
Hence the apparent weight of the body = Mg mg = weight of the body weight of the displaced liquid.
Or Actual W eight of body Apparent weight of body = weight of the liquid displaced.
The point through which the upward thrust or the buoyant force acts when the body is immersed
in the liquid is called its centre of buoyancy. This will coincide with the centre of gravity if the solid
body is homogeneous. On the other hand if the body is not homogeneous, then the centre of
gravity may not lie on the line of the upward thrust and hence there may be a torque that causes
rotation in the body.
If the centre of gravity of the body and the centre of buoyancy lie on the same straight line, the
body is in equilibrium.
If the centre of gravity of the body does not coincide with the centre of buoyancy (i.e., the line of
upthrust), then torque acts on the body. This torque causes the rotational motion of the body.

Floatation
1. Translatory equilibrium : When an body of density p and volume V is immersed in a liquid of density , the
forces acting on the body are
Weight of body W = mg = Vg, acting vertically downwards through centre of gravity of the body.
Upthrust force = Vg acting vertical upwards through the centre of gravity of the displaced liquid i.e., centre
of buoyancy.

(i) A body will float in liquid only and only if

(ii) In case of floating as weight of body = upthrust
So W App = Actual weight upthrust = 0
(iii) In case of floating Vg = Ving
So the equilibrium of floating bodies is unaffected by variations in g though both thrust and weight depend on g.

RESONANCE AIEEE-FLUID MECHANICS - 11

 (2) Rotatory Equilibrium : When a floating body is slightly tied from equilibrium position, the centre of
buoyancy B shift. The vertical line passing through the new ecntre of buoyancy B' and initial vertical line meet
at a point M called meta - centre. If the meta-centre M is above the centre of gravity the couple due to forces
at G (weight of body W) and at B' (upthrust) tends to bring the body back body the meta-centre must always
be higher then the centre of gravity of the body.

However, if meta-centre goes CG, the couple due to forces at G and B' tends to topple the floating body.
That is why a wooden log cannot be made to float vertical in water or a boat is likely to capsize if the sitting
passengers stand on it. In these situations CG becomes higher than MG and so the body will topple if
slightly tilted.

Example 20. A concrete sphere of redius R has cavity of radius r which is paked with sawdust. The specific
gravities of concrete and sawdust are respectively 2.4 and 0.3 for this sphere to float with its entire
volume submerged under water. Ration of mass of concrete to mass of sawdust will be
[AIIMS 1995]
(1) 8 (2) 4 (3) 3 (4) Zero
Solution : Let specific gravities of consrete and saw dust are 1 and 2 respectiviely.
According to principle of floatation weight of whole sphere = upthrust on the sphere
4 4 4
(R 3 r 3 )1g r 3 2 g R 3 1 g
5 3 3
R31 r3 1 + r3 2 = R3

R3 1 2
R3 (1 1) = r3 (1 2 ) = 3

r 1 1

R3 r 3 1 2 1 1
3

r 1 1

(R 3 r 3 )1 1 2 1
3

r 2 1 1 2

Mass of concrete 1 0.3 2.4

=4
Mass of saw dust 2.4 1 0.3

Example 21. A metallic block of density 5 gm cm3 and having dimensions 5 cm 5 cm 5cm is weighed in
water. Its apparent weight will be
(1) 5 5 5 5 gf (2) 4 4 4 4 gf (3) 5 4 4 4 gf (4) 4 5 5 5 gf
Solution : Apparent weight
= V ( ) g = 1 b h (5 1) g
=5554g
Dyne = 4 5 5 5 gf

RESONANCE AIEEE-FLUID MECHANICS - 12

Example 22. A cobical block is floating in a liquid with half of its volume immersed in the liquid. When the whole
system accelerates upwards with acceleration of g/3, the fraction of volume immersed in the liquid
will be
1 3 2 3
(1) (2) (3) (4)
2 8 3 4

Solution : Fraction of volume immersed in the liquid Vin = V

i.e. it depends upon the densities of the block and liquid. So there will be no change in it if
system moves upward or downward with constant velocity or some acceleration.

Example 23. A silver ingot weighing 2.1 kg is held by a string so as to be completely immersed in a liquid of
relative density 0.8. The relative density of silver is 10.5. The rension in the string in kg-wt is
(1) 1.6 (2) 1.94 (3) 3.1 (4) 5.25
M
Solution : T = Apparent weight = V( ) g = ( ) g

0.8
T = M 1 g 2.1 1 g = 1.94 gN
10 .5
T = 1.94 Kg-wt

Example 24. A sample of metal weighs 210 gm in air, 180 gm in water and 120 gm in liquid. Then density (RD) of
1
(1) Metal is 3 (2) Metal is 7 (3) Liquid is 3 (4) Liquid is
3
Solution : Density of metal = . Density of liquid =
If V is the volume of sample then according to problem
210 = Vg ......(i)
180 = V ( 1)g ......(ii)
120 = V ( )g ......(iii)
By solving (i), (ii) and (iii) we get = 7 and = 3.

Example 25. A cubical block of wood of edge 3 cm floats in water. The lower
surface of the cube just touches the free end of a vertical spring
fixed at the bottom of the pot. Find the maximum weight that can be
put on the block without wetting it. Density of wood = 800 kg/m 3 and
spring constant of the spring = 50 N/m. Take g = 10 m/s 2.
Solution : The specific gravity of the block = 0.8. Hence the height inside water = 3 cm 0.8 = 2.4
cm. The height outside ater = 3 cm 2.4 = 0.6 cm. Suppose the maximum weight that can
be put without wetting it is W. The block in this case is completely immersed in the water.
The volume of the displaced water
= volume of the block = 27 10 6 m 3.
Hence, the force of buoyancy
= (27 10 6 m 3) 1(1000 kg/m3) (10 m/s 2) = 0.27 N.
The spring is compressed by 0.6 cm and hence the upward force exerted by the spring
= 50 N/m 0.6 cm = 0.3 N.
The force of buoyancy and the spring force taken together balance the weight of the block
plus the weight W put on the block. The weight of the block is
W = (27 10 6 m) (800 kg/m 3) (10 m/s 2) = 0.22 N.
Thus, W = 0.27 N + 0.3 N 0.22 N = 0.35 N.

