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Definition:-
If a system of forces acting on a body, keeps the body in a
state of rest or in a state of uniform motion along a straight
line, then the system of forces is said to be in equilibrium.
ALTERNATIVELY, if the resultant of the force system is zero,
then, the force system is said to be in equilibrium.
EQUILIBRIUM OF - CONCURRENT COPLANAR FORCE SYSTEMS
i) Fx = 0; and ii) Fy = 0
Y X
Graphical conditions for Equilibrium
F1
F4 F1
Fig 2.2
F5
LAMIS THEOREM
F3 F2
F1 F2 F3
Sin Sin Sin
F1
Fig. 2.3
Thus the resultant force R and the resultant couple M are both
zero, and we have the equilibrium equations for two
dimensional force system
Fx = 0; Fy = 0 M = 0
Sphere
wall
Fig. 2.4 SPD
Free Body Diagram (FBD) :
900 F
F
(c) Roller
support
A Rh A
Rv
R
RAV
A B A B
span
span
A B
span
RH M
A B
Rv
A B
A B
W
P
F (Friction)
N Hills & Vales Magnified Surface
W FN
Fmax = N
P
Where Fmax = Limiting Friction
N= Normal Reaction between the
Fmax contact surfaces
=Coefficient of friction
R
N
Fmax
=
N
Note : Static friction varies from zero to a maximum value. Dynamic
friction is fairly a constant.
FRICTION
Angle of Friction
W
The angle between N & R depends
on the value of F.
P
This angle , between the resultant
R and the normal reaction N is Fmax
termed as angle of friction.
Angle of repose
When granular material is heaped, there exists a limit for the
inclination of the surface. Beyond that angle, the grains start
rolling down. This limiting angle upto which the grains repose
(sleep) is called the angle of repose of the granular material.
FRICTION
150
Fig Q2.1
(Q 2.1) Using Lamis theorem,
T
T
15
R 105
R
165
90
W
T W R
Sin 90 Sin105 Sin165 W FBD of sphere
100
T Sin 90 103.5 N
Sin105
100
R Sin165 26.8 N
Sin 90
(Q 2.2) Numerical Problems & Solutions
B
30
D A
60
C
40 kN
Fig. Q2.2
(Q 2.2)
B FBD of joint A
30 FAB
D T T A 600
60 T T
C T 300
40 kN
FAC T
The AB and AC may be subjected to
either tension or compression
Hence initially assume one direction
From FX 0,
FAC WX TX 0
FAC 40Cos60 40Cos30 54.641kN
From Fy 0,
FAB TY WY 0
FAB 40Sin 60 40 Sin 30 14.641kN
FAB is +ve. FAB is towards A, So it is Tensile.
(Q 2.3)
A 60 P
15
B
60
45
Fig Q2.3
(Q 2.3)
A 60 P
15
RA B
45 RB
60 Fig Q2.3
45
60 P
FAB
A
300 15 F 15
AB
B 45
RB
Weight
Weight
(Q 2.3)
RA WA FBA
Sin105 Sin135 Sin120
400
FBA Sin120 489.9 N
Sin135
400
( RA Sin105 546.41N )
Sin135
(Q 2.3) Considering FBD of B, We have,
From FY 0, ,
PY RBY WB FABY 0
PCos60 RB Cos 45 200 489.9Sin15 -------Eqn(1)
From FX 0,
FABX PX RB X 0
