Emerging Tech

1.
INTELLIGENT METERING
A MILP Approach to Accommodate More Building Integrated Photovoltaic System in Distribution Network
Haiming Wang , Ke Meng, Joe Dong
Abstract
This study proposes an implementation of a smart building energy management system (SBEMS) through a MILP optimization to
benefit residential customers. The developed model is to minimize the overall energy expenditure of a residential building as a whole
under dynamic pricing policy. The focus is to obtain a strategy to accommodate more BIPV and to minimize the energy cost a
residential building spends through managing all the devices operational statuses, and as such to maximize the power utilization
efficiency of the proposed network while satisfying the various devices constraints.
Smart Grid Privacy via Anonymization of Smart Metering Data

Costas Efthymiou , Georgios Kalogridis
Abstract
The security and privacy of future smart grid and smart metering networks is important to their rollout and eventual acceptance by the
public: research in this area is ongoing and smart meter users will need to be reassured that their data is secure. This paper describes a
method for securely anonymizing frequent (for example, every few minutes) electrical metering data sent by a smart meter. Although
such frequent metering data may be required by a utility or electrical energy distribution network for operational reasons, this data
may not necessarily need to be attributable to a specific smart meter or consumer. It does, however, need to be securely attributable to
a specific location (e.g. a group of houses or apartments) within the electricity distribution network. The method described in this
paper provides a 3rd party escrow mechanism for authenticated anonymous meter readings which are difficult to associate with a
particular smart meter or customer. This method does not preclude the provision of attributable metering data that is required for other
purposes such as billing, account management or marketing research purposes.
Intelligent migration from smart metering to smart grid

Mehdi Arian, Mohammad Ameli,Vahid Soleimani,Shiva Ghazalizadeh
Abstarct:
With the growing demand for more energy from the subscribers, and given the issues associated with ecological systems, it is
inevitable and indispensable to move toward an efficient, economical, green, clean and self-correcting power system. Implementing
this system is a challenge for the managers to tackle. It is a long time that smart metering system have been used by utility companies
and implemented in quite a few numbers of them. Necessity for developing from smart metering to smart gird and utilizing it for
consumption management, black-out management, demand response, distributed energy resources, Grid optimization, Load
management, technical loss, theft detection, quality of service, utilizing the maximum capacity of power line, balancing the
distribution network, freeing the distribution network and a great number of other advantages are inevitable. In this paper we have
studied how to move toward smartening up the grid.
Link: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6134995/
Multiple inductive loop detectors for intelligent transportation systems applications: Ramp metering, vehicle re-
identification and lane change monitoring systems
S. Sheik Mohammed Ali , Lelitha Vanajakshi
Abstract:
Implementation of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) applications such as ramp metering, vehicle reidentification and lane
change monitoring systems in a heterogeneous and lane less traffic is a challenging task. The present study proposes possible solutions
to implement such applications using a newly developed multiple inductive loop detector system. Prototypes of these applications
have been developed and tested in the field.
Intelligent system for freeway ramp metering control
Kostandina Veljanovska , Zoran Gacovski , Stojce Deskovski
Abstract:
The number of techniques implemented in subsystems of the Intelligent System of infrastructure in transportation system in terms of
agents for signal control, ramp metering, detecting incidents is numerous. Challenges, however, are still there for the researchers to
optimize traffic operations. The aim of this paper is to prove the ability of artificial intelligence technique known as reinforcement
learning implemented in intelligent system for freeway control. Intelligent agents are implemented as controllers in order to provide
optimal performance on the freeway corridor via ramp metering control on a corridor. The algorithm used in the research was Q
learning algorithm. The results are promising proving that the technique is capable for optimal control of entrance freeway ramps and
suitable for building the intelligent system of the freeway.
The Design of the Data Acquisition Mode of Wireless Intelligent Remote Water Meter System in the High-Rise Building
Chun Wang
Abtract:
According to the principle that "the information of the water meters in modern dwellings are required out of household" which is set
by the State Ministry of Construction, the wireless intelligent remote water meter system is designed by the close work with the
management system and workflow of the water supply industry. It is the ideal system to achieve the modernization, networking and
digital information of the water supply management. However, there are some drawbacks in application of the traditional wireless
intelligent remote system in high-rise buildings. Through the change of the traditional data collection idea, the high-precision data
collecting of water meters in high-rise buildings are realized, the costs are reduced and the results are satisfactory.
Design of monitor program based on status analysis for intelligent blood glucose meter
Jiabao Cheng,Ping Wang
Abstract:
This paper presents a method of monitor program design based on status analysis , by taking the portable blood glucose meter for
example. And the process of monitor program design are given. For monitor program design of one-key multifunction system, the
method is really realized multifunction and is more keeping with needs of field measurement.
Design of intelligent rapid moisture meter based on microwave and halogen

Zhen-fang Xu, Yan Wang
Abstract:
Moisture content is one of the main grain storage quality indicators, is the basis for settled price Linking of the grain distribution, its
fast and accurate determination is of great significance. This paper presents a fast, accurate and intelligent moisture meter, the system
uses the microwave, halogen tubes as an energy source and makes DSP microcontroller as the controlling center, it has pressure
transmitter, precision amplifier, 24-bit A/D converter, LCD monitor, you can quickly determine the weight of moisture in grain,
moisture content, unit conversion can communicate with the computer through the RS232, realizing of human-computer
communication, the system is easy to be operated with high precision, speed and so on.
Research of automatic recognition of digital meter reading based on intelligent image processing
Qiushi Bai, Limeng Zhao, Yunzhou Zhang, Zixin Qi
Abtract:
With the rapid development of intelligent building, the requirement of automatic recognition of digital meter reading is increasingly
urgent. Based on image processing, this article uses iterative global threshold to binarize the images and then adopts projection
method to locate the target regions and divide the numbers. Features are extracted and back-propagation neural network is used to read
the numbers automatically and contributes to a high accuracy of recognition rate.
An intelligent SMS-based remote Water Metering System