RESONANCE AIEEE-FLUID MECHANICS - 13


PRE SSURE IN CASE OF ACCE LERATI NG FLUID
(i) Liquid Placed in elevator :
When elevator accelerates upward with acceleration a 0 then pressure in the fluid, at depth h may
be given by,
p = h [g + a 0 ]
and force of buoyancy, B = m (g + a 0 )

(ii) Free surface of liquid in horizontal acceleration :

a0
tan =
g

a0
p 1 p 2 = a 0 where p 1 and p 2 are pressures at point 1 & 2. Then h 1 h 2 =
g

Example 26. An open rectangular tank 1.5 m wide 2m deep and 2m long is half filled with water. It is
accelerated horizontally at 3.27 m/sec 2 in the direction of its length. Determine the depth
of water at each end of tank. [g = 9.81 m/sec 2]
a 1
Solution : tan = g =
3
Depth at corner A
= 1 1.5 tan
= 0.5 m Ans.
Depth at corner B
= 1 + 1.5 tan = 1.5 m Ans.

(constant)
(iii) Free surface of liquid in case of rotating cylinder.
r B
v2 2r 2 A
h = = h
2g 2g C

STR E AML I N E F L OW
The path taken by a particle in flowing fluid is called its line of flow. In the case of steady flow all
the particles passing through a given point follow the same path and hence we have a unique line
of flow passing through a given point which is also called streamline.

RESONANCE AIEEE-FLUID MECHANICS - 14

C HARAC TE RI STI C S OF STRE AML I N E
1. A tangent at any point on the stream line gives the direction of the velocity of the fluid particle at
that point.
2. Two steamlines never intersect each other.
Laminar flow : If the liquid flows over a horizontal surface in the form of layers of different veloci-
ties, then the flow of liquid is called Laminar flow. The particle of one layer do not go to another
layer. In general, Laminar flow is a streamline flow.
Turbulent Flow : The flow of fluid in which velocity of all particles crossing a given point is not
same and the motion of the fluid becomes disorderly or irregular is called turbulent flow.

RE YN OL D S N U MB E R
According to Reynold, the critical velocity (v c ) of a liquid flowing through a long narrow tube is
(i) directly proportional to the coefficient of viscosity () of the liquid.
(ii) inversely proportional to the density of the liquid and
(iii) inversely proportional to the diameter (D) of the tube.
R v c D
That is v c D or vc = D or = ...............(1)

where R is the Reynold number.

If R < 2000, the flow of liquid is streamline or laminar. If R > 3000, the flow is turbulent. If R lies
between 2000 and 3000, the flow is unstable and may change from streamline flow to turbulent flow.

E QUATI ON OF C ONTI N UI T Y
The equation of continuity expresses the law of conservation of mass in fluid dynamics.

a 1 v 1 = a 2 v2
In general av = constant . This is called equation of continuity and states that as the area of
cross section of the tube of flow becomes larger, the liquids (fluid) speed becomes smaller and
vice-versa.

Illustrations -
(i) Velocity of liquid is greater in the narrow tube as compared to the velocity of the liquid in
a broader tube.
(ii) Deep waters run slow can be explained from the equation of continuity i.e., av = constant.
W here water is deep the area of cross section increases hence velocity decreases.

ENERGY OF A LIQUID
A liquid can posses three types of energies :

(i) Kinetic energy :

The energy possessed by a liquid due to its motion is called kinetic energy. The kinetic
1
energy of a liquid of mass m moving with speed v is mv 2.
2

1
mv 2 1 2
K.E. per unit mass = 2 = v.
m 2

RESONANCE AIEEE-FLUID MECHANICS - 15

 (ii) Potential energy :
The potential energy of a liquid of mass m at a height h is m g h.
mgh
P.E. per unit mass = = gh
m

(iii) Pressure energy :

The energy possessed by a liquid by virtue of its pressure is called pressure energy.
Consider a vessel fitted with piston at one side (figure). Let this vessel is filled with a
liquid. Let A be the area of cross section of the piston and P be the pressure experienced
by the liquid.
The force acting on the piston = PA
If dx be the distance moved by the piston, then work done by the force = PA dx = PdV
where dV = Adx, volume of the liquid swept.
This work done is equal to the pressure energy of the liquid.
Pressure energy of liquid in volume dV = PdV.
The mass of the liquid having volume dV = dV,
is the density of the liquid.
PdV P
Pressure energy per unit mass of the liquid = = .
dV

B E RN OU L L I S TH E O RE M
It states that the sum of pressure energy, kinetic energy and potential energy per unit mass or per
unit volume or per unit weight is always constant for an ideal (i.e. incom pressible and
non-viscous) fluid having stream-line flow.
P 1 2
i.e. + v + gh = constant.
2

Example 27. An incompressible liquid flows through a horizontal

tube as shown in the following fig. Then the velocity
of the fluid is
(1) v = 2v1 + v2 (2) v = v1 + v2
v 1v 2
(3) v = (4) v = v 12 v 22
v1 v 2
Solution : m = m1 + m2
V = V1 + V2
Av = Av1 + Av2
v = 2v1 + v2

Example 28. Water enters through end A with speed 1 and leaves through end B with speed 2 of a cylindrical
tube AB. The tude is always completely filled with water. In case I tude is horizontal and is case II it
is vertical with end A upwards and in case III it is vertical with end B upwards. We have 1 = 2
(1) Case I (2) Case II (3) Case III (4) Each case
Solution : This happens in accordance with equation of continuity and this equation was derived on the
principle of conservation of mass and it is true in every case, either tube remain horizontal or vertical.

RESONANCE AIEEE-FLUID MECHANICS - 16

Example 29. Water flows in a horizontal tube as shown in figure. The pressure of water changes by 600
N/m 2 between A and B where the areas of cross-section are 30cm 2 and 15cm 2 respectively.
Find the rate of flow of water through the tube.

Solution : Let the velocity at A = v A and that at B = v B.

vB 30 cm 2
By the equation of continuity, v = = 2.
A 15 cm 2
By Bernoullis equation,
1 1
PA + v A2 = P B + v B2
2 2

1 1 3
or, PA PB = (2v A) 2 v A2 = v 2
2 2 2 A

N 3 1000 kg
or, 600 = v 2
m 2 2 m3 A

or, vA = 0.4 m 2 / s 2 = 0.63 m/s.