PSin 60 RB Sin 45 489.9Cos15 -----------------Eqn(2)
Adding Eqn(1) and Eqn(2), We get,
P(Cos60 Sin 60) 1446.41
P 107.18 N
( RB 537.94 N )
(Q 2.4)
A
30
D
B
50 C
20 kN
30 kN
Fig Q2.4 SPD
(Q 2.4)
TBA Y +VE
TCB TCD
30
160 50
+VE
X
50 TBC
20 kN
30 kN
From FX 0,
TCD Sin 29.24Sin 50 ------Eqn (1)
From FY 0,
TCD Cos 30 29.24Cos50 ------Eqn (2)
A
30
D
B 60
C
20kN
25 kN
Fig Q2.5 SPD
TBA
TCB TCD
30 (210- )
60
120
TBC
20 kN
30 kN
Fig Q2.5a FBD at Joint B
TCD 25 TCB
Sin (180 ) Sin (60 ) Sin120
25
TCB TBC Sin120 ---------Eqn(3)
Sin (60 )
25
TCD Sin ---------Eqn(4)
Sin (60 )
(Q 2.5)
13.75Sin 19.48Cos
(Continuation)
13.75Sin 19.48Cos
Sin 19.48
tan 54.70 o
Cos 13.75
TBC TCB 23.85kN
TBA 38.97 kN
TCD 22.50kN
(Q 2.6)
30 45
A B
4m 3m 3m 2m
(Q 2.6)
Solution 25kN 30kN
FBD of Beam AB 20kN
30 45
HA
B
VA 3m 2m VB
4m 3m
Fx = 0 HA 25cos 30 30cos45 = 0
Fy = 0 VA 20 25 sin30 30sin45 +VB = 0
MA = 0 -204 - 25 sin307 - 30 sin 4510+ VB 12=0
(Q 2.6)
Solution 25kN 30kN
FBD of Beam AB 20kN
A 30 45
HA B
VA 25 sin 30 30 sin 45 VB
4m 3m 3m 2m
MA = 0
0 = -204 - 25 sin307 - 30 sin 4510+ VB 12
(Q 2.6)
Solution(contd.)
RA H 2
A V 2
A
VA
1 RA VA
tan
HA
RA= 48.21 kN
= 27.25
(Q 2.7)
Find the Support reactions for the given beam loaded as shown
in the figure.
A B
2m
1m 60
5m
(Q 2.7)
Solution 40kN/m
HA 60kN
A RBH=RBCos30
C 30kNm B
VA FBD
60
1m 2m 2m RB
RBv = RBCos60
Fx = 0 HA + 60 RB Cos30 = 0
Fy = 0 VA + RB Cos60 40 x 2 = 0
MA = 0 -30 - 4024 + RB Cos605 = 0
HA
[Ans: RB=140kN VA=10
HA=61.24 RA= 62.05kN RA
= 9.3] VA
(Q 2.8)
Find the Support reactions for the given beam loaded as shown in
the figure.
30kN
0.5m 80kN/m
A 100kN
B
2m 1m 3m
(Q 2.8)
Solutions
30kN 80kN/m
A
100kN
HA 15kNm B
VA 3m
2m 1m VB
FBD
30kN 120kN
FBD
15kNm 1m
100kN
HA
A C B
2m VB
VA
6m
Fx = 0 HA + 100 = 0
Fy = 0 VA + VB 30 120 = 0
MA = 0 - 302 - 15 - (120)x5 + VBx6 = 0
30kN
15kN/m 23kN 20kN
3m 2m 2m
(Q 2.9)
Solution
45kN
30KN 23kN 20kN
HA A
MA
FBD
1.5m 1.5m 2m 2m
VA
Fx = 0 HA = 0
Fy = 0 VA 45 30 23 20 = 0
MA = 0 MA 45x1.5 30x3 23x5 20x7=0
[ Ans: VA = 118kN MA =412.5kNm]
(Q 2.10)
20KN/m
10KN/m
A D
C B
2m 3m 1m 2m
(Q 2.10)
Solution
10kN/m
10kN/m 10kN/m
Rc
D
A
C B
2m 3m 1m 2m
(Q 2.10)
Solution 40kN FBD of top beam
20kN
C D
2.0m 1.33m 2m
Rc .67m VD
A B
FBD of bottom beam
C VB
VA
2m 3m
(Q 2.10)
Solution
40kN 20kN
2m 3.33m
0.67
RC
VD
For top Beam :
Fy = 0; Rc 40 20+VD = 0
MD = 0; - Rc 6 + 40 4 + 20 3.33 = 0
Solving the above eqns
RC=37.77kN; VD=22.23kN
(Q 2.10)
RC=37.77kN
VA 2m 3m
VB
(Q 2.11)X
HB
200N
FBD OF LADDER
600
HA
VA
(Q 2.11)
Fx = 0 , HA HB=0
HA=230.94N(Ans.)