Nusrat Sharmin Islam; Md. Wasi-ur-Rahman
Abstract:
The Integrated Prepaid Water Meter System is a technology for prepaid billing of water along with sufficient monitoring of the water
meter readings automatically from a remote place without any human intervention. This system promises fast and accurate billing of
water as well as prevents any misuse of it. In this paper, a technique having adequate security support, for prepaid billing of water
using Short Message Service (SMS) has been illustrated. Existing Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) networks have
been used for sending and receiving SMS. A prototype of the system has been designed and developed for system exploration and
experiment.
2. STORAGE
Large-Scale Electric Energy Storage Integration in Grids with Integrated Renewable Energy Resources George Gross
http://www.cis-ieee.org/EnCON/Abstracts/Gross.pdf
The electricity business is unique, as it is the only industry sector that sells a commodity the MWh without sizeable inventory. The
marked lack of utility-scale storage in todays power system drives electricity to be a highly perishable commodity whose production
is the prototypical just-in time manufacturing system. Moreover, the limited storage capacity in todays grid severely restricts the
flexibility with which the grid can be operated a particular concern for systems with deepening penetrations of integrated renewable
energy resources. However, a grid with increased storage capacity may offer major benefits, such as the time-shift of energy
utilization to shave the peak demand, improved harnessing of energy from renewable resources and reduction in the reserves
requirements that must be met by fossil-fired power plants that pollute. Storage also has numerous applications in both short- and
long-term planning and in operations over a broad time spectrum. Notwithstanding the multiple benefits that storage resources offer
and their unique and salient features, the pace of ESR deployment has been slow in the past mainly due to the high costs of the
technology. In recognition of the need of a bold move to reduce the costs of storage through increased demand, California (CA) has
mandated the installation of 1,325 MWs of cost-effective energy storage by 2024 by the three major investor owned utilities (IOUs)
PG&E, SCE and SDG&E under the jurisdiction of the CPUC. The procurement of the storage capacity to meet these objectives must
be carried out within the CPUC framework that specifies the eligibility criteria for storage projects, the targets for each IOU, the
procurement schedule and the targets for specific grid interconnection points. The CPUC mandate is a significant development as it is
likely to engender similar measures in other venues, as well as act as a catalyst for the speedier largescale storage deployment. This
presentation discusses the critical importance of energy storage, the current status of storage and the barriers to largescale storage
deployment and the challenges and the opportunities in the push for storage deployment. These challenges encompass storage
technology improvement, modeling and tool development, regulatory, environmental and policy formulation areas. These issues must
be resolved to make the goal of largescale deployment of storage in future grids reality and to facilitate sustainable paths to meet the
future energy needs.
A Study on the Application of a Superconducting Fault Current Limiter for Energy Storage Protection in a Power Distribution System
Won-Sik Moon, Jong-Nam Won, and Jae-Chul Kim
http://ieeecsc.org/sites/ieeecsc.org/files/ASC2012-3LPF-01.pdf
AbstractThis paper presents the application of a superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) to energy storage for protection in a
distribution power system. Although an energy storage system (ESS) adds a number of benefits for power systems, it has a drawback
for ground fault protection. These things are interrelated with a neutral grounding method for an interconnecting transformer used to
connect the energy storage and power systems. There are different types of transformer connections used to interconnect with a power
grid. In particular, a grid-side grounded wye-delta winding connection is prevalent for interconnect generation to the utility system, as
well as for all central-station generation. However, there is a path on the negative side of the fault current created in case of a ground
fault in the distribution power lines. The ground fault will generally disrupt the coordinated power system protection and subsequently
disconnect the energy storage from the grid. Therefore, an SFCL is applied to the interconnecting transformer of energy storage, and
its effect is analyzed using transient simulation software.
Dynamic Voltage Restorer Utilizing a Matrix Converter and Flywheel Energy Storage
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4757381/
Bingsen Wang and Giri Venkataramanan
A new series power-conditioning system using a matrix converter with flywheel energy storage is proposed to cope with voltage sag
problem. Previous studies have highlighted the importance of providing adequate energy storage in order to compensate for deep
voltage sags of long duration in weak systems. With the choice of flywheel as a preferred energy storage device, the proposed solution
utilizes a single AC/AC power converter for the grid interface as opposed to a more conventional AC/DC/AC converter, leading to
higher power density and increased system reliability. This paper develops the dynamic model for the complete system, including the
matrix converter in dual synchronous reference frames coupled to the flywheel machine and the grid, respectively. The dynamic
model is used to design a vector control system that seamlessly integrates functions of compensating load voltage and managing
energy storage during voltage sag and idling modes. The numerical simulation and experimental results from a laboratory-scale
hardware prototype are presented to verify system performance.
Composite Energy Storage System Involving Battery and Ultracapacitor With Dynamic Energy Management in Microgrid
Applications
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/5645693/
Haihua Zhou ; Tanmoy Bhattacharya ; Duong Tran ; Tuck Sing Terence Siew ; Ashwin M. Khambadkone
Renewable-energy-based microgrids are a better way of utilizing renewable power and reduce the usage of fossil fuels. Usage of
energy storage becomes mandatory when such microgrids are used to supply quality power to the loads. Microgrids have two modes
of operation, namely, grid-connected and islanding modes. During islanding mode, the main responsibility of the storage is to perform
energy balance. During grid-connected mode, the goal is to prevent propagation of the renewable source intermittency and load
fluctuations to the grid. Energy storage of a single type cannot perform all these jobs efficiently in a renewable powered microgrid.
The intermittent nature of renewable energy sources like photovoltaic (PV) demands usage of storage with high energy density. At the
same time, quick fluctuation of load demands storage with high power density. This paper proposes a composite energy storage
system (CESS) that contains both high energy density storage battery and high power density storage ultracapacitor to meet the
aforementioned requirements. The proposed power converter configuration and the energy management scheme can actively distribute
the power demand among the different energy storages. Results are presented to show the feasibility of the proposed scheme.
Optimal energy storage solution for an inductively powered system for dairy cows
Ben Minnaert ; Bart Thoen ; David Plets ; Wout Joseph ; Nobby Stevens
In order to remain cost competitive, dairy farmers are equipping their animals with automatic health monitoring systems. An important
obstacle for integrating these systems is the high energy consumption of the on-cow components. A solution is wireless charging of
the automated system at a feeding trough by inductive coupling. We developed an inductively powered system that is charged each
time the cow eats at a feeding trough. We study which energy buffer is preferable for this application: rechargeable Li-ion batteries or
supercapacitors. From measurements at a dairy farm, we obtain that the rate at which energy is captured is too high for an efficient use
of Li-ion batteries. Supercapacitors are able to store energy at a very high rate, making them better suited for this application.
Coordinated Control Strategy of a Battery Energy Storage System to Support a Wind Power Plant Providing Multi-Timescale
Frequency Ancillary Services
Jin Tan ; Yingchen Zhang
With increasing penetrations of wind generation on electric grids, wind power plants (WPPs) are encouraged to provide frequency
ancillary services (FAS); however, it is a challenge to ensure that variable wind generation can reliably provide these ancillary
services. This paper proposes using a battery energy storage system (BESS) to ensure the WPPs commitment to FAS. This method
also focuses on reducing the BESS's size and extending its lifetime. In this paper, a state-machine-based coordinated control strategy
is developed to utilize a BESS to support the obliged FAS of a WPP (including both primary and secondary frequency control). This
method takes into account the operational constraints of the WPP (e.g., real-time reserve) and the BESS (e.g., state of charge [SOC],
charge and discharge rate) to provide reliable FAS. Meanwhile, an adaptive SOC-feedback control is designed to maintain SOC at the
optimal value as much as possible, and, thus, reduce the size and extend the lifetime of the BESS. The effectiveness of the control
strategy is validated with an innovative multi-area interconnected power system simulation platform that can mimic realistic power
systems operation and control by simulating real-time economic dispatch, regulating reserve scheduling, multi-area automatic
generation control, and generators dynamic response.
Robust Operation of Microgrids via Two-Stage Coordinated Energy Storage and Direct Load Control
Cuo Zhang ; Yan Xu ; Zhao Yang Dong ; Jin Ma
This paper proposes a robust optimization approach for optimal operation of microgrids. The uncertain output variation of renewable
energy sources (RESs) is addressed by collaboratively scheduling of energy storage (ES) and direct load control (DLC) through a two-
stage complementary framework: an hour-ahead charging/discharging of ES and a quarter-hour-ahead activation of DLC. The
objective is to maximize the total profit of the microgrid considering operation and maintenance costs of ES units, wind turbines and
photovoltaics, and transaction with main grid and customer loads. Assuming the power output of RES randomly varies within a
bounded uncertainty set, the problem is modeled to a two-stage robust optimization model and solved by a column-and-constraint
generation algorithm. Compared with conventional operation methods, the ES and DLC are coordinated in different time-scales, and
RES uncertainties are fully addressed during operation decision-making, ensuring the solutions to be optimal and robust for any
realization of uncertainty. The proposed methodology is verified on the IEEE 33-bus distribution system through a wide range of
different tests.
Battery energy storage for frequency regulation in an island power system

D. Kottick ; M. Blau ; D. Edelstein
Large battery energy storage (BES) facilities may provide significant dynamic operation benefits for electric utilities. One area in
which a BES facility could be useful is the frequency regulation requirement. This feature is significantly important for island power
systems. The purpose of this paper is to quantify the effects of a 30 MW battery on the frequency regulation in the Israeli isolated
power system. The study was performed on a single area model representing the whole power system and containing a first order
transfer function that represented the BES performance.
Microgrid Development in China: A method for renewable energy and energy storage capacity configuration in a megawatt-level
isolated microgrid.
Hu Xie ; Shu Zheng ; Ming Ni
In recent years, the microgrid has rapidly developed because of its advantages, such as easy integration of distributed renewable
energy and flexibility in operation. The megawatt (MW)-level isolated microgrid, which is composed of photovoltaic (PV)/wind units,
energy storage, and diesel/gas units, can solve power supply problems for remote areas without electricity; therefore, more countries
and regions are developing this type of microgrid project. However, the cost of the microgrid is high and the microgrid control system
is complicated, so economic and stability control issues have restricted the development of a large-scale isolated microgrid.
Tube-Based Model Predictive Control of Energy Storage Systems for Enhancing Transient Stability of Power Systems
Iman Kiaei ; Saeed Lotfifard
In smart grids energy storage units are installed at different locations of the network. This paper proposes a method based on model
predictive control (MPC) for enhancing the transient stability of power systems by controlling the charging and discharging state of
superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) systems installed throughout power systems. To enhance the performance of the
controller in presence of exogenous disturbances and modelling uncertainty a controller based on tube-based MPC is developed. The
proposed method determines output active and reactive powers of SMES units at each time instance to improve the selected transient
stability index defined based on the distance of the rotor angles of generators and the center of inertia of the power system. The
simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method is able to enhance the transient stability of the system effectively.
3. Artificial Neural Network
Advancement in the application of neural networks for short-term load forecasting
T.M. Peng ; N.F. Hubele ; G.G. Karady
An improved neural network approach to produce short-term electric load forecasts is proposed. A strategy suitable for selecting the
training cases for the neural network is presented. This strategy has the advantage of circumventing the problem of holidays and
drastic changes in weather patterns, which make the most recent observations unlikely candidates for training the network. In addition,
an improved neural network algorithm is proposed. This algorithm includes a combination of linear and nonlinear terms which map
past load and temperature inputs to the load forecast output. The search strategy and algorithm demonstrate improved accuracy over
other methods when tested using two years of utility data. In addition to reporting the summary statistics of average and standard
deviation of absolute percentage error, an alternate method using a cumulative distribution plot for presenting load forecasting results
is demonstrated.
Weather sensitive short-term load forecasting using nonfully connected artificial neural network
S.-T. Chen ; D.C. Yu ; A.R. Moghaddamjo
The authors present an artificial neural network (ANN) model for forecasting weather-sensitive loads. The proposed model is capable
of forecasting the hourly loads for an entire week. The model is not fully connected; hence, it has a shorter training time than the fully
connected ANN. The proposed model can differentiate between the weekday loads and the weekend loads. The results indicate that
this model can achieve greater forecasting accuracy than the traditional statistical model. This ANN model has been implemented on
real load data. The average percentage peak error for the test cases was 1.12%.
Artificial neural-network based feeder reconfiguration for loss reduction in distribution systems
H. Kim ; Y. Ko ; K.-H. Jung
Strategies are proposed to reconfigure the feeder in distribution systems by using artificial neural networks (ANNs) with mapping
ability. ANNs determine the appropriate system topology that reduces the power loss according to the variation of load pattern. The
control strategy can be easily obtained on the basis of the system topology which is provided by ANNs. ANNs are designed in two
groups. The first group estimates the proper load level from the load data of each zone. The second determines the appropriate system
topology from the input load level. Several programs with the training set builder are developed for the design, the training, and the
accuracy test of artificial neural networks. The performance of neural networks designed is evaluated on the test distribution system.
Neural networks are implemented in FORTRAN language and trained on a 386 PC.
Particle swarm optimisation for evolving artificial neural network
Chunkai Zhang ; Huihe Shao ; Yu Li
The information processing capability of artificial neural networks (ANNs) is closely related to its architecture and weights. The paper
describes a new evolutionary system for evolving artificial feedforward neural networks, which is based on the particle swarm
optimisation (PSO) algorithm. Both the architecture and the weights of ANNs are adaptively adjusted according to the quality of the
neural network. This process is repeated until the best ANN is accepted or the maximum number of generations has been reached. A
strategy of evolving added nodes and a partial training algorithm are used to maintain a close behavioural link between the parents and
their offspring. This system has been tested on two real problems in the medical domain. The results show that ANNs evolved by
PSONN have good accuracy and generalisation ability.
An artificial neural network based adaptive power system stabilizer
Y. Zhang ; G.P. Chen ; O.P. Malik ; G.S. Hope
An artificial neural network (ANN)-based power system stabilizer (PSS) and its application to power systems are presented. The
ANN-based PSS combines the advantages of self-optimizing pole shifting adaptive control strategy and the quick response of ANN to
introduce a new generation PSS. A popular type of ANN, the multilayer perceptron with error backpropagation training method, is
used in this PSS. The ANN was trained by the training data group generated by the adaptive power system stabilizer (APSS). During
the training, the ANN was required to memorize and simulate the control strategy of APSS until the differences were within the
specified criteria. Results show that the proposed ANN-based PSS can provide good damping of the power system over a wide
operating range and significantly improve the dynamic performance of the system.
Electricity price short-term forecasting using artificial neural networks
B.R. Szkuta ; L.A. Sanabria ; T.S. Dillon
This paper presents the system marginal price (SMP) short-term forecasting implementation using the artificial neural networks
(ANN) computing technique. The described approach uses the three-layered ANN paradigm with backpropagation. The retrospective
SMP real-world data, acquired from the deregulated Victorian power system, was used for training and testing the ANN. The results
presented in this paper confirm considerable value of the ANN based approach in forecasting the SMP.
Tuning of power system stabilizers using an artificial neural network
Yuan-Yin Hsu ; Chao-Rong Chen
A new approach using an artificial neural network is proposed to adapt power system stabilizer (PSS) parameters in real time. A pair
of online measurements i.e., generator real-power output and power factor which are representative of the generator's operating
condition, are chosen as the input signals to the neural net. The outputs of the neural net are the desired PSS parameters. The neural
net, once trained by a set of input-output patterns in the training set, can yield proper PSS parameters under any generator loading
condition. Digital simulations of a synchronous machine subject to a major disturbance of a three-phase fault under different operating
conditions are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed neural network.
Approximate Entropy-Based Epileptic EEG Detection Using Artificial Neural Networks

Vairavan Srinivasan ; Chikkannan Eswaran ; Natarajan Sriraam
The electroencephalogram (EEG) signal plays an important role in the diagnosis of epilepsy. The EEG recordings of the ambulatory
recording systems generate very lengthy data and the detection of the epileptic activity requires a time-consuming analysis of the
entire length of the EEG data by an expert. The traditional methods of analysis being tedious, many automated diagnostic systems for
epilepsy have emerged in recent years. This paper proposes a neural-network-based automated epileptic EEG detection system that
uses approximate entropy (ApEn) as the input feature. ApEn is a statistical parameter that measures the predictability of the current
amplitude values of a physiological signal based on its previous amplitude values. It is known that the value of the ApEn drops
sharply during an epileptic seizure and this fact is used in the proposed system. Two different types of neural networks, namely,
Elman and probabilistic neural networks, are considered in this paper. ApEn is used for the first time in the proposed system for the
detection of epilepsy using neural networks. It is shown that the overall accuracy values as high as 100% can be achieved by using the
proposed system
Automated segmentation and classification of multispectral magnetic resonance images of brain using artificial neural
networks
W.E. Reddick ; J.O. Glass ; E.N. Cook ; T.D. Elkin ; R.J. Deaton
Presents a fully automated process for segmentation and classification of multispectral magnetic resonance (MR) images. This hybrid
neural network method uses a Kohonen self-organizing neural network for segmentation and a multilayer backpropagation neural
network for classification. To separate different tissue types, this process uses the standard T1-, T2-, and PD-weighted MR images
acquired in clinical examinations. Volumetric measurements of brain structures, relative to intracranial volume, were calculated for an
index transverse section in 14 normal subjects (median age 25 years; 7 male, 7 female). This index slice was at the level of the basal
ganglia, included both genu and splenium of the corpus callosum, and generally, showed the putamen and lateral ventricle. An
intraclass correlation of this automated segmentation and classification of tissues with the accepted standard of radiologist
identification for the index slice in the 14 volunteers demonstrated coefficients (r/sub i/) of 0.91, 0.95, and 0.98 for white matter, gray
matter, and ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), respectively. An analysis of variance for estimates of brain parenchyma volumes in
5 volunteers imaged 5 times each demonstrated high intrasubject reproducibility with a significance of at least p<0.05 for white
matter, gray matter, and white/gray partial volumes. The population variation, across 14 volunteers, demonstrated little deviation from
the averages for gray and white matter, while partial volume classes exhibited a slightly higher degree of variability. This fully
automated technique produces reliable and reproducible MR image segmentation and classification while eliminating intra- and
interobserver variability.
Real-time frequency and harmonic evaluation using artificial neural networks

L.L. Lai ; W.L. Chan ; C.T. Tse ; A.T.P. So
With increasing harmonic pollution in the power system, real-time monitoring and analysis of harmonic variations have become
important. Because of limitations associated with conventional algorithms, particularly under supply-frequency drift and transient
situations, a new approach based on nonlinear least-squares parameter estimation has been proposed as an alternative solution for
high-accuracy evaluation. However, the computational demand of the algorithm is very high and it is more appropriate to use Hopfield
type feedback neural networks for real-time harmonic evaluation. The proposed neural network implementation determines
simultaneously the supply-frequency variation, the fundamental-amplitude/phase variation as well as the harmonics-amplitude/phase
variation. The distinctive feature is that the supply-frequency variation is handled separately from the amplitude/phase variations, thus
ensuring high computational speed and high convergence rate. Examples by computer simulation are used to demonstrate the
effectiveness of the implementation. A set of data taken on site was used as a real application of the system.
4. Machine learning
Machine Learning for High-Speed Corner Detection

Edward Rosten and Tom Drummond
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F11744023_34?LI=true
Where feature points are used in real-time frame-rate applications, a high-speed feature detector is necessary. Feature detectors such as
SIFT (DoG), Harris and SUSAN are good methods which yield high quality features, however they are too computationally intensive
for use in real-time applications of any complexity. Here we show that machine learning can be used to derive a feature detector which
can fully process live PAL video using less than 7% of the available processing time. By comparison neither the Harris detector
(120%) nor the detection stage of SIFT (300%) can operate at full frame rate.
Clearly a high-speed detector is of limited use if the features produced are unsuitable for downstream processing. In particular, the
same scene viewed from two different positions should yield features which correspond to the same real-world 3D locations [1].
Hence the second contribution of this paper is a comparison corner detectors based on this criterion applied to 3D scenes. This
comparison supports a number of claims made elsewhere concerning existing corner detectors. Further, contrary to our initial
expectations, we show that despite being principally constructed for speed, our detector significantly outperforms existing feature
detectors according to this criterion.
Automated traffic classification and application identification using machine learning

