PORIFERA AND CNIDARIA

By :
Name : Fannisa Hapsari
Student ID : B1B015027
Entourage : VII
Group :3
Assistant : Niharoh Nurainy

ANIMAL SYSTEMATICS II LABORATORY REPORT

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY, AND HIGHER EDUCATION

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
PURWOKERTO
2017
 CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Animal classification is defined as the classification of animals into specific

groups based on their kinship, which is related to the continuity (contact), similarity or
both. Classification can be based on evolutionary relationships, habitat, and way of life.
Classification relates to the effort to evaluate a large number of characteristics (ideally
all the properties possessed) (Darbohoesosdo, 1976).
Identification is the task of searching for and recognizing the diverse
characteristics of the individual taxonomy and putting it into a taxon. Identification
procedure based on deductive thinking. The definition of identification is very different
from the definition of classification. Identification relates to the small number of
taxonomic traits (ideally one feature), will carry the specimen into a sequence of
identification keys, whereas the classification relates to evaluating a large number of
features (ideally all of the characteristics possessed). is absolutely necessary for the
identification. The determination is a way of identifying a living thing by matching the
key guidebook of determination (Mayr, 1969).
The steps that must be taken to make a classification of the character traits,
grouping based on the characteristics and naming groups. Signature (identification),
every trait, being studied should be considered and used as main data (main data). The
next step is classification. The main data that has been obtained is compared with the
existing reference data. Enter the species in the reference group when a similarity pattern
is found. The final step after the grouping, the group will be given the name according to
the general characteristics of the species in it. For example, cows, cats, and dogs can be
grouped in mammals (ruminates) (Widiyadi, 2009).

B. Objectives

The objective of this laboratory activity are:

1. Students learn and observe some members of Phylum Porifera and Cnidaria.
2. Students learn some basic characteristics for Phylum Porifera and Cnidaria
identification and classification.
 CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Sponges, phylum Porifera, are the oldest metazoan group still extant on our
planet. They are able to survive a considerable amount of water in the recent seas in
extreme weather conditions. The body of this phyla is composed only of cells that have
various functions (Soest, et al., 2012). The special features of the Porifera body, ie the
body has many pores which are the beginning of the channel system (water channel) that
connects the external environment with the internal environment. The body of the
Porifera is not equipped with so-called appendices and movable body parts. Porifera
body does not have a food digestive tract, while its digestion goes on intracellularly. The
Porifera body is equipped with an inner frame composed of crystals of spicules or fiber
materials made of organic material (Yusminah, 2007).
Body structure Porifera except porous with various forms, divided into three
types of Ascon, Sycon or Scypha and Rhagon. Of the type Ascon flower-shaped vase
which is the simplest type seen a central cavity called spongocoel or paragaster. The
upper end of the vase is a large hole called the osculum. On the wall of this animal body
there are small holes called Porosofil or pore and often also called ostium. In the body of
Porifera is found a system of waterways starting from the pores or porosofil and
terminated at the main outlet called osculum. Before water is ejected through the
osculum, the water from any body of the body is first deposited in the central sponge or
spongocoel. The plumbing pattern of the various types of Porifera is not the same, but it
has the same basic function that is to drain water from external areas into the internal
area and re-issued to external areas (Jasin, 1992).
Sponges are traditionally divided into three classes: Calcareous sponges
(Calcarea), glass sponges (Hexactinellida) and demosponge (Demospongiae). However,
research has shown that Homoscleromorpha, a group thought to belong to
Demospongiae, is actually phylogenetically separate. Therefore, they were recently
recognized as a fourth class sponge (Gazave, 2010). According to Bergquist (1998) and
Gazave (2010), sponges are divided into several classes based on their framework
composition:

Cell Type Spicule Spongine Exoskeleton Body shape

fibers

Single-core, single external Calcite. No If found, made of Asconoid,

Calcarea

membrane Maybe one or calcite. syconoid,

more leuconoid or
solenoid
 Most syncytia in every Silica. Maybe No No Leuconoid

Hexactinellida
species one or merge

Single-core, single external Silica Most of In some species. If Leuconoid

Demospongiae

membrane species found made of

aragonite

Single-core, single external Silica Most of No Sylleibid or

Homoscleromorph

membrane species leuconoid

a

Cnidaria is a diploblastic animal because its body has two layers of cells, the
ectoderm (epidermis) and endoderm (inner layer or gastrodermis). The ectoderm acts as
a protective medium while the endoderm works for digestion. The gastrodermis cells are
bordered by coelenterone or gastrosol. Gastrosol is a pocket-shaped digestion. Foods
that enter the gastrosol will be digested with the help of enzymes released by
gastrodermis cells. Digestion in gastrosol is referred to as extracellular digestion. The
digestion results in gasrosol will be ingested by the gastrodermis cells to be further
digested in the food vacuole. Digestion in gastrodermis cells is called intracellular
digestion. Food juice is then circulated to other body parts by diffusion. Similarly, for
the removal of oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide by diffusion. Cnidaria has a
simple nerve-shaped nervous system that controls movement in response to stimuli. The
nervous system is on mesoglea. Mesoglea is a non-cell layer that lies between the
epidermal layer and the gastrodermis. Gastrodermis is composed of gelatin (Mayr,
2003).
Cnidaria has two basic body shapes, medusa, and polyps. Medusa, like adult
jellyfish, is free-swimming or floating. They usually have umbrella-like bodies and
tetramerous (four-part) symmetry. The mouth is usually on the concave side, and the
tentacles originate on the edge of the umbrella. Polyps, on the contrary, are usually
sessile. They have a tubular body; one end is attached to the substrate, and the mouth
(usually surrounded by tentacles) is found at the other end. Polyps can occur alone or in
groups of individuals; in the latter case, different individuals are sometimes specialists
for different functions, such as reproduction, feeding or defense (Myers, 2001).
According to (Mukayat, 1989) Coelenterata or cnidaria are divided into 3
classes:
1. Class Hydrozoa
 Usually in the form of small colonies with dominant polyps, even the
entire colony may consist only of polyps. Some types of polyps form medusa with shoot
formation. Medusa has a velum, a similar formation of drawers in an umbrella. The
edges of the umbrella are not terak (gap). Examples are Hydra, Obelia, and Gonionemus.
2. Class Scyphozoa
The real jellyfish are medusa-medusa with grooved edges, no veils
(velum), branched radial channels, and gonads in gastriculum chamber sacs. An example
of Scyphozoa is Aurelia Aurita. There are jellyfish that can reach the midline of a few
feet (up to 150 cm).
3. Anthozoa Class
Anthozoa members (Greek anthos = flower) are marine anemones and
sea coral animals, their body is polyps, there is no form of medusa. The animals are not
stemmed and usually wrapped in an external skeleton and called corals, have many
tentacles.
 CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY

A. Materials

The materials that used in this lab activity are some specimens of Porifera and
Cnidaria.

The tools that used in this lab activity are specimen tray, forceps, magnifying
glass, light microscope, stereo microscope, camera, animal identification book, gloves,
surgical mask, and stationary.

A. Methods

1. The morphological characters of the specimens are observed, drawn, and described
by student.
2. The specimens with identification keys/literature are identified by the student.
3. Simple identification key based on the observed characters are made by student.
4. The discussion and conclusion based on the result data are constructed by student.
 REFERENCES

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Borchiellini, C . 2010. Molecular phylogeny restores the supra-generic
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