600
HA
VA
(Q 2.12)
2m
(Q 2.12)
Solution
B C
Y
20 kN/m
VC
X
FBD
HA
VA
2m
(Q 2.12)
Solution (contd.)
B C
VC Fx = 0 60 HA=0
60kN
Fy = 0 VA+VC=0
HA MA = 0 VCx2-60 1.5=0
VA
2m
FBD
(Q 2.12)
RA=75 kN
60kN VC 36.90
FBD after
finding - ve sign for VA indicates,
VA HA reactns reaction is downwards and
2m not upwards as assumed
initially.
(Q 2.13)
A roller (B) of weight 2000N rests as shown in the fig. on beam
CD of weight 500N.Determine the reactions at C and D.
Neglect the weight of beam AB.
A B
D 30
(Q 2.13)
Solution:
2000N
FBD of RAB
Roller
300
C Hc
Vc
500N
FBD of beam CD
30
D
VD
(Q 2.13)
Solution:
2000N
RAB
FBD of
Roller
300
FBD of Roller :
Fy = 0 RBCD cos 300 2000=0
Fx = 0 RAB RBCD sin 300 =0
Solving above eqns : RBCD=2309.4N;
RAB=1154.7N
(Q 2.13)
For bottom beam :
Fy = 0 VD 500+Vc 2309.4cos30=0
MC = 0
-VD 5cos30 + 500 2.5 cos30-2309.4 1=0
Solving the above eqns: VD=783.33N; VC=1716.67N
Fx = 0
300
Hc
2309.4 sin 30 HC =0 Hc=1154.7 N Vc
500N
FBD of
30
beam CD D
VD
(Q 2.14)X
Compute the reactions for the bent beam shown in the
figure at A and F.
300Nm 50 N/m
B C D
A 45 F
3m 4m 4m 3m
(Q 2.14)
Solution
MF = 0 VA 14 +200 5 300=0 200 N
VA=50N 300Nm 2m
FX=0 HF=0 B C D
VA 3m 4m 4m 3m VF
FBD
(Q 2.15) X
A
3KN
G 3KN
4m
F 3KN
B C D E
4m 4m 4m
(Q 2.15)
Solution
HA 3KN FBD
A
VA G 3KN
4m
F 3KN
B
C D E
HB 4m 4m
4m
(Q 2.15)
MA = 0 HB 4 3 4 3 8 3 12=0
HB=18kN 3KN
A
FX=0 : HA+HB=0 HA 3KN
3KN
HA=18kN VA
4m
FY=0 VA 3 3 3=0;
VA=9kN HB
4m 4m 4m
18kN
26.570
9kN
RA=20.12kN
FRICTION
(Q 2.16)
If coefficient of friction is 0.20 between the contact surfaces
a) Find the force P just to cause motion to impend up the
plane
b) Find the force P just to prevent motion down the plane
c) Determine the magnitude and direction of the friction
if P = 80N.
200N
P
30
FRICTION
(Q 2.16)
a) Y +ve
X + ve
200N
300
P P 30
N1
Fy = 0
N1 200 cos30 = 0 N1= 173.2 N
F1 = 0.20N1 = 0.20 173.20 = 34.64N
Fx = 0
P 200sin30 F1 = 0 P = 134.64 N
FRICTION
(Q 2.16)
b)
Y +ve
X + ve
N1
Fx = 0
P 200 sin30 + 0.20 173.2 = 0 P = 65.36 N
FRICTION
(Q 2.16)
C) Block will be under rest for the value of P between 134.64 &
Y +ve
65.36N.. X + ve
Given, P = 80N
Assume direction of
P friction
N1
Fx = 0
80 200Cos60 + F1 = 0 F1 = 20 N
FRICTION
(Q 2.17)
200N
P P
30
R
N1
FRICTION
(Q 2.17)
P
300
R
N1
