Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Usingthe
TInSpireCXCASHandheld
(www.mathguy.us)
Preparedby:EarlL.Whitney,FSA,MAAA
Version2.1
October2,2016
UsingtheTInSpireCXCASHandheld
TableofContents
AppendixA KeyboardShortcuts 55
AppendixB SomeKeyboardCommands 56
AppendixC SpecialProjects 61
SolidsofRevolutionaboutthe axis 61
ConnectaGeometryItemtoaCurve 62
VolumebyCrossSection 63
AppendixD IndexofHyperlinkstoKeyItems 64
Tomovetoachapter,[ctrl]clickontheChapterDescriptionabove.Note:thisworksonlyinthe
MicrosoftWordversionofthisdocument.
UsingtheTInSpireCXCASHandheld October2,2016
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ExternalLinks
nSpireCXCASmanualisavailableat:
https://education.ti.com/en/us/guidebook/details/en/502A552F7D6E4756A75BD8482FEB0E26/gettings
tartedwiththetinspirecxhandheld.ThisdocumentisTIsguidetousingthenSpireCXCAS.
nSpireCXCASReferenceGuideisavailableat:
https://education.ti.com/en/us/guidebook/details/en/3F30BA6FDA6F49608C44BB4B5F3746FA
/tinspirecasreferenceguide2.Thisdocumentprovidesalistofkeyboardfunctionsavailablefor
usewiththenSpire.Itcanbeveryuseful.
TIComputerLinkSoftwareisavailableat:
https://education.ti.com/en/us/software/details/en/82035809F7E6474099944056CCB01C20/ti
nspire_computerlink.ThisfreesoftwarewillallowyoutoconnectyournSpirehandheldto
yourcomputer.ItallowsyoutoperformalimitednumberoftasksonthenSpirefromaPCor
Mac.ItisnotneededifyouhavetheTeacherorStudentSoftware.
TITeacherSoftwareandTIStudentSoftwareareavailableat:
https://education.ti.com/en/us/products/computer_software/tinspiresoftware/tinspireand
tinspirecasteachersoftware/tabs/overview.Thissoftwareisusefulforteachersandfor
makingpresentationsaboutthenSpireCXCAS.However,itisnotfreeandisnotnecessaryfor
students.Youmaywanttotrythe30daytrialtoseeifyoufinditusefulbeforepurchasingit.
TInSpiretutorialsareavailableat:
https://www.atomiclearning.com/ti_nspire
https://education.ti.com/en/timathnspired/us/resource/videotutorials
TInSpirelessons(.tnsfilesrequireTeacherorStudentsoftware)areavailableat:
http://www.ticalc.org/pub/nspire/basic/math/
https://sites.google.com/site/tinspiregroup/assignments
https://education.ti.com/en/timathnspired/us/home
[ctrl]clickonanyofthehyperlinksabovetogodirectlytotheassociatedwebsite.Note:this
worksonlyintheMicrosoftWordversionofthisdocument.
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Chapter1:Introduction
ContextMenus:
[ctrl][menu]opensacontextmenuthat
actslikearightclickonaPC.
Movingthroughdialogboxes:
[tab]movestothenextbox.
[shift][tab]moves(backward)tothe
previousbox.
Note:clickand
doubleclick
ShiftLock:[ctrl][shift].
withthiskey.
Youmustbeinadocumentinordertousecertain
nSpirecapabilities(e.g.,hidegraph,constructtangent
line).TosaveScratchpadworktoadocument:
[doc]File(1)Save(4)[enter].
DocumentSettings:[home]Settings(5).*
GraphSettings:Enterthegraphportionofthe
Scratchpad.Then,[menu]Settings(8).*
*ClickMakeDefaultafterchangingsettings.
Grabsomethingonthescreen(soyoucanmoveit):
[ctrl]clicktograb.[enter]whendonemovingtheitem.
Whenworkingonproblems,considerworkinginsideadocumentsothatvariousapplications
canbelinked,functionsdefined,etc.Workinadocumentcanalsobesavedforlater.
Specialkeys:
Spacebar:.Underscore:[ctrl].