S. Zander ; T. Nguyen ; G. Armitage
The dynamic classification and identification of network applications responsible for network traffic flows offers substantial benefits
to a number of key areas in IP network engineering, management and surveillance. Currently such classifications rely on selected
packet header fields (e.g. port numbers) or application layer protocol decoding. These methods have a number of shortfalls e.g. many
applications can use unpredictable port numbers and protocol decoding requires a high amount of computing resources or is simply
infeasible in case protocols are unknown or encrypted. We propose a novel method for traffic classification and application
identification using an unsupervised machine learning technique. Flows are automatically classified based on statistical flow
characteristics. We evaluate the efficiency of our approach using data from several traffic traces collected at different locations of the
Internet. We use feature selection to find an optimal feature set and determine the influence of different features
Using Machine Learning Techniques to Identify Botnet Traffic

Carl Livadas ; Robert Walsh ; David Lapsley ; W. Timothy Strayer
To date, techniques to counter cyber-attacks have predominantly been reactive; they focus on monitoring network traffic, detecting
anomalies and cyber-attack traffic patterns, and, a posteriori, combating the cyber-attacks and mitigating their effects. Contrary to
such approaches, we advocate proactively detecting and identifying botnets prior to their being used as part of a cyber-attack (Strayer
et al., 2006). In this paper, we present our work on using machine learning-based classification techniques to identify the command
and control (C2) traffic of IRC-based botnets - compromised hosts that are collectively commanded using Internet relay chat (IRC).
We split this task into two stages: (I) distinguishing between IRC and non-IRC traffic, and (II) distinguishing between botnet and real
IRC traffic. For stage I, we compare the performance of J48, naive Bayes, and Bayesian network classifiers, identify the features that
achieve good overall classification accuracy, and determine the classification sensitivity to the training set size. While sensitive to the
training data and the attributes used to characterize communication flows, machine learning-based classifiers show promise in
identifying IRC traffic. Using classification in stage II is trickier, since accurately labeling IRC traffic as botnet and non-botnet is
challenging. We are currently exploring labeling flows as suspicious and non-suspicious based on telltales of hosts being
compromised
Extreme Learning Machine for Regression and Multiclass Classification

Guang-Bin Huang ; Hongming Zhou ; Xiaojian Ding ; Rui Zhang

Due to the simplicity of their implementations, least square support vector machine (LS-SVM) and proximal support vector machine
(PSVM) have been widely used in binary classification applications. The conventional LS-SVM and PSVM cannot be used in
regression and multiclass classification applications directly, although variants of LS-SVM and PSVM have been proposed to handle
such cases. This paper shows that both LS-SVM and PSVM can be simplified further and a unified learning framework of LS-SVM,
PSVM, and other regularization algorithms referred to extreme learning machine (ELM) can be built. ELM works for the
generalized single-hidden-layer feedforward networks (SLFNs), but the hidden layer (or called feature mapping) in ELM need not
be tuned. Such SLFNs include but are not limited to SVM, polynomial network, and the conventional feedforward neural networks.
This paper shows the following: 1) ELM provides a unified learning platform with a widespread type of feature mappings and can be
applied in regression and multiclass classification applications directly; 2) from the optimization method point of view, ELM has
milder optimization constraints compared to LS-SVM and PSVM; 3) in theory, compared to ELM, LS-SVM and PSVM achieve
suboptimal solutions and require higher computational complexity; and 4) in theory, ELM can approximate any target continuous
function and classify any disjoint regions. As verified by the simulation results, ELM tends to have better scalability and achieve
similar (for regression and binary class cases) or much better (for multiclass cases) generalization performance at much faster learning
speed (up to thousands times) than traditional SVM and LS-SVM.
Applications of Machine Learning to Cognitive Radio Networks

Charles Clancy ; Joe Hecker ; Erich Stuntebeck ; Tim O'Shea
Cognitive radio offers the promise of intelligent radios that can learn from and adapt to their environment. To date, most cognitive
radio research has focused on policy-based radios that are hard-coded with a list of rules on how the radio should behave in certain
scenarios. Some work has been done on radios with learning engines tailored for very specific applications. This article describes a
concrete model for a generic cognitive radio to utilize a learning engine. The goal is to incorporate the results of the learning engine
into a predicate calculus-based reasoning engine so that radios can remember lessons learned in the past and act quickly in the future.
We also investigate the differences between reasoning and learning, and the fundamentals of when a particular application requires
learning, and when simple reasoning is sufficient. The basic architecture is consistent with cognitive engines seen in AI research. The
focus of this article is not to propose new machine learning algorithms, but rather to formalize their application to cognitive radio and
develop a framework from within which they can be useful. We describe how our generic cognitive engine can tackle problems such
as capacity maximization and dynamic spectrum access.
Biometrics from Brain Electrical Activity: A Machine Learning Approach

Ramaswamy Palaniappan ; Danilo P. Mandic
The potential of brain electrical activity generated as a response to a visual stimulus is examined in the context of the identification of
individuals. Specifically, a framework for the visual evoked potential (VEP)-based biometrics is established, whereby energy features
of the gamma band within VEP signals were of particular interest. A rigorous analysis is conducted which unifies and extends results
from our previous studies, in particular, with respect to 1) increased bandwidth, 2) spatial averaging, 3) more robust power spectrum
features, and 4) improved classification accuracy. Simulation results on a large group of subject support the analysis
Machine learning methods for fully automatic recognition of facial expressions and facial actions
M.S. Bartlett ; G. Littlewort ; C. Lainscsek ; I. Fasel ; J. Movellan
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/1398364/?reload=true
We present a systematic comparison of machine learning methods applied to the problem of fully automatic recognition of facial
expressions. We explored recognition of facial actions from the facial action coding system (FACS), as well as recognition of fall
facial expressions. Each video-frame is first scanned in real-time to detect approximately upright frontal faces. The faces found are
scaled into image patches of equal size, convolved with a bank of Gabor energy filters, and then passed to a recognition engine that
codes facial expressions into 7 dimensions in real time: neutral, anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, surprise. We report results on a
series of experiments comparing recognition engines, including AdaBoost, support vector machines, linear discriminant analysis, as
well as feature selection techniques. Best results were obtained by selecting a subset of Gabor filters using AdaBoost and then training
support vector machines on the outputs of the filters selected by AdaBoost. The generalization performance to new subjects for
recognition of full facial expressions in a 7-way forced choice was 93% correct, the best performance reported so far on the Cohn-
Kanade FACS-coded expression dataset. We also applied the system to fully automated facial action coding. The present system
classifies 18 action units, whether they occur singly or in combination with other actions, with a mean agreement rate of 94.5% with
human FACS codes in the Cohn-Kanade dataset. The outputs of the classifiers change smoothly as a function of time and thus can be
used to measure facial expression dynamics.
Machine learning in control of functional electrical stimulation systems for locomotion

Kostov ; B.J. Andrews ; D.B. Popovic ; R.B. Stein ; W.W. Armstrong
Two machine learning techniques were evaluated for automatic design of a rule-based control of functional electrical stimulation
(FES) for locomotion of spinal cord injured humans. The task was to learn the invariant characteristics of the relationship between
sensory information and the FES-control signal by using off-line supervised training. Sensory signals were recorded using pressure
sensors installed in the insoles of a subject's shoes and goniometers attached across the joints of the affected leg. The FES-control
consisted of pulses corresponding to time intervals when the subject pressed on the manual push-button to deliver the stimulation
during FES-assisted ambulation. The machine learning techniques used were the adaptive logic network (ALN) and the inductive
learning algorithm (IL). Results to date suggest that, given the same training data, the IL learned faster than the ALN while both
performed the test rapidly. The generalization was estimated by measuring the test errors and it was better with an ALN, especially if
past points were used to reflect the time dimension. Both techniques were able to predict future stimulation events. An advantage of
the ALN over the IL was that ALN's can be retrained with new data without losing previously collected knowledge. The advantages of
the IL over the ALN were that the IL produces small, explicit, comprehensible trees and that the relative importance of each sensory
contribution can be quantified.
Integrating machine learning and workflow management to support acquisition and adaptation of workflow models
J. Herbst ; D. Karagiannis
Current workflow management systems (WFMS) offer little aid for the acquisition of workflow models and their adaptation to
changing requirements. To support these activities we propose to integrate machine learning and workflow management. This enables
an inductive approach to workflow acquisition and adaptation by processing traces of manually enacted workflows. We present a
machine learning component that combines two different machine learning algorithms. In this paper we focus mainly on the first one,
which induces the structure of the workflow, based on the induction of hidden markov models. The second algorithm, a standard
decision rule induction algorithm, induces transition conditions. The main concepts have been implemented in a prototype, which we
have validated using artificial process traces. The induced workflow models can be imported by the business process management
system ADONIS.
An application of machine learning to network intrusion detection
C. Sinclair ; L. Pierce ; S. Matzner
Differentiating anomalous network activity from normal network traffic is difficult and tedious. A human analyst must search through
vast amounts of data to find anomalous sequences of network connections. To support the analyst's job, we built an application which
enhances domain knowledge with machine learning techniques to create rules for an intrusion detection expert system. We employ
genetic algorithms and decision trees to automatically generate rules for classifying network connections. This paper describes the
machine learning methodology and the applications employing this methodology.
5. Algortithm
1. A new diamond search algorithm for fast block matching motion estimation
Shan Zhu ; Kai-Kuang Ma
Based on the analysis of certain existing fast block matching algorithms (BMAs) and study of motion vector distributions of real-
world image sequences, a new diamond search (DS) algorithm for fast block matching motion estimation is proposed in this paper.
Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed DS algorithm greatly outperforms the well-known three-step search (TSS) algorithm.
Compared with the new three-step search (NTSS) algorithm, the DS algorithm achieves similar performance but requires approximate
20%-25% less computation. Compared with some recently proposed fast BMAs, such as the four-step search (4SS) and the block-
based gradient descent search (BBGDS), our DS algorithm also shows its superiority.
2. A discrete binary version of the particle swarm algorithm
J. Kennedy ; R.C. Eberhart