Fx 0 P cos 30 0.2 N 1 200 cos 30
Fy 0 N 1 P sin 30 200 cos 30
P 175.8 N
FRICTION
(Q 2.17) 200
600
OR P
78.70
tan = = 0.20 R
= 11.3
N1
11.30
200 P R
sin 131.3 sin 138.7 sin 90
P = 175.7
FRICTION
(Q 2.17) X
A
P
B
FRICTION
(Q 2.17)
F1 N1 F2
N2
Block A: Fy = 0 N1 - 1000 = 0
N1 = 1000 N
F1 = 1 N1
= 0.25 1000
= 250 N
Fx = 0
F1 T = 0 T= 250 N
FRICTION
(Q 2.17)
FBD of Block B
Imp. motion
Y +ve
F1 N1 =1000
2000
B P
X +ve
F2
N2
Block A: Fy = 0 N2 - N1 - 2000 = 0
N2 - 1000 -2000 = 0
N2 = 3000 N
Fx = 0 P - F1 -F2 = 0
P- 250 - 0.33 N2 = 0
P - 250 -0.33 3000 = 0
P = 1250 N
FRICTION
(Q 2.18)
The bodies shown in the following figure are separated by an
uniform strut weighing 100N which is attached to the bodies
with frictionless pins. Coefficient of friction under each body
is 0.30. Determine the force P that will just start the system
rightward. Weight of block A= 400 N, B= 200N
P
A 30
45
FRICTION
(Q 2.18)
tan = 0.30
= 16.7
B 100 N
T
P
A 30 50 N
45
T
100/2 = 50 N
FRICTION
(Q 2.18)
FBD of B
200+50
250
R
61.7
250
58.3
F2 30 60
30 T
61.7 R
60
T 16.70 T 45+16.70
45 R
N2
250/Sin58.3 = T/Sin61.70
T = 258.72N
FRICTION
(Q 2.18)
FBD of A
400+50 Y +ve
P T = 258.72
30
X +ve
F1 = 0.30N1
N1
Fy = 0 N1 - 450 - 258.72Sin30 = 0
N1 = 579.36N
Fx = 0 P - F1- 258.72Cos30 = 0
P-0.30 579.36-258.72cos30=0
P- 173.81- 224.06=0
P = 397.87 N
FRICTION
(Q 2.19) X
A
P 15 15 P
B C
FRICTION
(Q 2.19)
FBD of A
1000N 1000N
R2
25
1000N 130
F1 F2 25
R1
R1 R2 10+15
10 25
10 15 R2
N2 R1 =25
N 15
1
A
500N
B
FRICTION
(Q 2.20)
FBD of B = 15 Y +ve
2000N tan =
F2 = 0.27N2 = 0.27
500 N Fx = 0 X +ve
N2 N2 - 500- 0.27N1 = 0
N2 = 500 + 0.27N1 ---------(1)
F1 = 0.27N1
Fy = 0
N1 N1- 2000 - 0.27N2 = 0
0.27N2 = N1 -2000
From (1) & (2)
N = 3.70N1 -7407.41 ------(2)
500 + 0.27N1 = 3.70N1 7407.41 2
3.43N1 = 7907.41
N1 = 2305.37 N
N2=1122.45N
FRICTION
(Q 2.20)
FBD of Wedge A
P
R2= 1122.452 + 303.062
= 1162.64
P R2=1162.64
N2=1122.45
=15 75 45
15
R2=1162.64
N3 15 P
F3 F2=0.27N2 30 15 60 R3
R3
=303.06
60 75
P/Sin45 R3 R2=1162.64
= 1162.64/ Sin60
P = 949.29N
FRICTION
(Q 2.21)X
Determine the minimum value of P to prevent the blocks from
slipping. Neglect the weights of the link rods. Co-efficient of
friction for all contact surfaces is 0.25.Find the frictional force
under the block B and comment on the result.