The rate of flow = (30 cm 2) (0.63 m/s) = 1800 cm 3/s.

AP PL I C ATION OF B E RN OUL L I S THE ORE M

(i) Bunsen burner
(ii) Lift of an airfoil.
(iii) Spinning of a ball (Magnus effect)
(iv) The sprayer.
(v) A ping-pong ball in an air jet
(vi) Torricellis theorem (speed of efflux)
At point A, P 1 = P, v 1 = 0 and h 1 = h

At point B, P 2 = P, v 2 = v (speed of efflux) and h = 0

P1 1 2 P2 1 2
Using Bernoullis theorem + gh 1 + v1 = + gh 2 = v , we have
2 2 2

P P 1 2 1 2
+ gh + 0 = +0 + 2 v v = gh or v= 2gh
2

(VII) Venturimeter.
It is a gauge put on a flow pipe to measure the flow of speed of a liquid (Fig). Let the liquid of
density be flowing through a pipe of area of cross section A 1. Let A 2 be the area of cross section
at the throat and a manometer is attached as shown in the figure. Let v 1 and P 1 be the velocity of
the flow and pressure at point A, v 2 and P 2 be the corresponding quantities at point B.

RESONANCE AIEEE-FLUID MECHANICS - 17

 Using Bernoullis theorem :
P1 1 2 P2 1 2
+ gh 1 + v 1 = + gh 2 + v , we get
2 2 2

P1 1 2 P2 1 2
+ gh + v1 = + gh + v (Since h 1 = h 2 = h)
2 2 2

1
or (P 1 P 2) = ( v 22 v 12) ....(1)
2
According to continuity equation, A 1 v 1 = A 2v 2

A
or v 2 1 v
A2 1
Substituting the value of v 2 in equation (1) we have

2 A 2
1 A 1 v 2 v 2 1 2 1 1
(P 1 P 2) = 1 1
2 v1 A 2
2 A 2


Since A 1 > A 2, therefore, P 1 > P 2

2(P1 P2 ) 2 A 22 (P1 P2 )
or v 12 = =
A 2 ( A 12 A 22 )
1 1
A 2

where (P 1 P 2) = m gh and h is the difference in heights of the liquid levels in the two tubes.

2 m gh
v1 = A 2
1 1
A 2

The flow rate (R) i.e., the volume of the liquid flowing per second is given by R = v 1 A 1.
(viii) During wind storm,
The velocity of air just above the roof is large so according to Bernoullis theorem, the pressure
just above the roof is less than pressure below the roof. Due to this pressure difference an upward
force acts on the roof which is blown of without damaging other parts of the house.
(ix) When a fast moving train cross a person standing near a railway track, the person has a tendency
to fall towards the train. This is because a fast moving train produces large velocity in air between
person and the train and hence pressure decreases according to Bernoullis theorem. Thus the
excess pressure on the other side pushes the person towards the train.

RESONANCE AIEEE-FLUID MECHANICS - 18

Example 30. Water flows through a horizontal tube of variable cross-section (figure). The area of cross-section at
A and B are 4 mm2 and 2 mm2 respectively. If 1 cc of water enters per second through A, find
(i) the speed of water at A,
(ii) the speed of water at B and
(iii) the pressure difference PA PB.

Solution : A1v1 = A2v2

1 1
1 + v 2 + 0 = r2 + v22 + gh.
2 1 2
Ans. (i) 25 cm/s, (ii) 50 cm/s (iii) 94 N/m2

Example 31. The velocity of the liquid coming out of a small hole of a large vessel containing two different
liquids of densities 2and as shown in figureis

(1) 6gh (2) 2 gh (3) 2 2gh (4) gh

Solution : (2) Pressure at (1) :
P1 = Patm + g (2h)
Applying Bernoulli's theorum between points (1) and (2)
1
[Patm + 2 g h] + g(2h) + (2 ) (0)2
2
1
= Patm + (2 ) g (0) + (2 ) v2
2
v = 2 gh Ans.

Example 32. A horizontal pipe line carries water in a streamline flow. At a point along the pipe where the
cross-sectional area is 10 cm, the water velocity is 1 ms 1 and the pressure is 2000 Pa. The
pressure of water at another point where the cross-sectional area is 5 cm will be :.
[Density of water = 103 kg. m 3 ] [JEE - 94, 2]
Solution : From continuity equation
A1 v1 = A2 v2 1 2
A1 10
v2 = A v1 = (1) = 2 m/s
2 5 v2
v1
Applying Bernoullis theorem at 1 and 2

1 1
P2 + v22 = P 1 + v12
2 2
1
P2 = P1 + (v12 v22 )
2
1 3
= 2000 2 10 (1 4) Ans. 500 Pa

RESONANCE AIEEE-FLUID MECHANICS - 19

Example 33. Equal volumes of two immiscible liquids of densities and 2 are
filled in a vessel as shown in figure. Two small holes are punched
at depth h/2 and 3h/2 from the surface of lighter liquid. If v1 and v2
are the velocities of efflux at these two holes, then v1/v2 is :

1
(1) (2) 0.5
2 2

1
(3) 0.25 (4)
2
Solution : for hole (i)
V12 h
P0 + = P0 + g V1 = gh
2 2
for hole (ii)

V22 h
P0 + = P0 + gh + 2h
2 2

V22
= 2gh. V2 = 2 gh
2
V1 1

V2 2 = 0.5

Example 34. A tank is filled upto a height h with a liquid and is placed on a
platform of height h from the ground. To get maximum range
xm a small hole is punched at a distance of y from the free
surface of the liquid. Then:

(1) xm = 2h (2) xm = 1.5 h

(3) y = h (4) y = 0.75 h
2(2h y )
Solution : R = Vx t = 2gy g

2(2h y )
R2 = 2gy g = 4 (2hy y2)

dR
for Rmax = dy = 0

dR
2R dy = 4 (2h 2y) = 0 y=h

x = 2h
m

~~~~~~

RESONANCE AIEEE-FLUID MECHANICS - 20

 OBJECTIVE PROBLEMS (JEE-MAIN)
SECTION (A) : MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION OF PRESSURE

A-1 A siphon in use is demonstrated in the following figure.

The density of the liquid flowing in siphon is 1.5 gm/cc.
The pressure difference between the point P and S will be
(1) 105 N/m (2) 2 105 N/m
(3) Zero (4) Infinity

A-2 Figure here shown the vertical cross-section of a vessel filled

with a liquid of density . The normal thrust per unit area on the
walls of the vessel at point. P, as shown, will be
(1) h g (2) H g
(3) (H h) g (4) (H h) g cos

A-3 A tank with length 10 m, breadth 8 m and depth 6m is filled with water to the top. If g = 10 m s 2 and
density of water is 1000 kg m 3, then the thrust on the bottom is
(1) 6 1000 10 80 N (2) 3 1000 10 48 N
(3) 3 1000 10 60 N (4) 3 1000 10 80 N

A-4 In a hydraulic lift, used at a service station the radius of the large and small piston are in the ratio of 20
: 1. What weight placed on the small piston will be sufficient to lift a car of mass 1500 kg ?
(1) 3.75 kg (2) 37.5 kg (3) 7.5 kg (4) 75 kg.

A-5 Two vessels A and B of different shapes have the same base area and
are filled with water up to the same height h (see figure). The force
exerted by water on the base is FA for vessel A and FB for vessel B. The
respective weights of the water filled in vessels are W A and W B. Then
(1) FA > FB ; W A > W B (2) FA = FB ; W A > W B
(3) FA = FB ; W A < W B (4) FA > FB ; W A = W B

SECTION (B) : ARCHEMEDIES PRINCIPLE AND FORCE OF BUOYANCY

B-1 Two solids A and B float in water. It is observed that A floats with half its volume immersed and B floats with
2/3 of its volume immersed. Compare the densities of A and B
(1) 4 : 3 (2) 2 : 3 (3) 3 : 4 (4) 1 : 3
B-2 The fraction of a floating object of volume V0 and density d0 above the surface of a liquid of density d will be
d0 dd0 d d0 dd 0
(1) (2) d d (3) (4) d d
d 0 d 0

B-3 The density of ice is x gm/cc and that of water is y gm/cc. What is the change in volume in cc, when
m gm of ice melts ?
(1) M (y x) (2) (y x)/m (3) mxy (x y) (4) m (1/y 1/x)

B-4 A cork is suberged in water by a spring attached to the bottom of a bowl. When the bowl is kept in an elevator
moving with acceleration downwards, the length of spring
(1) Increases (2) Decreases (3) Remains unchanged (4) None of these

B-5 A hollow sphere of volume V is floating on water surface with half immersed in it. What should be the
minimum volume of water poured inside the sphere so that the sphere now sinks into the water
(1) V / 2 (2) V / 3 (3) V / 4 (4) V

RESONANCE AIEEE-FLUID MECHANICS - 21

B-6. A body floats in liquid contained in a beaker. If the whole system (shown
in fig.) falls under gravity then the up-thrust on the body is-

(1) 2 mg (2) zero

(3) mg (4) less than mg

SECTION (C) : CONTINUIT Y EQUATION AND BERNOULLI THEOREM & THEIR APPLICATION
C-1 Bernoullis principle is based on the law of conservation of:
(1) mass (2) momentum (3) energy (4) none of these

C-2 Bernoullis equation is applicable to points:

(1) in a steadily flowing liquid
(2) in a stream line
(3) in a straight line perpendicular to a stream line
(4) for ideal lequid stream line flow on a stream line

C-3 Bernoullis equation is based upon:

(1) isochoric process (2) isobaric process (3) isothermal process (4) adiabatic process

C-4 Two water pipes of diameters 2 cm and 4 cm are connected with the main supply line. The velocity of flow of
water in the pipe of 2 cm diameter is
1
(1) 4 time that in the other pipe (2) times that in the other pipe
4

1
(3) 2 times that in the other pipe (4)
times that in the other pipe
2
C-5 A tank is filled with water up to height H. Water is allowed to come out
of a hole P in one of the walls at a depth D below the surface of water.
Express the horizontal distance x in terms of H and D :

D(H D)
(1) x = D(H D ) (2) x =
2

(3) x = 2 D(H D) (4) x = 4 D(H D )

C-6 A fixed cylindrical vessel is filled with water up to height H. A hole is bored in the wall at a depth h from
the free surface of water. For maximum horizontal range h is equal to :
(1) H (2) 3H/4 (3) H/2 (4) H/4

C-7 An incompressible liquid flows through a horizontal tube

as shown in the figure. Then the velocity ' v ' of the fluid is :

(1) 3.0 m/s (2) 1.5 m/s

(3) 1.0 m/s (4) 2.25 m/s

1. A block of volume V and of density b is placed in liquid of density l(l > b), then block is moved
upward upto a height h and it is still in liquid. The increase in gravitational potential energy of the
system is :
(1) bVgh (2) (b + l)Vgh (3) (b l)Vgh (4) none of these

2. A metallic sphere floats (just sink) in an immiscible mixture of water (w = 103 kg/m 3) and a liquid
(L = 13.5 103) with (1/5)th portion by volume in the liquid. The density of the metal is :
(1) 4.5 103 kg/m 3 (2) 4.0 103 kg/m 3 (3) 3.5 103 kg/m 3 (4) 1.9 103 kg/m 3

RESONANCE AIEEE-FLUID MECHANICS - 22

3. A fire hydrant delivers water of density at a volume rate L. The water
travels vertically upward through the hydrant and then does 900 turn to
emerge horizontally at speed V. The pipe and nozzle have uniform cross-
section throughout. The force exerted by the water on the corner of the
hydrant is
(1) VL (2) zero
(3) 2VL (4) 2 VL
4. A tube in vertical plane is shown in figure. It is filled with a liquid of
density and its end B is closedThen the force exerted by the
fluid on the tube at end B will be : [Neglect atmospheric pressure
and assume the radius of the tube to be negligible in comparison to ]
(1) 0 (2) g A0
(3) 2g A0 (4) Cannot be determined

5. A block of iron is kept at the bottom of a bucket full of water at 2C. The water exerts buoyant force on
the block. If the temperature of water is increased by 1C the temperature of iron block also increases
by 1C. The buoyant force on the block by water
(1) will increase
(2) will decrease
(3) will not change
(4) may decrease or increase depending on the values of their coefficient of expansion

6. The cubical container ABCDEFGH which is completely filled with an ideal (nonviscous and
incompressible) fluid, moves in a gravity free space with a acceleration of
a = a0 ( i j k )
where a0 is a positive constant. Then the only point in
the container where pressure is maximum, is
(1) B (2) C
(3) E (4) F

7. In previous question pressure will be minimum at point

(1) A (2) B (3) H (4) F

8. Density of the ice is and that of water is . What will be the decreasein volume when a mass M of ice melts.

M 1 1 1 1 1
(1) (2) (3) M (4)
M M

9. The reading of a spring balance when a block is suspended from it in air is 60 newton. This reading is
changed to 40 newton when the block is submerged in water. The specific gravity of the block must be
therefore :
(1) 3 (2) 2 (3) 6 (4) 3/2

10. A block of steel of size 5 cm 5 cm 5 cm is weighed in water. If the relative density of steel is 7. Its
apparent weight is :
(1) 6 5 5 5 gf (2) 4 4 4 7 gf (3) 5 5 5 7 gf (4) 4 4 4 6 gf

11. Two bodies are in equilibrium when suspended in water from the arms of a balance. The mass of one
body is 36 g and its density is 9 g/cc. If the m ass of the other is 48 g, its density in
g/cc is :
(1) 4/3 (2) 3/2 (3) 3 (4) 5

12. In order that a floating object be in a stable rotation at equilibrium, its centre of buoyancy should be
(1) vertically above its centre of gravity (2) vertically below its centre of gravity
(3) horizontally in line with its centre of gravity (4) may be anywhere
RESONANCE AIEEE-FLUID MECHANICS - 23
13. For a fluid which is flowing steadily, the level in the vertical tubes is best represented by

(1) (2)

(3) (4)

14. There are two identical small holes on the opposite sides of a tank containing
a liquid. The tank is open at the top. The difference in height between the
two holes is h. As the liquid comes out of the two holes, the tank will
experience a net horizontal force proportional to:
(1) h1/2 (2) h (3) h3/2 (4) h2

15. A narrow tube completely filled with a liquid is lying on a series of

cylinders as shown in figure. Assuming no sliding between any surfaces,
the value of acceleration of the cylinders for which liquid will not come
out of the tube from anywhere is given by
gH gH
(1) (2)
2L L

2gH gH
(3) (4)
L 2L

MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS
ASSERTION / REASON
1. STATEMENT-1 : Any pressure increase at one point of a static connected fluid passed to each point
undiminished.
STATEMENT-2 : Fluid is assumed to be incompressible.
(1) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(2) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-1
(3) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
(4) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True

2. STATEMENT-1 : One of the two identical container is empty and the

other contains two ice cubes. Now both the containers are filled with
water to same level as shown. Then both the containers shall weigh
the same.
STATEMENT-2 : The weight of volume of water displaced by ice cube floating in water is equal to the
weight of ice cube. Hence both the container in above situation shall weigh the same.
(1) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(2) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-1
(3) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
(4) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True

RESONANCE AIEEE-FLUID MECHANICS - 24

3. STATEMENT-1 : Consider an object that floats in water but sinks in oil. When the object floats in water,
half of it is submerged. If we slowly pour oil on top of water till it completely covers the object, the
object moves up.
STATEMENT-2 :As the oil is poured in the situation of statement-1, pressure inside the water will
increase everywhere resulting in an increase in upward force on the object.
(1) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(2) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-1
(3) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
(4) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True

LEVEL -1 : PREVIOUS YEARS AIEEE PROBLEMS (JEE-MAIN)

1. A cylinder of height 20m is completely filled with water. The velocity of efflux of water (in ms1) through a small
hole on the side wall of the cylinder near its bottom, is : [AIEEE 2002]
(1) 10 (2) 20 (3) 25.5 (4) 5

2. The bob of a simple pendulum executes simple harmonic motion in water with a period t, while the period of
oscillation of the bob is t0 in air. Neglecting frictional force of water and given that the density of the bob is
(4/3) 1000 kg/m3. What relationship between t and t0 is true? [AIEEE 2004]
(1) t = t0 (2) t = t0/2 (3) t = 2t0 (4) t = 4t0

3. A jar is filled with two non-mixing liquids 1 and 2 having densities 1 and 2,
respectively. A solid ball, made of a material of density 3, is dropped in the
jar. It comes to equilibrium in the position shown in the figure.
[AIEEE 2008, 4/300]
Which of the following is true for 1, 2 and 3 ?
(1) 1 > 3 > 2 (2) 1 < 2 < 3
(3) 1 < 3 < 2 (4) 3 < 1 < 2

4. A ball is made of a material of density where oil < < water with oil and water representing the densities of
oil and water, respectively. The oil and water are immiscible. If the above ball is in equilibrium in a mixture of
this oil and water, which of the following pictures represents its equilibrium position? [AIEEE 2010, 4/144]

(1) (2) (3) (4)

5. Water is flowing continuously from a tap having an internal diameter 8 103 m. The water velocity as it
leaves the tap is 0.4 ms1. The diameter of the water stream at a distance 2 101 m below the tap is close
to : [AIEEE - 2011, 4/120, 1]
(1) 5.0 103 m (2) 7.5 103 m (3) 9.6 103 m (4) 3.6 103 m

LEVEL - 2 : PREVIOUS YEARS JEE PROBLEMS (JEE-ADVANCE)

* Marked Questions are More than one correct
1. An application of Bernoullis equation for fluid flow is found in [IITJEE (Screening) 1994]
(A) Dynamic lift of an aeroplane (B) Viscosity meter
(C) Capillary rise (D) Hydraulic press
RESONANCE AIEEE-FLUID MECHANICS - 25
2. A large open tank has two holes in the wall. One is a square hole of
side L at a depth y from the top and the other is a circular hole of
radius R at a depth 4y from the top. When the tank is completely filled
with water, the quantities of water flowing out per second from both
holes are the same. Then radius R, is equal to :[JEE-2000,2/105]
L L
(A) (B) 2 L (C) L (D)
2 2

3. A wooden block with a coin placed on its top, floats in water as shown
in figure. The distance and h are shown here. After some time the coin
falls into the water. Then : [I.I.T. 2002, 3/105 Screening]
(A) decreases and h increase (B) increases and h decreases
(C) both and h increases (D) both and h decrease

4. STATEMENT -1
The stream of water flowing at high speed from a garden hose pipe tends to spread like a fountain when held
vertically up, but tends to narrow down when held vertically down. [JEE-2008' 3/162]
and
STATEMENT -2
In any steady flow of an incompressible fluid, the volume flow rate of the fluid remains constant.
(volume flow rate)
(A) STATEMENT -1 is True, STATEMENT -2 is True; STATEMENT -2 is a correct explanation
for STATEMENT -1
(B) STATEMENT -1 is True, STATEMENT -2 is True; STATEMENT -2 is NOT a correct explanation for
STATEMENT -1
(C) STATEMENT -1 is True, STATEMENT -2 is False
(D) STATEMENT -1 is False, STATEMENT -2 is True.

EXERCISE # 1 EXERCISE # 4
SECTION (A) : LEVEL -I
A-1 (3) A-2 (3) A-3 (1) 1. (2) 2. (3) 3. (3)
A-4 (1) A-5 (2) 4. (2) 5. (4)
SECTION (B) : LEVEL -II
B-1 (3) B-2 (3) B-3 (4) 1. (A) 2. (A) 3. (D)
B-4 (2) B-5 (1) B-6. (2) 4. (A)
SECTION (C) :
C-1 (3) C-2 (4) C-3 (3)
C-4 (1) C-5 (3) C-6 (3)
C-7 (3)
EXERCISE # 2
1. (3) 2. (3) 3. (4)
4. (2) 5. (1) 6. (1)
7. (3) 8. (3) 9. (1)
10. (1) 11. (3) 12. (1)
13. (1) 14. (2) 15. (1)
EXERCISE # 3
1. (1) 2. (1) 3. (1)

RESONANCE AIEEE-FLUID MECHANICS - 26

 OBJECTIVE PROBLEMS (JEE-ADVANCE)
* Marked Questions are More than one correct
1. A block of volume V and of density b is placed in liquid of density l(l > b), then block is moved
upward upto a height h and it is still in liquid. The increase in gravitational potential energy of the
system is :
(1) bVgh (2) (b + l)Vgh (3) (b l)Vgh (4) none of these

2. A metallic sphere floats (just sink) in an immiscible mixture of water (w = 103 kg/m 3) and a liquid
(L = 13.5 103) with (1/5)th portion by volume in the liquid. The density of the metal is :
(1) 4.5 103 kg/m 3 (2) 4.0 103 kg/m 3
3 3
(3) 3.5 10 kg/m (4) 1.9 103 kg/m 3

3. Three liquids of densities d, 2d and 3d are mixed in equal volumes. Then the density of the mixture is
(1) d (2) 2d (3) 3d (4) 5d

4. Three liquids of densities d, 2d and 3d are mixed in equal proportions of weights. The relative density of the
mixture is
11d 18d 13d 23d
(1) (2) (3) (4)
7 11 9 18

5. Figure shows a weigh-bridge, with a beaker P with water on one pan

and a balancing weight R on the other. A solid ball Q is hanging with
a thread outside water. It has volume 40 cm3 and weighs 80 g. If this
solid is lowered to sink fully in water, but not touching the beaker
anywhere, the balancing weight R' will be
(1) same as R (2) 40 g less than R
(3) 40 g more than R (4) 80 g more than R

6. A U-tube of base length l filled with same volume of two liquids of

densities and 2 is moving with an acceleration a on the horizontal
plane. If the height difference between the two surfaces (open to
atmosphere) becomes zero, then the height h is given by:
a 3a a 2a
(1) 2g (2) 2g (3) g (4) 3g

P 1
7. According to Bernoullis equation h = Constant
pg 2g
The terms A, B, and C are generally called respectively :
(1) Gravitational head, pressure head and velocity head
(2) Gravity, gravitational head and velocity head
(3) Pressure head, gravitational head and velocity head
(4) Gravity, Pressure and velocity head

8. A manometer connected to a closed tap reads 3.5 105 N/m2, When the value is opened, the reading of
manometer falls to 3.0 105 N/m2, then velocity of flow of water is
(1) 100 m/s (2) 10 m/s (3) 1 m/s (4) 10 10 m/s

9. A cylindrical tank of height 0.4 m is open at the top and has a diameter 0.16 m. Water is filled in it up
to a height of 0.16 m. how long it will take to empty the tank through a hole of radius 5103 m in its
bottom.
(1) 46.26 sec. (2) 4.6 sec. (3) 462.6 sec. (4) .46 sec.

RESONANCE AIEEE-FLUID MECHANICS - 27

10. A liquid is kept in a cylindrical vessel which is rotated along its axis. The liquid rises at the sides. If the
radius of the vessel is 0.05 m and the speed of rotation is 2 rev/s, The difference in the height of the
liquid at the centre of the vessel and its sides will be (2 = 10) : [REE 1987]
(1) 3 cm (2) 2 cm (3) 3/2 cm (4) 2/3 cm

11. Air is streaming past a horizontal air plane wing such that its speed in 120 m/s over the upper surface and 90
m/s at the lower surface. If the density of air is 1.3 kg per metre3 and the wing is 10 m long and has an
average width of 2 m and negligible height difference, then the difference of the presure on the two sides of the
wing of
(1) 4095.0 Pascal (2) 409.50 Pascal (3) 40.950 Pascal (4) 4.0950 Pascal

12. A log of wood of mass 120 Kg floats in water. The weight that can be put on the raft to make it just sink,
should be (density of wood = 600 Kg/m3) [CPMT 2004]
(1) 80 Kg (2) 50 Kg (3) 60 Kg (4) 30 Kg
1
13. If a sphere is inserted in water, then it flows with rd of it outside the water, When it is inserted in an
3

3
unknown liquid then it flows with th of it outside, then density of unknown liquid is : [RPMT 2001]
4

9 8 3
(1) 4.9 gm/c.c (2) gm/c.c (3) gm/c.c (4) gm/c.c
4 3 8

14. Water is flowing inside a tube of an uniform radius ratio of radius of entry and exit terminals of the tube is
3 : 2. Then the ratio of velocities at entry and exit terminals will be : [RPMT 2001]
(1) 4 : 9 (2) 9 : 4 (3) 8 : 27 (4) 1 : 1

15. A body of uniform cross-sectional area floats in a liquid of density thrice its value. The fraction of exposed
height will be : [RPMT 2005]
2 5 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
3 6 6 3

16.* An ice-cube of density 900 kg/m3 is floating in water of density 1000 kg/m3. The percentage of volume of ice-
cube outside the water is : [RPMT 2006]
(1) 20% (2) 35% (3) 10% (4) 25%

17. A tank is filled with water upto height H. When a hole is made at a distance h below the level of water, what
will be the horizontal range of water jet ? [RPMT 2006]

(1) 2 hH h (2) 4 hH h (3) 4 hH h (4) 2 hH h

18. A raft of wood of mass 120 kg floats in water. The weight that can be put on the raft to make it just sing,
should be : (draft = 600 kg/m3) [RPMT 2006]
(1) 80 kg (2) 50 kg (3) 60 kg (4) 30 kg

19. At what speed, the velocity head of water is equal to pressure head of 40 cm of hg ? [RPMT 2007]
(1) 10.3 m/s (2) 2.8 m/s (3) 5.6 m/s (4) 8.4 m/s

20. A hole is in the bottom of the tank having water. If total pressure at the bottom is 3 atm (1 atm = 105 Nm2),
then velocity of water flowing from hole is : [RPMT 2007]

(1) 400 ms1 (2) 600 ms1

(3) 60 ms1 (4) none of these

21. If pressure at half the depth of a lake is equal to 2/3 pressure at the bottom of the lake then what is the depth
of the lake : [RPET 2000]
(1) 10 m (2) 20 m (3) 60 m (4) 30 m

RESONANCE AIEEE-FLUID MECHANICS - 28

22. The pressure at the bottom of a tank containing a liquid does not depend on [Kerala (Engg.) 2002]
(1) Acceleration due to gravity (2) Height of the liquid column
(3) Area of the bottom surface (4) Nature of the liquid

23. Construction of submarines is based on [Kerals PMT 2005]

(1) Archimedes principle (2) Bernoulli's theorem
(3) Pascal's law (4) Newton's laws

24. From the adjacent figure, the correct observation is [KCET 2005]
(1) The pressure on the bottom of tank (a) is greater than
at the bottom of (b)
(2) The pressure on the bottom of the tank (1) is smaller than
at the bottom of (b)
(3) The pressure depend on the shape of the container
(4) The pressure on the bottom of (a) and (b) is the same

mA 2
25. In the arrangement shown in figure m 3 and the ratio of density of
B

block B and of liquid is 2 : 1. The system is released from rest. Then:

(1) block B will oscillate but not simple harmonically
(2) block B will oscillate simple harmonically
(3) the system will remain in equilibrium
(4) none of the above

26. Water flows through a frictionless duct with a cross-sec-

tion varying as shown in fig. Pressure p at points along
the axis is represented by

(1) (2) (3) (4)

27. Three liquids of densities d, 2d and 3d are mixed in equal volumes. Then the density of the mixture is
(1) d (2) 2d (3) 3d (4) 5d

28. Three liquids of densities d, 2d and 3d are mixed in equal proportions of weights. The relative density of the
mixture is

11d 18d 13d 23d

(1) (2) (3) (4)
7 11 9 18

29. A cylindrical container of radius ' R ' and height ' h ' is completely filled with
a liquid. Two horizontal L shaped pipes of small cross-section area ' a ' are
connected to the cylinder as shown in the figure. Now the two pipes are
opened and fluid starts coming out of the pipes horizontally in opposite
directions. Then the torque due to ejected liquid on the system is:

(1) 4 a g h R (2) 8 a g h R
(3) 2 a g h R (4) none of these

RESONANCE AIEEE-FLUID MECHANICS - 29

 P 1
30. According to Bernoullis equation h = Constant The terms A, B, and C are generally called
pg 2g
respectively :
(1) Gravitational head, pressure head and velocity head
(2) Gravity, gravitational head and velocity head
(3) Pressure head, gravitational head and velocity head
(4) Gravity, Pressure and velocity head

31. A given shaped glass tube having uniform cross section is filled with water
and is mounted on a rotatable shaft as shown in figure. If the tube is rotated
with a constant angular velocity then : [AIIMS 2005]
(1) Water levels in both sections A and B go up
(2) Water level in Section A goes up and that in B comes down
(3) Water level in Section A comes down and that in B it goes up
(4) Water levels remains same in both sections

32. A candle of diameter d is floating on a liquid in a cylindrical container of

diameter D (D > > d) as shown in figure. If it is burning at the rate of 2cm/
hour then the top of the candle will [AIIMS 2005]
(1) Remain at the same height (2) Fall at the rate of 1 cm/hour
(3) Fall at the rate of 2 cm/hour (4) Go up the rate of 1 cm/hour

33. A hemispherical portion of radius R is removed from the bottom of a

cylinder of radius R. The volume of the remaining cylinder is V and its
mass M. It is suspended by a string in a liquid of density where it
stays vertical. The upper surface of the cylinder is at a depth h below
the liquid surface. The force on the bottom of the cylinder by the liquid
is : [I.I.T. 2001, 3/105 Screening]
(1) Mg (2) Mg Vg
(3) Mg + R2hg (4) g(V + R2 h)

34. Water is filled in a container upto height 3m. A small hole of area 'a' is punched in the wall of the
container at a height 52.5 cm from the bottom. The cross sectional area of the container is A.
If a/A = 0.1 then v2 is : (where v is the velocity of water coming out of the hole) (g = 10 m/s 2)
[I.I.T. 2005 Screening , 3/60]
(1) 50 (2) 51 (3) 48 (4) 51.5

1. (3) 2. (3) 3. (2) 4. (2) 5. (3) 6. (2) 7. (3)

8. (2) 9. (1) 10. (2) 11. (1) 12. (1) 13. (3) 14. (1)
15. (1) 16. (3)(4) 17. (1) 18. (1) 19. (1) 20. (1) 21. (2)
22. (3) 23. (1) 24. (4) 25. (1) 26. (1) 27. (2) 28. (2)
29. (1) 30. (3) 31. (1) 32. (2) 33. (4) 34. (1)

RESONANCE AIEEE-FLUID MECHANICS - 30

1. U = mgh U = (b ) Vgh

4v 4v
2. g g = (V)g
5 5 m

on solving m = 3.5 103 .

m1 m 2 m 3 V( d 2d 3d)
3. mix = = 2d.
3V 3V

3m 3m 36 18
d d
4. mix = V1 V2 V3 m m m 11 11

d 2d 3 d

5. Since not touching,

So R = Fb = l(vg) = 40g.

6. For the given situation, liquid of density 2 r should be behind that of r.

From right limb
PA = Patm + gh

PB = PA + a = Patm + gh + a
2 2

3
PC = PB + (2) a = Patm + gh + a .... (1)
2 2
But from left limb :
PC = Patm + (2) gh .... (2)
From (1) and (2) :
3
Patm + gh + a = Patm + 2 gh
2

3a
h = 2g Ans.

8. Bernoulli's theorem for unit mass of liquid

P 1 2
u = constant
2
As the liquid starts flowing, it pressure energy decreases
1 2 P1 P2
u
2

1 2 3.5 10 5 3 10 5
u
2 10 3

2 0.5 10 5
=
10 3
u2 = 100 u = 10 m/s

RESONANCE AIEEE-FLUID MECHANICS - 31

9. v= 2gh ....(ii)
from equation (ii) put the value of v in equation (i)
R2 dh/dt = r2 2gh

R2dh
r 2
2gh
= dt
0 t
R2 dh

r 2 2g h
= dt
0
h

on solving t = 46.26 second.

2r 2
10. y=
2y
Put values and get y = 2cm.

11. From the Benoulli's theorem

1 2 1
P1 P2 = u2 u12 1.3 [(120 )2 (90 )2 ]

2 2
= 4095 N/m2 or Pascal

mass 120 3
12. Volume of log of wood V = density 600 0.2m Let x weight that can be put on the log of weed. So

weight of the body = (120 + x) 10 N

Weight of displaced liquid = Vg = 0.2 103 10 N
The body will just sink in liquid if the weight of the body will be equal to the weight of displaced liquid.
(120 x) 10 = 0.2 103 10
120 + x = 200 x = 80 kg

Re lative density of body volume of inserted part of body

13. Re lative density of water = total volume of body

d 2V

1 3V

2
d=
3
Again using the same formula

1 2

4 3d

8
d= gm/c.c.
3
14. According to rule for flowing of liquid product of area and velocity is same
A1v1 = A2v2
2
v1 A 2 r22 r2 4
= =4:9
v2 A1 2
r2 r1 9

RESONANCE AIEEE-FLUID MECHANICS - 32

 1
15. Here area is uniform, so portion of immersed height =
3
1
(Here : the ratio of density of body and density of water = )
3
1 2
Therefore, fraction of exposed height will 1 =
3 3

16. The percentage of volume of ice-cube outside the water is

water ice
= 100
water

1000 900
= 100 = 10%
1000

17. Applying Bernoullis theorem, the velocity of water at point A

v= 2gh
Time taken to reach point C is t

1 2
So, Hh= gt
2

2H h
t= g

Now, horizontal range R = vt

2H h
= 2gh g

=2 H h h

18. Volume of raft is given by

m 120
V= = = 0.2 m3
d 600
If the raft is immersed fully in water. Then weight which can be put on the raft
= 0.2 103 m= 200 kg
so extra weight put on the raft
= 200 kg 120 kg
= 80 kg

19. Bernoullis equation for flowing liquid be written as

1
p+ v2 + gh = constant (i)
2
Here, p = pressure energy per unit volume of liquid
= density of liquid (water)
h = height of liquid column
v = velocity of liquid
and g = acceleration due to gravity Dividing Eq. (i) by g, we have

v2
g + + h = constant
2g

RESONANCE AIEEE-FLUID MECHANICS - 33

 v2 p
It this expression is velocity head and g is pressure head.
2g
It is given that,
velocity head = pressure head

v2 p
ie. = g
2g

2p
or v2 =

2 13.6 10 3 40 10 2 9.8
or v2 =
10 3
v = 10.32 m/s

20. Let height of water column in the tank be h. Total pressure (p) = atmospheric pressure (p0) + pressure due to
water column in tank (p)
p = p p0 = 3 1 = 2 atm
or hg = 2 105
or h 103 10 = 2 105
or h = 20 m
Hence, velocity of water coming from hole ie, velocity of efflux is

v= 2gh

= 2 10 20

= 400 ms1

26. When cross-section of duct is decreased, the velocity of water increased and in accordance with Bernoulli's
theorem, the pressure P decreased at that place.

m1 m 2 m 3 V( d 2d 3d)
27. mix = = 2d.
3V 3V

3m 3m 36 18
d d
28. V
mix = 1 V2 V3
m m m 11 11

d 2d 3d

29.

h
Velocity of efflux of water (v) = 2g = gh
2
force on ejected water = Rate of change of momentum of ejected water.
= (av) (v)
= av2

RESONANCE AIEEE-FLUID MECHANICS - 34

 Torque of these forces about central line
= (av2) 2R . 2
= 4av2 R = 4 agh R

33. [Flower Fupper] by liquid = Upthrust

F2 F1 = upthrust
F2 = F1 + upthrust
F2 = gh (R2) + Vg
or F2 = g(V + R2h)

F1

Upthrust

F2

In this problem, we did not take the force due to air pressure on the
cylinder. This is because force due to air pressure is cancelled. At top
and bottom of the cylinder the force due to air pressure is equal and
opposite.

p0 v2
34. Apply continuity equation A1V1 = A2V2 and Bernauli theorum + + gh = constant at the top and
2
at the hole.

RESONANCE AIEEE-FLUID MECHANICS - 35