The particle swarm algorithm adjusts the trajectories of a population of "particles" through a problem space on the basis of
information about each particle's previous best performance and the best previous performance of its neighbors. Previous versions of
the particle swarm have operated in continuous space, where trajectories are defined as changes in position on some number of
dimensions. The paper reports a reworking of the algorithm to operate on discrete binary variables. In the binary version, trajectories
are changes in the probability that a coordinate will take on a zero or one value. Examples, applications, and issues are discussed.
3. A Real-Time QRS Detection Algorithm
Jiapu Pan ; Willis J. Tompkins
We have developed a real-time algorithm for detection of the QRS complexes of ECG signals. It reliably recognizes QRS complexes
based upon digital analyses of slope, amplitude, and width. A special digital bandpass filter reduces false detections caused by the
various types of interference present in ECG signals. This filtering permits use of low thresholds, thereby increasing detection
sensitivity. The algorithm automatically adjusts thresholds and parameters periodically to adapt to such ECG changes as QRS
morphology and heart rate. For the standard 24 h MIT/BIH arrhythmia database, this algorithm correctly detects 99.3 percent of the
QRS complexes.
4. A novel four-step search algorithm for fast block motion estimation
Lai-Man Po ; Wing-Chung Ma
Based on the real world image sequence's characteristic of center-biased motion vector distribution, a new four-step search (4SS)
algorithm with center-biased checking point pattern for fast block motion estimation is proposed in this paper. A halfway-stop
technique is employed in the new algorithm with searching steps of 2 to 4 and the total number of checking points is varied from 17 to
27. Simulation results show that the proposed 4SS performs better than the well-known three-step search and has similar performance
to the new three-step search (N3SS) in terms of motion compensation errors. In addition, the 4SS also reduces the worst-case
computational requirement from 33 to 27 search points and the average computational requirement from 21 to 19 search points, as
compared with N3SS.
5. Watersheds in Digital Spaces: An Efficient Algorithm Based on Immersion Simulations

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a381/9dda9a5f00dbb8cd3413ca7422e37a0d5794.pdf
Luc Vincent and Pierre Soille
In this paper, a fast and flexible algorithm for computing watersheds in digital grayscale images is introduced. A review of watersheds
and related notion is first presented, and the major methods to determine watersheds are discussed. The present algorithm is based on
an immersion process analogy, in which the flooding of the water in the picture is efficiently simulated using a queue of pixels. It is
described in detail and provided in a pseudo C language. We prove the accuracy of this algorithm is superior to that of the existing
implementations. Furthermore, it is shown that its adaptation to any kind of digital grid and its generalization to n-dimensional images
and even to graphs are straightforward. In addition, its strongest point is that it is faster than any other watershed algorithm.
Applications of this algorithm with regard to picture segmentation are presented for MR imagery and for digital elevation models. An
example of 3-D watershed is also provided. Lastly, some ideas are given on how to solve complex segmentation tasks using
watersheds on graphs.
6. A practical discrete multitone transceiver loading algorithm for data transmission over spectrally shaped channels
P.S. Chow ; J.M. Cioffi ; J.A.C. Bingham
In this paper, we present a finite-granularity, loading algorithm for a discrete multitone (DMT) modulation system. The proposed
algorithm offers significant implementational advantages over the well-known water-pouring method and the earlier Hughes-Hartogs
algorithm, while typically suffering only negligible performance degradation relative to the optimal solution. We also present
simulation results of this loading algorithm applied to the newly proposed asymmetric digital subscriber lines (ADSL) service.
7. Dynamic programming algorithm optimization for spoken word recognition
H. Sakoe ; S. Chiba
This paper reports on an optimum dynamic progxamming (DP) based time-normalization algorithm for spoken word recognition.
First, a general principle of time-normalization is given using time-warping function. Then, two time-normalized distance definitions,
called symmetric and asymmetric forms, are derived from the principle. These two forms are compared with each other through
theoretical discussions and experimental studies. The symmetric form algorithm superiority is established. A new technique, called
slope constraint, is successfully introduced, in which the warping function slope is restricted so as to improve discrimination between
words in different categories. The effective slope constraint characteristic is qualitatively analyzed, and the optimum slope constraint
condition is determined through experiments. The optimized algorithm is then extensively subjected to experimental comparison with
various DP-algorithms, previously applied to spoken word recognition by different research groups. The experiment shows that the
present algorithm gives no more than about two-thirds errors, even compared to the best conventional algorithm.
8. A highly adaptive distributed routing algorithm for mobile wireless networks
V.D. Park ; M.S. Corson
We present a new distributed routing protocol for mobile, multihop, wireless networks. The protocol is one of a family of protocols
which we term "link reversal" algorithms. The protocol's reaction is structured as a temporally-ordered sequence of diffusing
computations; each computation consisting of a sequence of directed link reversals. The protocol is highly adaptive, efficient and
scalable; being best-suited for use in large, dense, mobile networks. In these networks, the protocol's reaction to link failures typically
involves only a localized "single pass" of the distributed algorithm. This capability is unique among protocols which are stable in the
face of network partitions, and results in the protocol's high degree of adaptivity. This desirable behavior is achieved through the novel
use of a "physical or logical clock" to establish the "temporal order" of topological change events which is used to structure (or order)
the algorithm's reaction to topological changes. We refer to the protocol as the temporally-ordered routing algorithm (TORA).
9. An energy efficient hierarchical clustering algorithm for wireless sensor networks

Seema Bandyopadhyay ; E.J. Coyle
A wireless network consisting of a large number of small sensors with low-power transceivers can be an effective tool for
gathering data in a variety of environments. The data collected by each sensor is communicated through the network to a single
processing center that uses all reported data to determine characteristics of the environment or detect an event. The
communication or message passing process must be designed to conserve the limited energy resources of the sensors. Clustering
sensors into groups, so that sensors communicate information only to clusterheads and then the clusterheads communicate the
aggregated information to the processing center, may save energy. In this paper, we propose a distributed, randomized clustering
algorithm to organize the sensors in a wireless sensor network into clusters. We then extend this algorithm to generate a hierarchy
of clusterheads and observe that the energy savings increase with the number of levels in the hierarchy. Results in stochastic
geometry are used to derive solutions for the values of parameters of our algorithm that minimize the total energy spent in the
network when all sensors report data through the clusterheads to the processing center.
10. A non-local algorithm for image denoising
Buades ; B. Coll ; J.-M. Morel
We propose a new measure, the method noise, to evaluate and compare the performance of digital image denoising methods. We first
compute and analyze this method noise for a wide class of denoising algorithms, namely the local smoothing filters. Second, we
propose a new algorithm, the nonlocal means (NL-means), based on a nonlocal averaging of all pixels in the image. Finally, we
present some experiments comparing the NL-means algorithm and the local smoothing filters.
6. GIS
Development of a framework for fire risk assessment using remote sensing and geographic information system technologies
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380008005735
EmilioChuviecoa. Numbers and letters correspond to the affiliation list. Click to expose these in author workspaceOpens the author
workspaceOpens the author workspace. Author links open the author workspace.InmaculadaAguadoa. Numbers and letters correspond
to the affiliation list. Click to expose these in author workspace. Author links open the author workspace.MartaYebraa. Numbers and
letters correspond to the affiliation list. Click to expose these in author workspace. Author links open the author
workspace.HctorNietoa. Numbers and letters correspond to the affiliation list. Click to expose these in author workspace. Author
links open the author workspace.JavierSalasa. Numbers and letters correspond to the affiliation list. Click to expose these in author
workspace. Author links open the author workspace.M. PilarMartna. Numbers and letters correspond to the affiliation list. Click to
expose these in author workspaceb. Numbers and letters correspond to the affiliation list. Click to expose these in author workspace.
Author links open the author workspace.LaraVilarb. Numbers and letters correspond to the affiliation list. Click to expose these in
author workspace. Author links open the author workspace.JavierMartnezb. Numbers and letters correspond to the affiliation list.
Click to expose these in author workspace. Author links open the author workspace.SusanaMartnc. Numbers and letters correspond to
the affiliation list. Click to expose these in author workspace. Author links open the author workspace.PalomaIbarrad. Numbers and
letters correspond to the affiliation list. Click to expose these in author workspace. Author links open the author workspace.Juande la
Rivad. Numbers and letters correspond to the affiliation list. Click to expose these in author workspace. Author links open the author
workspace.JaimeBaezae. Numbers and letters correspond to the affiliation list. Click to expose these in author workspace. Author links
open the author workspace.Francisco
Forest fires play a critical role in landscape transformation, vegetation succession, soil degradation and air quality. Improvements in
fire risk estimation are vital to reduce the negative impacts of fire, either by lessen burn severity or intensity through fuel management,
or by aiding the natural vegetation recovery using post-fire treatments. This paper presents the methods to generate the input variables
and the risk integration developed within the Firemap project (funded under the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology) to map
wildland fire risk for several regions of Spain. After defining the conceptual scheme for fire risk assessment, the paper describes the
methods used to generate the risk parameters, and presents proposals for their integration into synthetic risk indices. The generation of
the input variables was based on an extensive use of geographic information system and remote sensing technologies, since the project
was intended to provide a spatial and temporal assessment of risk conditions. All variables were mapped at 1 km2 spatial resolution,
and were integrated into a web-mapping service system. This service was active in the summer of 2007 for semi-operational testing of
end-users. The paper also presents the first validation results of the danger index, by comparing temporal trends of different danger
components and fire occurrence in the different study regions.
Development and application of landslide susceptibility analysis techniques using geographic information system (GIS)
S. Lee ; J. Ryu ; K. Min ; W. Choi ; J. Won
The purpose of this study is to develop landslide susceptibility analysis techniques using a geographic information system (GIS) and
to apply the newly developed techniques for assessment of landslide susceptibility to two study areas of Yongin and Janghung, Korea.
Landslide locations detected from interpretation of aerial photo and field survey, and topographic, soil, forest, and geological maps of
the study area, Yongin, were collected. The data on the locations of landslide, topography, soil, forest and geology were constructed
into a spatial database using GIS and landslide related 14 factors were extracted from the databases. Finally landslide susceptibility
was analyzed using the landslide related factors by probability, logistic regression and neural network methods. In the other study
area, Janghung, landslide locations were detected from IRS satellite images by change detection technique, and geological structure of
foliation were surveyed and analyzed. As the landslide occurrence factors, location of landslide, geological structure and topography
were constructed into spatial database using GIS. With the landslide occurrence factors, landslide susceptibility was assessed by the
relation analysis between strike and dip of the foliation, and aspect and slope of the topography. The results of the analysis were
verified using the landslide location data. The validation results showed satisfactory agreement between the susceptibility map and
landslide location data.
Geographic information system-aided analysis of factors associated with the spatial distribution of Echinococcus
multilocularis infections of foxes
http://www.ajtmh.org/content/journals/10.4269/ajtmh.2001.65.943
C Staubach, H H Thulke, K Tackmann, M Hugh-Jones, F J Conraths
To investigate the influence of environmental factors on the spatial epidemiology of infections with Echinococcus multilocularis,
foxes were sampled in a focal endemic region in the Northwest of Brandenburg, Germany, and examined for infection by the parasite.
The locations where foxes were obtained were recorded in a geographic information system database. Positions of infected and
uninfected foxes were analyzed on the background of geographic vector data of water, settlements, streets, forests, crop, and pasture.
Fox positions were allocated to different land-use classes by use of a Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite image. Infected foxes
were more frequently shot near water, in areas of high soil humidity, and on pastures, suggesting that dryness may limit the tenacity of
E. multilocularis oncospheres. Thus open landscapes with humid soil seem to be favorable for the life cycle of the parasite. In contrast,
infected foxes were significantly underrepresented in forest areas.
Advanced traveler information system for Hyderabad City
P. Kumar ; V. Singh ; D. Reddy

The advanced traveler information system (ATIS) is a type of intelligent transportation system application areas that implements
emerging computer, communication, and information technologies to provide vital information to the users of a system regarding
traffic regulation, route and location guidance, hazardous situations and safety advisory, and warning messages. ATIS requires a large
amount of data for processing, analysis, and storage for effective dissemination of traveler information to users. A geographical
information system (GIS) allows large data to be effectively processed, stored, analyzed, logically associated, and graphical displayed.
Thus, GIS-based ATIS provides a convenient and powerful tool for storage and graphical representation of information, which can be
useful users. Further, by availing the powerful GIS functionalities, a user can conceive a problem and allow the appropriate software
to assist him in the decision-making process regarding optimum route selection and trip planning. In this paper, the authors present a
GIS-based ATIS for Hyderabad City, India. Development of this GIS-based ATIS has been carried under the ArcView GIS
environment. This user-friendly system provides comprehensive information about Hyderabad City, such as road networks, hospitals,
government and private offices, stadiums, bus and railway stations, and tourist places within the city limits. This system can be used
effectively in bus stations, railway stations, airports, and tourist information centers, as well as in personal computers to provide
information to travelers and to facilitate travel.
Application of geographic information system to distribution information support
Whei-Min Lin ; Ming-Tong Tsay ; Su-Wei Wu
This paper states a distribution network information support system (DISS). The system provides an environment for building a
distribution database which includes both graphic and alphanumeric data. The database can be used for inventory, facility
management, engineering analysis, and map production. Facility data or network models can be retrieved from the database. The
retrieved data can then be used by application programs. With a good man-machine interface (MMI), graphic output or text reports
can be viewed from the graphic screen online. A good DISS could also produce a practical result for strategic decisions by considering
land use, value, zoning, as well as other physical restrictions. These physical restrictions are not easy to quantify, and are awkward to
model with mathematics.
Predictive vegetation mapping: geographic modelling of biospatial patterns in relation to environmental gradients
Janet Franklin
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/030913339501900403
Predictive vegetation mapping can be defined as predicting the geographic distribution of the vegetation composition across a
landscape from mapped environmental variables. Comput erized predictive vegetation mapping is made possible by the availability of
digital maps of topography and other environmental variables such as soils, geology and climate variables, and geographic
information system software for manipulating these data. Especially important to predictive vegetation mapping are interpolated
climatic variables related to physiological tolerances, and topographic variables, derived from digital elevation grids, related to site
energy and moisture balance. Predictive vegetation mapping is founded in ecological niche theory and gradient analysis, and driven by
the need to map vegetation patterns over large areas for resource conservation planning, and to predict the effects of environmental
change on vegetation distributions. Predictive vegetation mapping has advanced over the past two decades especially in conjunction
with the development of remote sensing-based vegetation mapping and digital geographic information analysis. A number of
statistical and, more recently, machine-learning methods have been used to develop and implement predictive vegetation models.
Fire Information for Resource Management System: Archiving and Distributing MODIS Active Fire Data
Diane K. Davies ; Shriram Ilavajhala ; Min Minnie Wong ; Christopher O. Justice
Technological advances have driven all aspects of Earth observation data, including improvements realized in sensor characteristics
and capabilities, global data processing, near real-time monitoring, value-added products, and the distribution of global products. In
particular, the growth of the World Wide Web is contributing to an increase in the global user base. The synergy of remote sensing,
geographic information systems (GIS), Internet, and mobile phone technologies is revolutionizing the way in which satellite-derived
information is archived and distributed to users. The Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS), a NASA-funded
application, is just one of many examples that illustrate the increasing ease with which Earth observation data are accessible to a broad
range of users. This paper describes how the delivery of satellite-derived fire information has evolved over the last six years. By
understanding user requirements and taking advantage of recent developments in areas such as information management, search,
access, visualization, and enabling technologies, FIRMS has expanded the number and range of users that are able to access and
utilize satellite-derived fire information. Specifically, we describe how satellite remote sensing and GIS technologies have been
integrated to deliver MODIS active fire data to natural resource managers using Internet mapping services and customized e-mail
alerts to users in more than 90 countries. We also describe how this web-based desktop application has been transitioned to a mobile
service in South Africa to deliver fire information to field staff to warn of fires that may be potentially damaging to both natural
resources and infrastructure.
7. Augmented Reality - Modeling
A motion-stabilized outdoor augmented reality system
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ron_Sarfaty/publication/3795415_A_motion-
stabilized_outdoor_augmented_reality_system/links/54ab053a0cf25c4c472f720b/A-motion-stabilized-outdoor-augmented-
reality-system.pdf
Ronald Azuma, Bruce Hoff, Howard Neely III, Ron Sarfaty
Almost all previous Augmented Reality (AR) systems work indoors. Outdoor AR systems offer the potential for new application
areas. However, building an outdoor AR system is difficult due to portability constraints, the inability to modify the environment, and
the greater range of operating conditions. We demonstrate a hybrid tracker that stabilizes an outdoor AR display with respect to user
motion, achieving more accurate registration than previously shown in an outdoor AR system. The hybrid tracker combines rate gyros
with a compass and tilt orientation sensor in a near real-time system. Sensor distortions and delays required compensation to achieve
good results. The measurements from the two sensors are fused together to compensate for each others limitations. From static
locations with moderate head rotation rates, peak registration errors are ~2 degrees, with typical errors under 1 degree, although errors
can become larger over long time periods due to compass drift. Without our stabilization, even small motions make the display nearly
unreadable.
Marker tracking and HMD calibration for a video-based augmented reality conferencing system
H. Kato ; M. Billinghurst
We describe an augmented reality conferencing system which uses the overlay of virtual images on the real world. Remote
collaborators are represented on virtual monitors which can be freely positioned about a user in space. Users can collaboratively view
and interact with virtual objects using a shared virtual whiteboard. This is possible through precise virtual image registration using fast
and accurate computer vision techniques and head mounted display (HMD) calibration. We propose a method for tracking fiducial
markers and a calibration method for optical see-through HMD based on the marker tracking.
A touring machine: prototyping 3D mobile augmented reality systems for exploring the urban environment
Blair MacIntyre
Tobias Hllerer
Anthony Webster
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01682023
We describe a prototype system that combines the overlaid 3D graphics of augmented reality with the untethered freedom of
mobile computing. The goal is to explore how these two technologies might together make possible wearable computer systems
that can support users in their everyday interactions with the world. We introduce an application that presents information about
our university's campus, using a head-tracked, see-through, head-worn, 3D display, and an untracked, opaque, hand-held, 2D
display with stylus and trackpad. We provide an illustrated explanation of how our prototype is used, and describe our rationale
behind designing its software infrastructure and selecting the hardware on which it runs.
Using augmented reality for teaching Earth-Sun relationships to undergraduate geography students
B.E. Shelton ; N.R. Hedley
Abstract:
In this application-based paper we describe an ongoing research project in which we utilize ARToolkit to help teach undergraduate
geography students about Earth-Sun relationships. We carefully examined over thirty students who participated in an augmented
reality exercise containing models designed to teach concepts of rotation/revolution, solstice/equinox, and seasonal variation of light
and temperature. We found a significant overall improvement in student understanding after the AR exercise, as well as a reduction in
student misunderstandings. Further analysis implies that learning complex spatial phenomena is closely linked to the way students
control "when" and "how" they are able to manipulate virtual 3D objects. We present arguments for why it may be appropriate to use
videotaped data gathering methods to accurately describe student understanding in future research.
Illustrative visualization of 3D planning models for augmented reality in liver surgery
Hansen C1, Wieferich J, Ritter F, Rieder C, Peitgen HO.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20033519
PURPOSE:
Augmented reality (AR) obtains increasing acceptance in the operating room. However, a meaningful augmentation of the surgical
view with a 3D visualization of planning data which allows reliable comparisons of distances and spatial relations is still an open
request.
METHODS:
We introduce methods for intraoperative visualization of 3D planning models which extend illustrative rendering and AR techniques.
We aim to reduce visual complexity of 3D planning models and accentuate spatial relations between relevant objects. The main
contribution of our work is an advanced silhouette algorithm for 3D planning models (distance-encoding silhouettes) combined with
procedural textures (distance-encoding surfaces). In addition, we present a method for illustrative visualization of resection surfaces.
RESULTS:
The developed algorithms have been embedded into a clinical prototype that has been evaluated in the operating room. To verify the
expressiveness of our illustration methods, we performed a user study under controlled conditions. The study revealed a clear
advantage in distance assessment with the proposed illustrative approach in comparison to classical rendering techniques.
CONCLUSION:
The presented illustration methods are beneficial for distance assessment in surgical AR. To increase the safety of interventions with
the proposed approach, the reduction of inaccuracies in tracking and registration is a subject of our current research.
Real-Time Detection and Tracking for Augmented Reality on Mobile Phones
Wagner D1, Reitmayr G, Mulloni A, Drummond T, Schmalstieg D.
In this paper, we present three techniques for 6DOF natural feature tracking in real time on mobile phones. We achieve interactive
frame rates of up to 30 Hz for natural feature tracking from textured planar targets on current generation phones. We use an approach
based on heavily modified state-of-the-art feature descriptors, namely SIFT and Ferns plus a template-matching-based tracker. While
SIFT is known to be a strong, but computationally expensive feature descriptor, Ferns classification is fast, but requires large amounts
of memory. This renders both original designs unsuitable for mobile phones. We give detailed descriptions on how we modified both
approaches to make them suitable for mobile phones. The template-based tracker further increases the performance and robustness of
the SIFT- and Ferns-based approaches. We present evaluations on robustness and performance and discuss their appropriateness for
Augmented Reality applications.
Using augmented reality to treat phobias
M.C. Juan ; M. Alcaniz ; C. Monserrat ; C. Botella ; R.M. Banos ; B. Guerrero
Virtual reality (VR) is useful for treating several psychological problems, including phobias such as fear of flying, agoraphobia,
claustrophobia, and phobia to insects and small animals. We believe that augmented reality (AR) could also be used to treat some
psychological disorders. AR and VR share some advantages over traditional treatments. However, AR gives a greater feeling of
presence (the sensation of being there) and reality judgment (judging an experience as real) than VR because the environment and the
elements the patient uses to interact with the application are real. Moreover, in AR users see their own hands, feet, and so on, whereas
VR only simulates this experience. With these differences in mind, the question arises as to the kinds of psychological treatments AR
and VR are most suited for. In our system, patients see their own hands, feet, and so on. They can touch the table that animals are
crossing or seeing their feet while the animals are running on the floor. They can also hold a marker with a dead spider or cockroach
or pick up a flyswatter, a can of insecticide, or a dustpan.
Scene modelling, recognition and tracking with invariant image features
I. Skrypnyk ; D.G. Lowe
We present a complete system architecture for fully automated markerless augmented reality (AR). The system constructs a sparse
metric model of the real-world environment, provides interactive means for specifying the pose of a virtual object, and performs
model-based camera tracking with visually pleasing augmentation results. Our approach does not require camera pre-calibration, prior
knowledge of scene geometry, manual initialization of the tracker or placement of special markers. Robust tracking in the presence of
occlusions and scene changes is achieved by using highly distinctive natural features to establish image correspondences.
Interactive tools for virtual x-ray vision in mobile augmented reality
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1383060/ R. Bane ; T. Hollerer
This paper presents a set of interactive tools designed to give users virtual x-ray vision. These tools address a common problem in
depicting occluded infrastructure: either too much information is displayed, confusing users, or too little information is displayed,
depriving users of important depth cues. Four tools are presented: the tunnel tool and room selector tool directly augment the user's
view of the environment, allowing them to explore the scene in direct, first person view. The room in miniature tool allows the user to
select and interact with a room from a third person perspective, allowing users to view the contents of the room from points of view
that would normally be difficult or impossible to achieve. The room slicer tool aids users in exploring volumetric data displayed
within the room in miniature tool. Used together, the tools presented in this paper can be used to achieve the virtual x-ray vision effect.
We test our prototype system in a far-field mobile augmented reality setup, visualizing the interiors of a small set of buildings on the
UCSB campus.
ChemPreview: an augmented reality-based molecular interface
Zheng M1, Waller MP2.
Human computer interfaces make computational science more comprehensible and impactful. Complex 3D structures such as proteins
or DNA are magnified by digital representations and displayed on two-dimensional monitors. Augmented reality has recently opened
another door to access the virtual three-dimensional world. Herein, we present an augmented reality application called ChemPreview
with the potential to manipulate bio-molecular structures at an atomistic level. ChemPreview is available at
https://github.com/wallerlab/chem-preview/releases, and is built on top of the Meta 1 platform https://www.metavision.com/.
ChemPreview can be used to interact with a protein in an intuitive way using natural hand gestures, thereby making it appealing to
computational chemists or structural biologists. The ability to manipulate atoms in real world could eventually provide new and more
efficient ways of extracting structural knowledge, or designing new molecules in silico.
8. Augmented Reality GIS
Archeoguide: an augmented reality guide for archaeological sites
V. Vlahakis ; M. Ioannidis ; J. Karigiannis ; M. Tsotros ; M. Gounaris ; D. Stricker ; T. Gleue ; P. Daehne ; L. Almeida
The paper discusses Archeoguide which offers personalized augmented reality tours of archaeological sites. It uses outdoor tracking,
mobile computing, 3D visualization and augmented reality techniques to enhance information presentation, reconstruct ruined sites,
and simulate ancient life.
Handheld Augmented Reality for underground infrastructure visualization
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00779-008-0204-5
E rick Mendez
Ernst Kruijff
Eduardo Veas
Sebastian Junghanns
Bernhard Reitinger
Dieter Schmalstieg
In this paper, we present an Augmented Reality (AR) system for aiding field workers of utility companies in outdoor tasks suc h as
maintenance, planning or surveying of underground infrastructure. Our work addresses these issues using spatial interaction and
visualization techniques for mobile AR applications and as well as for a new mobile device design. We also present results fr om
evaluations of the prototype application for underground infrastructure spanning various user groups. Our application has been
driven by feedback from industrial collaborators in the utility sector, and includes a translation tool for automatically imp orting
data from utility company databases of underground assets.
Drishti: an integrated navigation system for visually impaired and disabled
Helal ; S.E. Moore ; B. Ramachandran
Drishti is a wireless pedestrian navigation system. It integrates several technologies including wearable computers, voice recognition
and synthesis, wireless networks, Geographic Information System (GIS) and Global positioning system (GPS). Drishti augments
contextual information to the visually impaired and computes optimized routes based on user preference, temporal constraints (e.g.
traffic congestion), and dynamic obstacles (e.g. ongoing ground work, road blockade for special events). The system constantly guides
the blind user to navigate based on static and dynamic data. Environmental conditions and landmark information queried from a
spatial database along their route are provided on the fly through detailed explanatory voice cues. The system also provides capability
for the user to add intelligence, as perceived by, the blind user, to the central server hosting the spatial database. Our system is
supplementary to other navigational aids such as canes, blind guide dogs and wheel chairs.
Registration for outdoor augmented reality applications using computer vision techniques and hybrid sensors
R. Behringer
Registration for outdoor systems for Augmented Reality (AR) cannot rely on the methods developed for indoor use (e.g., magnetic
tracking, fiducial markers). Although GPS and the earth's magnetic field can be used to obtain a rough estimate of position and
orientation, the precision of this registration method is not high enough for satisfying AR overlay. Computer vision methods can help
to improve the registration precision by tracking visual clues whose real world positions are known. We have developed a system that
can exploit horizon silhouettes for improving the orientation precision of a camera which is aligned with the user's view. It has been
shown that this approach is able to provide registration even as a stand-alone system, although the usual limitations of computer vision
prohibit to use it under unfavorable conditions. This paper describes the approach of registration by using horizon silhouettes. Based
on the known observer location (from GPS), the 360 degree silhouette is computed from a digital elevation map database. Registration
is achieved, when the extracted visual horizon silhouette segment is matched onto this predicted silhouette. Significant features
(mountain peaks) are cues which provide hypotheses for the match. Several criteria are tested to find the best matching hypothesis.
The system is implemented on a PC under Windows NT. Results are shown in this paper.
First Person Indoor/Outdoor Augmented Reality Application: ARQuake
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/888480 B. Thomas ; B. Close ; J. Donoghue ; J. Squires ; P. De Bondi ; M. Morris ; W.

Piekarski
This paper presents an outdoor/indoor augmented reality first person application ARQuake we have developed. ARQuake is an
extension of the desktop game Quake, and as such we are investigating how to convert a desktop first person application into an
outdoor/indoor mobile augmented reality application. We present an architecture for a low cost, moderately accurate six degrees of
freedom tracking system based on GPS, digital compass, and fiducial vision-based tracking. Usability issues such as monster
selection, colour, and input devices are discussed. A second application for AR architectural design visualisation is presented.
Outdoors augmented reality on mobile phone using loxel-based visual feature organization
Gabriel Takacs et al
http://people.csail.mit.edu/kapu/papers/mar_mir08.pdf
We have built an outdoors augmented reality system for mobile phones that matches camera-phone images against a large database of
location-tagged images using a robust image retrieval algorithm. We avoid network latency by implementing the algorithm on the
phone and deliver excellent performance by adapting a state-ofthe-art image retrieval algorithm based on robust local descriptors.
Matching is performed against a database of highly relevant features, which is continuously updated to reflect changes in the
environment. We achieve fast updates and scalability by pruning of irrelevant features based on proximity to the user. By compressing
and incrementally updating the features stored on the phone we make the system amenable to low-bandwidth wireless connections.
We demonstrate system robustness on a dataset of location-tagged images and show a smart-phone implementation that achieves a
high image matching rate while operating in near real-time.
APPLICATION OF AUGMENTED REALITY GIS IN ARCHITECTURE
Yan Guo et al
http://www.isprs.org/proceedings/XXXVII/congress/5_pdf/58.pdf
Paper discusses the function and meaning of ARGIS in architecture through an instance of an aerodrome construction project. In the
initial stages of the construction, it applies the advanced technology including 3S (RS, GIS and GPS) techniques, augmented reality,
virtual reality and digital image processing techniques, and so on. Virtual image or other information that is created by the computer is
superimposed with the surveying district which the observer stands is looking at. When the observer is moving in the district, the
virtual information is changing correspondingly, just like the virtual information really exists in true environment. The observer can
see the scene of aerodrome if he puts on clairvoyant HMD. If we have structural information of construction in database, AR can
supply X-ray of the building just like pipeline, wire and framework in walls.
Research trends and opportunities of augmented reality applications in architecture, engineering, and construction
Hung-LinChi et al
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926580513000022
Augmented reality (AR), a state-of-the-art technology for superimposing information onto the real world, has recently started to affect
our daily lives. AR applications are becoming mature and versatile. This paper discusses trends in AR applications for architecture,
engineering, construction, and facility management (AEC/FM). This paper specifically focuses on four technologieslocalization,
natural user interface (NUI), cloud computing, and mobile deviceswhich have the potential to influence the development of AR
applications. Advances in localization technology will enable the deployment of AR in a complex environment. An NUI provides
more convenient and intuitive user experiences, which can increase the usability of AR. Cloud computing environments allow users
with internet access to ubiquitously retrieve information from almost anywhere. Hence, cloud computing increases the freedom of
using AR in AEC/FM applications. Another factor that will lead to the wider usage of AR is that mobile devices are becoming
smaller, more powerful, and less expensive. This paper summarizes the results of 101 research efforts, and outlines the research trends
and opportunities for applying AR in the fields of AEC/FM.
Enhancing cultural tourism experiences with augmented reality technologies
Fritz, F.
Susperregui, A.
Linaza, M.T
http://195.130.87.21:8080/dspace/handle/123456789/653
This paper describes the development of an interactive visualization system based on Augmented Reality Technologies and the
integration into a tourist application. The basic idea is the combination of the commonly known concept of tourist binoculars with
Augmented Reality. By means of Augmented Reality, the real scene is enhanced by multimedia personalized interactive information
to increase the tourist experience of the user, who can retrieve this information by a user-friendly interface.
D4AR A 4-DIMENSIONAL AUGMENTED REALITY MODEL FOR AUTOMATING CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS

MONITORING DATA COLLECTION, PROCESSING AND COMMUNICATION
Kazi A S, Aouad G, Baldwin A
http://cvgl.stanford.edu/papers/D4AR_itcon_2009.pdf
Early detection of actual or potential schedule delay in field construction activities is vital to project management. This entails project
managers to design, implement, and maintain a systematic approach for construction progress monitoring to promptly identify,
process and communicate discrepancies between actual and as-planned performances. To achieve this goal, this research focuses on
exploring application of unsorted daily progress photograph logs available on any construction site as a data collection technique. Our
approach is based on computing- from the images themselves- the photographers locations and orientations, along with a sparse 3D
geometric representation of the as-built site using daily progress photographs and superimposition of the reconstructed scene over as-
planned 4D models. Within such an environment, progress photographs are registered in the virtual as-planned environment and this
allows a large unstructured collection of daily construction images to be sorted, interactively browsed and explored. In addition, sparse
reconstructed scenes superimposed over 4D models allow site images to be geo-registered with the as-planned components and
consequently, location-based image processing technique to be implemented and progress data to be extracted automatically. The
results of progress comparison between as-planned and as-built performances are visualized in the D4 AR (4D Augmented Reality)
environment using a traffic light metaphor. We present our preliminary results on three ongoing construction projects and discuss
implementation, perceived benefits and future potential enhancement of this new technology in construction, in all fronts of automatic
data collection, processing and communication.

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