WA= WB=2000N
A
Pin Joint
Pin Joints
30 P
C
60
B
FRICTION
(Q 2.21)
FBD of A
2000 Fx = 0
N1 - T1 Cos30= 0
N1 N1 = T1 Cos30 = 0.866T1-------(1)
30
T1 Fy = 0
- 2000 + F1 + T1Sin30 = 0
F1=0.25 N1 -2000 +0.25N1 + 0.5T1= 0------(2)
Y +ve
From (1) & (2)
-2000 + 0.25(0.866T1 )+ 0.5T1 = 0
T1 = 2791.32 N
X +ve
FRICTION
(Q 2.21)
Joint (C)
T1 = 2791.32
T2 T1
30 P 90
60 30
60
P/Sin90 = 2791.32/Sin60 P
T2 = T2/Sin30
P=3223.14 N
T2 = 1611.57N
FRICTION
(Q 2.21)
FBD of B Fy = 0
2000 T =1611.57 N2 - 2000 1611.57Sin60 = 0
2
N2 =3395.60 Y +ve
60
Fx = 0
F2 1611.57Cos60 = 0 X +vet
F2 F2 = 805.79 N (Friction Developed
N2
under block B)
Fx=0 B NB
+ ve moment
MB=0
(FA 7sin45)-(NA 7cos45)+(W 3.5cos45)+(0.5W acos45)=0
a = 2m from the top
FRICTION
(Q 2.23)
900N
NB
B
FB
3sin
180 N
P A
FA
3cos
NA
FRICTION
(Q 2.23)
a) When = 60
Y +ve
Fx = 0, FA+P-NB=0
0.35NA+P-NB=0
NB=P+0.35NA---------(1) X +ve
FB
180 N 3sin
P A
FA 3cos
NA
FRICTION
(Q 2.23)
Y +ve
MB=0
= 0.35NA 3sin60 + P 3sin60
X +ve
+ 180 x 1.5cos60
-NA 3cos60 900N
= 0 --------(3) B NB
From(1),(2)&(3) FB
NB=499.16N 3sin
NA=955.21N
P=164.80N 180 N
P A
FA 3cos
NA
FRICTION
(Q 2.23)
7kN
C 450
5kN
A 300
Fig(1)
EXERCISE PROBLEMS
2. EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEMS
7kN
C 450
5kN
A 300
Fig(1)
EXERCISE PROBLEMS
2. EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEMS
2m
P
10kN
EXERCISE PROBLEMS
2. EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEMS
Q3. Determine the value of P and the nature of the forces in the
bars for equilibrium of the system shown in figure.
[Ans: P = 3.04 kN, Forces in bars are Compressive.]
60
45 45
75
2kN P
EXERCISE PROBLEMS
2. EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEMS
A
D
30
B 60
C
20 22.5
Loads are in kN
W
EXERCISE PROBLEMS
2. EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEMS
Q5. Find the reactions at A,B,C and D for the beam loaded
as shown in the figure. (Ans.RA=RB =34kN;RC=28.84kN;
MC=-140kNm ; C=-33.69 )
12kN/m 20 kN 12kN/m
4kN/m 30kN
4kN/m
3
4
A B
C
40kNm
1m 2m 1m 1m 2m 1m 1m 2m
EXERCISE PROBLEMS
2. EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEMS
string
2.5m
B
A 60
200N
2.5m
EXERCISE PROBLEMS
2. EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEMS
Q7. Find the position of the hinged support (x),such that the
reactions developed at the supports of the beam are equal..
(Ans.x=2m.)
10kN/m 15kN
18kN/m
x
2.0m 1.0m 0.6 1.4m 3.0m
EXERCISE PROBLEMS
2. EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEMS
A
Lm
W
C
0.5L 2W
EXERCISE PROBLEMS
2. EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEMS
Take = 0.20
[Ans.:
(a) Pmin = 59.2N
(b) Pmin = 23.7N
(b) = 11.3o]
P
100N
25
EXERCISE PROBLEMS
2. EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEMS
30 800N
2000N P
EXERCISE PROBLEMS
2. EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEMS
200N
500N
=?
[Ans.: = 28.4]
EXERCISE PROBLEMS
2. EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEMS
100N 200N
X=?
2m
A B
30 60
[Ans.: x = 3.5m]
EXERCISE PROBLEMS
2. EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEMS
B
A 20
[Ans.: P = 328.42N]
EXERCISE PROBLEMS
2. EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEMS
20
P
wedge
[Ans.: P = 1192N]
EXERCISE PROBLEMS
2. EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEMS
5m
A
EXERCISE PROBLEMS
2. EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEMS
Smooth wall
B
12m
[Ans.: FA = 52 N]
A
5m
EXERCISE PROBLEMS
2. EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEMS