Lecture 08: Material Behavior

Jayadeep U. B.
Dept. of Mechanical Engg., NIT Calicut.
 Introduction
The set of equations considered so far (strain-displacement
relations, compatibility conditions and equilibrium equations) are
independent of the material behavior.
For example, they are the same for steel or rubber.
However, it is well known that the response of objects made of
different materials under the same conditions differs drastically.
Hence, there must be a set of equations, which represent the
material behavior to complete the TOE framework.
The topic of this lecture is this set of equations called constitutive
relationships or stress-strain relationships.
We will limit our discussion to linear elastic material behavior.
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 Material Characterization
A material is characterized using the constitutive relationships, which
are relations for stresses in terms of strains, strain rates, strain
history, temperature etc.
Use of stresses, strains and other parameters above avoids the
geometric effects, as in relation between loads and deformation.
Though Continuum Mechanics provides some basic requirements
on the constitutive relationships, most of the present ones are
obtained through experimental studies, uniaxial tensile test being
the most commonly used method.
We restrict our discussion to linear elastic materials, in which case
there exist relationships for stresses in terms of strains, and
possibly temperature, with no strain rate or history dependence.

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 Generalized Hookes Law
Hookes law gives the relation between axial stress and axial strain
in uniaxial loading of an elastic bar, with the proportionality
constant called as Youngs modulus.
For handling an arbitrary geometry and loading, it is generalized
into a relation between the 3D stress and strain tensors, through a
fourth order elasticity tensor: ij = Cijkl ekl
Number of elastic constants present in this equation is 34 = 81.
However, all these are not independent constants.
To determine the number of independent constants, first observe
that both stress and strain tensors are symmetric. Hence, we
have: Cijkl = C jikl & Cijkl = Cijlk
Hence, the maximum possible number of independent elastic
constants reduces to 36.
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 Generalized Hookes Law contd.
These set of equations are commonly written in terms of Voigt
notation as (note the conventional coordinates):
x C11 C12 . . . C16 ex
C C . . . C e
y 21 22 26 y

z . . . . . . ez
=

xy . . . . . . 2e
xy
yz . . . . . . 2e yz

zx C16 C26 . . . C66 2ezx
All these 36 constants also are not independent. Using the strain
energy function, we can show Cijkl = Cklij, which reduces the
number of independent constants to 21.
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 Isotropic Materials
A material which shows the same properties in all directions is
called isotropic, while others are called anisotropic.
Most of the engineering metals are polycrystalline, and are
isotropic. Single crystals are generally (not always!) anisotropic.
There are 21 independent elastic constants for the most general
case of anisotropy, but for isotropic materials there are only 2
independent elastic constants.
For isotropic materials, we can write the generalized Hookes law
as: ij = ekk ij + 2 eij
is called Lame's constant and is the shear modulus.
H.W.: Write these equations in the conventional notation.
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 Isotropic Materials contd.
There are three other elastic moduli in common use:Youngs
modulus, Poissons ratio and bulk modulus.
Only 2 of these can be independent, and any other elastic constant
can be expressed using the two chosen independent constants.
H.W.1: Invert the above relations to express the strains as
functions of stresses: 1
eij =
ij
kk ij
2 3 + 2
H.W.2: Comparing with generalized Hookes law in terms of
Youngs modulus and Poissons ratio, express Youngs modulus and
Poissons ratio in terms of Lames constant and shear modulus.
H.W.3: Learn the section on physical meaning of these moduli.
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 Relations among the Elastic Constants

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 Thermoelastic Constitutive Relations
A basic assumption commonly used in continuum mechanics
which we have also adopted is that the deformations are
isothermal. In other words, deformations do not cause any change
in temperature.
However, there could be changes in temperature caused by
external agents, and these changes cause thermal strains.
Unlike elastic strains, the thermal strains do not have associated
stresses. Thermal stresses are caused by restricting thermal strains.
Thermoelastic constitutive relations aim to capture these, i.e.,
they are stress-strain relationships which include thermal strains.

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 Thermoelastic Constitutive Relations
contd.
It is convenient to decompose the total strains to mechanical
(associated with stresses)and thermal strains: eij = eij( M ) + eij( T )
We have: ij = ij (T T0 )
(T)
e
ij is coefficients of thermal expansion tensor.
T0 is a reference temperature.
For isotropic materials, we can write: ij = (T T0 ) ij
(T)
e
Hence we can write these equations as:
1 +
eij = ij kk ij + (T T0 ) ij
E E
OR
ij = ekk ij + 2 eij ( 3 + 2 ) (T T0 ) ij
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 References
Sadd, M.H., Elasticity: Theory, Applications and Numerics,
Academic Press.

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