Backslash(\):[shift].
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AdjustingScreenBrightness
Pressandholdthe[ctrl]key.
Pressthekeytoincreasebrightness,orthekeytodecreasebrightness.
ScreenIcons(topofscreen)
A
A. Pagescrollingarrows
B C DEFGHI
B. Problem.Pagetabs
C. Documentname
D. PresstoTestindicator(notshown)
seenotebelow.
E. Wirelessnetworkloginindicator
(notshown)
F. [shift],[ctrl],or[CAPS]status
G. RadiansorDegreesindicator
H. Batteryindicator
I. Closedocumentbutton
Note:PresstoTestmodedisablesaccesstopreexistingdocumentsandscratchpad
entries.Itcanbeused,forexample,instandardizedtestingtopreventstudentsfrom
loadingthenSpirewithinformationtouseonthetest.
TIdiscussestheuseofPresstoTestmodeonitswebsiteat:https://education.ti.com/en
GB/uk/products/tinspire/tinspirecxhandheld/examacceptance/presstotest.Pressto
Testmodeiseasytogetinto,butapaininthenecktogetoutof.
OnScreenHelp
Press[ctrl]togethelponscreen.Thisisoccasionally,butnotalways,useful.
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Chapter2:Documents
Createanewdocument
[home]NewDocument(1)
[ctrl]IInsertapagewithinaprobleminadocument.
Workwithexistingfilesandfolders
[home]MyDocuments(2)
File/foldermanipulation(insideMyDocuments:[home]2) Todeleteafileorfolder:
[menu]NewFolder(1)createanewfolder. [ctrl][menu] Delete(6)
[menu]Rename(2)renameafileorfolder.
[menu]SaveAs(3)saveafilewithadifferentname.
[menu]Open(4)openafile.Shortcut:[ctrl]O
[menu]Close(5)closeafile.Shortcut:[ctrl]W
[menu]Send(6)transferafileorfoldertoanothernSpireoraPC.
Finishedworkingwithexistingfilesandfolders
[home]
Documentsmenu:frominsideadocument:[doc]
File(1)New,Open,Close,Save,SaveAs,Send
Edit(2)Undo,Redo,Cut,Copy,Paste,Delete,Color
View(3)Moveforwardorbackwardapage,orenterthePageSorteroverview
Insert(4)Problem,Page(shortcut:[ctrl]I),Applications,ProgramEditor
PageLayout(5)SplitScreen
o CustomSplit(1)
o SelectLayout(2)selectoneofeightlayouts(seePageLayoutsbelow)
o SelectApp(3)selectanapptouseinanewpane;sameas[menu]
o SwapApplications(4)swapthepanesinwhichapplicationsreside
o DeleteApplication(5)deletesthepanecontainingtheselectedapplication
o DeletePage(6)
o Group(7)groupstogetherexistingpagesontoasinglepage
o Ungroup(8)splitsappsonasinglepagetoseparatepages
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KeyboardShortcutSummaryforDocuments
[ctrl]NNewdocument [ctrl]XCut
[ctrl]OOpendocument [ctrl]CCopy
[ctrl]WClosedocument [ctrl]VPaste
[ctrl]SSavedocument [ctrl]ZUndo
[ctrl]IInsertapage [ctrl][esc]Undo
[ctrl]YRedo
SavingaFile
[ctrl]S.Tochangelocation,[shift][tab]
[doc]File(1)Save(4)orSaveAs(5)
SevenCoreApps
Calculator(alsoonScratchpad)
Graph(alsoonScratchpad)
Geometrycoordinateandnoncoordinate
ListsandSpreadsheetlikeMicrosoftExcel;goodforstatisticalapplications
DataandStatistics
Notesusefulforaddingcommentstodocuments
VernierDataQuestusedwithprobes(e.g.,CBR2motiondetector)tocollectreal
worlddata.
InsideaDocument
Adocumentcanhaveupto30problems;aproblemcanhaveupto50pages.
Addaproblemtoanexistingdocument:
o [doc]Insert(4)Problem(1)
o Selectthetypeofpageyouwanttoinsertintothenewproblem
[ctrl]IInsertapagewithinaprobleminadocument.
Pagenumberinginsideadocument(seetabsatthetop)[a.b]:
o aistheproblemnumber.
o bisthepagenumberwithinthatproblem.
[ctrl]or[ctrl]Moveleftandright(orusemouse)frompagetopage.
[ctrl]givesoverviewofwholedocument(PageSorterView).
Variablesaredefinedattheproblemlevel,andexistthroughoutallpagesofaproblem.
DocumentsdonotinteractwiththeScratchpad.
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PageViews
FullPageView
o Showsasinglepage.
o Canhaveuptofourappsononepage.
o [ctrl][tab]movesclockwisefromapptoappona
page(orusemouse)
PageSorterView:[ctrl]
o Canseeallproblemsandpageswithinadocument.
o Togotoapage,highlightthepageandpress[enter].
o Tomoveapagefromonelocationtoanother.
Highlightthepageyouwanttomove.
[ctrl]clicktograbthepage.
Movetothelocationwhereyouwantthepage
tobeusingthearrowkeysonthetouchpad.
Press[enter]todropthepageinplace.
MyDocumentsViewgoestofiletree:[ctrl][ctrl]
WorkingwithProblemsandPagesinPageSorterView([ctrl])
Collapseorexpandallproblems(seeonlyproblemnumbersandnames):
o [menu]ExpandAll(1)orCollapseAll(2)
Collapseorexpandasingleproblem:
o [ctrl][menu]ExpandAll(1)orCollapseAll(2)
Nameorrenameaproblem.Problemsarenamedwith
numbersbydefault.Tonameitsomethingmeaningful,
selecttheproblem,thenpress:
o [menu]Rename(5)typename[enter]
PageSorterViewwithProblems
Addaproblemtoanexistingdocument:[menu]Insert 1and3named.Problem3is
Problem(6) selectedandexpanded.
Addapagetoanexistingproblem:[menu]InsertPage(7)
Moveaproblem:Selecttheproblem,thenpress:
o [ctrl][menu]Cut(2)orCopy(3)[Enter]
o Movetothenewlocation,thenpress:[ctrl][menu]Paste(4)
Deleteaproblem:Selecttheproblem,then:
o [ctrl][menu]Delete(5)
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PageLayoutOptions
[doc]PageLayout(5)SelectLayout(2)selectoneofthefollowing:
Layout1Layout2Layout3Layout4
Layout5Layout6 Layout7Layout8
[doc]PageLayout(5)Custom(1)tochangewherethepagesplitsoccur.
[ctrl][tab]tomovefrompanetopane(inaclockwisedirection)
[menu]toselecttheapplicationtoaddtoapane
Tocombineconsecutivepages:fromthefirstoftwopagestobecombined,[doc]
PageLayout(5)Group(7)
Tosplitanapplicationonapagetoaseparatepage:[doc]PageLayout(5)
Ungroup(8)
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Chapter3:CalculatorApplication
FractionTemplate:[ctrl]bringsupthetemplate.
Changenumberofdigitsshowingonthescreen:
FromHomeScreen,Settings(5)DocumentSettings(2).
Recommended:clickon[MakeDefault]afterchanges.
Note:valuesarenotroundedinmemory,justonthescreen.
LogarithmTemplate:[ctrl]bringsupthetemplate.
Clearscratchpadhistory
[ctrl][menu]ClearHistory(1).
[menu]Actions(1)ClearHistory(5).
Toundotheclearing(i.e.,bringitallback):[ctrl][esc].
Clearcurrentline
[ctrl]
Variableans
Thevariableanscontainsthelastanswerobtainedbypressing[enter].
Itcanbeusedinanyexpressionbytypingans.
Itcanalsobeaccessedwith[ctrl][ ].Noticeansonthekeypadabove .
Successivepressesof[enter]performthesameoperationoneachnewansvariable.
Copy,Paste,Edit
Highlightthedesireditem,then:
Copy:[ctrl]C
Paste:[ctrl]V
Tocopyonlyaportionofthehighlighteditem:
o Positionthecursoratoneendofwhatyouwanttocopy.
o Hold[shift]andusethearrowkeystomovetotheotherendofwhatyouwant
tocopy.
o [ctrl]Ctocopytheselection.
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Convertexactanswertodecimal
[ctrl][enter]insteadof[enter].
[menu]Number(2)ConverttoDecimal(1).
Command:approx(___).
Catalog(key)ontherightsideofthenSpire,underthe[del]key
Category1containstheentirecatalog.
Jumpingaroundinthelist:
o Pressalettertojumptocommandsstartingwiththatletter.
o [ctrl]1toobtainthelastiteminthecatalog(likeaPCsendkey).
o [ctrl]3topagedown.
o [ctrl]7toobtainthefirstiteminthecatalog(likeaPCshomekey).
o [ctrl]9topageup.
Syntaxofacommandisshownatthebottomofthescreen.
o Toexpandthesyntax,press[tab][enter].
Wizards
Awizardisauserinterface
o Press[tab]multipletimestohighlightWizards. withdialogboxesthathelp
o Press[enter]toturnthewizardon. youcompleteacomplex
o Press[tab]againtomoveon. taskmoreeasily.
ExpressionTemplate:
Containstemplatesforintegrals,derivatives,limits,matrices,roots,logarithms,etc.
SymbolPalette:[ctrl]
Containssymbolsthatcanbeused: , , , , , , , , , arrows,Greekletters,
statisticalsymbols,currencysigns,setnotation,mathematicalshorthand,etc.
andalotmoresymbols544intotal.
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Template(bottomleftofnSpire)
?!Template(bottomrightofnSpire)
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MenuItemsintheCalculator(andsubmenus)
Actions:[menu]1
Define(1)defineavariable(useequalsign=,not:=inthedefinition)
RecallDefinition(2)
DeleteVariable(3) Calculator[Menu]
Clearaz(4)
1Actions
ClearHistory(5)
2Number
InsertComment(6)
3Algebra
Library(7)
4Calculus
Lock(8)locksandunlocksvariables.
5Probability
Number:[menu]2 6Statistics
7Matrix&Vector
ConverttoDecimal(1) 8Finance
ApproximatetoFraction(2)
Factor(3)
LeastCommonMultiple(4)
GreatestCommonDivisor(5)
Remainder(6)
FractionTools(7)
NumberTools(8)
ComplexNumberTools(9)
Algebra:[menu]3
Solve(1)solve(equation,variable).
Factor(2)factor(expression).Alsoconvertstrigexpressions.
Expand(3)expand(expression).Providesthepartialfractionexpansionofarational
expression.
Zeros(4)zeros(expression,variable).
CompletetheSquare(5)
NumericalSolve(6)nSolve(equation,variable).
SolveSystemofEquations(7)
PolynomialTools(8)
FractionTools(9)
ConvertExpression(A)
Trigonometry(B)
Complex(C)
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Extract(D)
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Calculus:[menu]4
Derivative(1) Items1to6intheCalculus
DerivativeataPoint(2) menuprovidetemplatesto
Integral(3) fillintoobtainasolution.
Limit(4)
Sum(5)
Product(6) Withina
FunctionMinimum(7)fmin(expression,x[,lowBound,upBound]) function
FunctionMaximum(8)fmax(expression,x[,lowBound,upBound]) definition,
TangentLine(9)tangentLine(expression,x,value) itemsin
NormalLine(A)normalLine(expression,x,value) [brackets]
areoptional.
ArcLength(B)arcLen(expression,x,start,end)
Series(C)optionsare:TaylorPolynomial(1),GeneralizedSeries,(2),Dominant
Term(3)
DifferentialEquationSolver(D)deSolve(ODE,Var,depVar)1stor2ndorderonly.
o Example:deSolve( 2 , , )Note:accessviathekey.
ImplicitDifferentiation(E)impDif(expression,x,y)
NumericalCalculations(F)Numericalintegration,etc.
Probability:[menu]5
Factorial(1)canalsocalculatefactorialswith!inthesymbolpalette(4throw)
Permutations(2)
Combinations(3)
Random(4)everythingtodowithrandomnumbers
Distributions(5)Normal,Studentst, ,F,Binomial,Geometric,Poisson
Statistics:[menu]6
TiesintotheLists&Spreadsheetapp
StatCalculations(1)1variable,2variable,variousregressions
StatResults(2)
ListMath(3)mean,median,max,min,populationandsampleSDandVariance
ListOperations(4)sort,fill,sequence,conversionto/fromListorMatrix
Distributions(5)Normal,Studentst, ,F,Binomial,Geometric,Poisson
ConfidenceIntervals(6)
StatTests(7)Hypothesistesting,regression,ANOVA
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Matrix&Vector:[menu]7
Createvariablesizematrix(middleelementon2ndrow)
Create(1)Matrix,ZeroMatrix,Identity,Diagonal,RandomMatrix,Fill,Submatrix,
Augment,ColumnAugment,ConstructMatrix
Transpose(2)
Determinant(3)
RowEchelonForm(4)
ReducedRowEchelonForm(5)
Simultaneous(6)
Norms(7)
Dimensions(8)
RowOperations(9)
ElementOperations(A)
Advanced(B)Trace,decomposition,Eigenvalues,Eigenvectors,Characteristic
Polynomial.
Vector(C)Unitvector,dotproduct,crossproduct,converttoothercoordinate
systems.
Finance:[menu]8
FinanceSolver(1)n,i,PV,Pmt,FV,PpY
TVMFunctions(2)(timevalueofmoney)n,i,PV,Pmt,FV
Amortization(3)
CashFlows(4)
InterestConversion(5)
DaysbetweenDates(6)
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Chapter4:VariablesandFunctions
General
Variableandfunctionnamescanbe116 Note:theunderlinecharacteris:
characterslong(letters,digits,underlines).
[ctrl]
Variablescanbedefinedusingothervariables.
Functionscanbedefinedusingotherfunctionsandvariables.
StoredfunctionscanbegraphedintheGraphApp.Theindependentvariable,when
graphing,mustbe .
[var]bringsupthelistofexistingvariablesandfunctions.
Definingavariableorfunction
Method1:Typetheexpressiontobesaved.Then,[ctrl][store]name
o Example:1/x[ctrl][store]recip(x)[enter]createsafunctionrecip(x)
thatreturnsthevalue1/x.
Method2:name[: ]expression.Multiplevariables/functionscanbedefinedif
separatedbyacolon.
o Example:num1:=10:num2:=20(nospaces).
Method3:Especiallygoodfordefiningfunctions.
o [menu]Actions(1)Define(1)ortypedefine
o functionname(variablelist) expression[enter](nospaces)
o Example:definex_squared(x) x^2[enter]createsafunctionx_squared(x)
thatreturnsthevalue .
Deletingavariableorfunction
DelVarname1,name2,etc.or
[menu]Actions(1)DeleteVariable(3)name
Choosingfromalistofvariables/functions
[var]bringsupalistofexistingvariablesandfunctionstochoosefrom.Usefulinmany
circumstances,especiallyifyouhavelongvariable/functionnamesthatyoudonotwant
toretypeorifyouforgetwhatyounamedavariable/function.
Lockorunlockavariableorfunction
Locknamelocksthevariableorfunctionsothatitcannotbechanged.
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Chapter5:GraphsApplication
Addafunctiontoagraph(alsotogglestheequation Note:youcansaveyourscratchpad
entryline) workinadocumentasfollows:
[ctrl]G [doc]File(1)Save(4)[enter].
Alternativemethod(especiallyforConics,ParametricorPolar)
[menu]GraphEntry/Edit(3)
o Function(1)
o Relation(2)forequationsoftheform:
o EquationTemplates(3)forconics
o Parametric(4)forparametricequations
o Polar(5)forpolarequations
o DiffEq(8)forslopefieldsofdifferentialequations
Editthefunction
Mouseoverthecurveorthelabelshowingtheequation.Doubleclickonit.
Hideafunctiononthecurrentgraph(mustbeinadocument,notScratchpad).
Mouseoverthefunctionandpress[enter]toselectthefunction.
[ctrl][menu]Hide(4)
Showahiddenfunctiononthecurrentgraph(mustbeinadocument,notScratchpad).
[menu]Actions(1)Hide/Show(3).Then,mouseoverthecurveandclickonit.
Deleteafunctionandremoveitfromthecurrentgraph
Mouseoverthefunctionandpress[enter]keytoselectthefunction.
Pressthe[del]keyor[ctrl][menu]Delete(4or5)thenumbertousedepends
onwhetherornotyouareinadocument.
Deleteallfunctionsonagraph
[menu]Actions(1)Deleteall(5or6)thenumbertousedependsonwhetheror
notyouareinadocument.
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Linkingafunctionandagraphonseparatepageswithinaproblem
Thepagesmustbeinthesameproblemwithinadocument
OnaCalculatorPageorNotesPage,definethefunction.
[ctrl]IGraphs(2)toopenaGraphspage.
[ctrl]Gtoopentheequationentryline.
[var]toselectafunctiontograph.Enter astheindependentvariable.
[enter]tographthefunction.
Modifytheview
Zoom:Hoverthemouseoveroneoftheaxes.[ctrl]clicktograbtheaxis.Usethe
arrowkeysormovethecursortoexpandorcompresstheaxes.Then,press[enter].
RepositionGraph:Hoverthemouseoverablankportionofthegraph(i.e.,inthe
background).[ctrl]clicktograbthegraph.Usethearrowkeysormovethecursorto
repositionthegraph.Then,press[enter].
Resizepagesplitwhenshowingmultipledisplaysonapage:[doc]PageLayout(5)
Custom(1).Then,usethearrowkeystochangethepagesplit.Then,press[enter].
Createanduseaslider
[ctrl]G.Enteranequationcontainingparameters,thenpress[enter].Enterany
slidersettingsforvariablesthatyouwishtoallowtovaryinthegraph.Note:thismay
notworkinparametricequationmode;usethealternativebelow.
Adjustslidersettings:Clickonthesliderbox,then:[ctrl][menu]Settings(1).This
allowschangingallsettingsincludingMinimize.ClickonMinimize.
o Note:Minimizeisveryusefulbecauseitmakesforacleanerlookinggraph.
Alternative:
o OnablankGraphspage,[menu]Actions(1)InsertSlider(B)
o Enterthevariablename(i.e.,parametername),therange,stepsizeand
whetherthesliderishorizontalorvertical.ClickMinimizedtogetacleaner
slider.Then,clickOK.
o Repeatforanyotherparametersdesired.
o Defineafunctioncontainingtheparameters:[ctrl]G.
o Movetheslidertoseetheeffectofchangingthevalueofaparameter.
Toanimateaslider:Clickonthesliderbox,then:[ctrl][menu]Animate(4).
Tostoptheslideranimation,[ctrl][esc]or[ctrl][menu]StopAnimate(4)
(thisisatoggleforanimation).
Todeleteaslider:Clickontheslider,thenpress[del].
Note:whenusingaslider,anyparametersyoucreatebecomevariables;
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Grapha3DFunction(insideadocumentonly)
OnaGraphspage,[menu]View(2)3DGraphing(3).
Enteranequation
o 3Dequationintheform , :justtypetheequationusing and .
o 3DParametricFunction:[menu]3DGraphEntry/Edit(3)Parametric(2).
Rotatethe3Dgraph
o Manual:usethetouchpadkeys(,,,).
o Auto:mousenotonthegraph;thenaor[ctrl][menu]AutoRotation(4).
o Stopautomaticrotation:[esc]orr.
Changeview
o [menu]Range/Zoom(4).Changerange,aspectratio,zoom,orientation.
o (multiplication)tozoominfor3Dgraphsonly.
o (division)tozoomoutfor3Dgraphsonly.
Hide(orShow)3Dbox:[menu]View(2)Hide(orShow)Box(4).Thisisatoggle,
soyoucanhideorshowthehidden3Dboxwiththesamecommands.
Orientation
o , or toorientalongthecorrespondingaxis.
o toswitchtothedefaultorientation.
Addtheplane 0totheplot:[menu]Trace(5) zTrace(1).
Contextmenu:Mouseonsurfaceofplotuntilitgraysout,then:[ctrl][menu]
o Changeattributes:Attributes(3)
o Deletegraphoffunction:Delete(5)
o Edittheequation:EditRelation(6)
o Changecolor:Color(8)
Gobackto2Dgraphing:[menu]View(2)Graphing(1)
GraphaPiecewiseFunction
Allowsyoutodefineafunctionoveroneormoreintervals.Veryusefulifyouwantto
graphafunctionoveronlyoneinterval.
OnGraphspage (8thelementontoprow)[enter].
Example:piecewisefunctionforasingleinterval:
o Inthetemplate,indicatethatyouwantonly piece[enter].
o Onthefunctionentryline, ,
o Inthisexample, musthavebeenpreviouslydefined,e.g.,onanotherpage.
o Noticethereisnorightbrace,}.ThisishowthenSpireshowsthepiecewise
function.Ifyoutrytoenter},youget{},sodont.
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GraphaConic
OnaGraphspage,[menu]GraphEntry/Edit(3)EquationTemplates(3)select
theconicyouwanttograph.
o Parabola(2),Circle(3),Ellipse(4),Hyperbola(5)
o Conic(6)Generalconicequation 0
Entervaluesinthetemplate,carefultonotethesyntaxrequired.[enter]tograph.
o Note:dependingontheparametersoftheconic,youmayneedtoalterthe
windowsize:[menu]Window/Zoom(4)ZoomOut(4)
Movetheequationtoabetterlocation.
o Hoverthecursorovertheequation.
o [ctrl][click]tograbtheequation.
o Movetheequationwiththecursororwiththearrowkeys.
o [enter]toleaveitwhereyouhavetakenit.
Toanalyzetheconic
o [menu]AnalyzeGraph(6)AnalyzeConics(9)
o Selecttheitemyouwanttoshowonthegraph.
o Hoverthemouseover,andclickon,thegraphyouwanttoshowthisitemfor.
o Youmayneedtomoveanylabelsthatappear.Followthegrabandmove
instructionsabove(hoverover,[ctrl],click,movewitharrowsormouse).
Graphafunctionoftheform
[ctrl]G[del]Relation(6).Entertheequationandpress[enter].
Example:[ctrl]G[del]Relation(6) [enter]tographavertical
lineat ,where isdefinedelsewhereasaconstantorasavariable.
GraphInequalities
[ctrl]G[del].Selectthedesiredinequalitysignandpress[enter].
Repeattographmultipleinequalities.
GraphaParametricFunction
[menu]GraphEntry/Edit(3)Parametric(4)
Independentvariableis .
GraphaPolarEquation
[menu]GraphEntry/Edit(3)Polar(5)
Independentvariableis .
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MenuItemsonaGraphspage(andsubmenus)willdifferontheScratchpad
Actions:[menu]1
Pointer(1) Graphing[Menu]
Select(2)Region,Image,Grid.
1Actions
Hide/Show(3)
2View
Attributes(4)linethickness,style(dotted,dashed,solid),
3GraphEntry/Edit
labelstyle,continuousvs.discrete.
4Window/Zoom
SetConditions(5)
5Trace
DeleteAll(6)
6AnalyzeGraph
Text(7)toinsertatextboxonthegraph
7Table
CoordinatesandEquations(8) 8Settings
Calculate(9)
Redefine(A)
InsertSlider(B)
Tochangecolor,highlightacurveonthegraph,then[ctrl][menu]Color(B)
View:[menu]2
Graphing(1)
PlaneGeometry(2)
3DGraphing(3)
HideAnalyticWindow(4)
HideAxes(5)
Grid(6)Nogrid,DotGrid,LinedGrid.
ShowEntryLine(7)Also[ctrl]G.
HideAxesEndValues(8)
HideObjectSelectionGuides(9)
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GraphEntry/Edit:[menu]3
Function(1)
Relation(2)
EquationTemplates(3)Line,Parabola,Circle,Ellipse,Hyperbola,Conic(general
equation).
Parametric(4)define: , andarangefortheparameter .
Polar(5)define:
ScatterPlot(6)
Sequence(7)Sequence,Custom.
DiffEq(8)
Window/Zoom:[menu]4
WindowSettings(1)set and mins,maxes,andscale
ZoomBox(2)usethemousetodefinetheviewbox
ZoomIn(3)definethecenterofthegraphwiththemouseandzoomin
ZoomOut(4)definethecenterofthegraphwiththemouseandzoomout
ZoomStandard(5)defaultsetting
ZoomQuadrant1(6)settheaxestoemphasizeQ1
ZoomUser(7)savesthecurrentwindowsettings(allowsyoutogobacktothese
aftertryingotherzoomoptionsalternativeistoundotillyougetwhatyouwant)
ZoomTrig(8)automaticallysetsxMinandxMaxtomultiplesof.
ZoomData(9)setstheaxessoallofyourdatapointsarevisible
ZoomFit(A)setsthe axissothatallminimaandmaximaarevisiblewithinthe
currentrangeof values.MayneedtomodifyxMinandxMaxbeforeusingthis.
ZoomSquare(B)setstheaxessothattickmarksonthexandyaxesareequalsize
ZoomDecimal(C)setstheaxesscalesto0.1andassuresthatmaximaandminima
areshownwithinthecurrentrangeof values.
Trace:[menu]5
GraphTrace(1)willidentifymaxima,minimaandzerosasyoumovealongthecurve.
Enteranumbertomovethetracetothat value.
TraceAll(2)tracesmultiplefunctionssimultaneously.Enteranumbertomovethe
tracetothat value.
TraceStep(3)
GeometryTrace(4)
EraseGeometryTrace(5) TOC
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AnalyzeGraph:[menu]6
Zero(1)
Minimum(2)
Maximum(3)
Intersection(4)
Inflection(5)
dy/dx(6)
Integral(7)
BoundedArea(8)
AnalyzeConics(9)Center,Vertices,Foci,AxesofSymmetry,Directrix,Asymptotes,
Radius,Eccentricity,LatusRectum
Table:[menu]7
SplitscreenTable(1)Also[ctrl]T.Splitsthescreenandaddstableofvalues.
RemoveTable(2)Also[ctrl]T.
Geometry:[menu]8(availableonlyinadocument)
PointsandLines(1)Point,PointOn,IntersectingPoints,Line,Segment,Ray,Tangent,
Vector,CircleArc
Shapes(2)
Measurement(3)
Construction(4)
Transformation(5) Floatshows Fixshowsdigits
significantdigits afterthedecimal
Settings:[menu]8or9 AsettingfortheAP
DisplayDigitsAuto,Float(012),Fix(012). ExamwouldbeFix3
GraphingAngletypicallyradians
GeometryAngletypicallydegrees
Automaticallyhideplotlabels
Showaxesendvalues Note:Afterdefiningyour
Showtooltipsforfunctionmanipulation settingsforgraphs,itisagood
ideatoclickonMakeDefault,
Automaticallyfindpointsofinterest
sothatyoursettingsare
Forcegeometrictriangleanglestointegers appliedtoallofyourgraphs.
Automaticallylabelpoints
Restore,MakeDefault,Cancelatbottomofscreen.
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Chapter6:Calculus
Defineafunctionanditsderivative
Onacalculatorpage:f(x):=expression
g(x):=[shift]willbringupthederivativetemplate.
placesyouintheexponentofthederivative,allowingyoutoselectthe th
derivativeofafunction.
Alternatively,pressandhighlighttheappropriatederivativetemplate.
o Example:Type:f(x):=sin(x)[enter].
o Type:g(x):=[shift]2toindicateyouwantasecondderivative.
Graphaderivative
OnaGraphspage,graphafunction,e.g., ,whichisthewaytotype
thefunction 3 sin intothenSpire.
[ctrl]G.Highlightthederivativetemplate:.Fillinthetemplate.[Enter].
Enter inthedenominatorofthetemplateand totherightoftheequalsign.
o Note:ifyourfunctionisnotf1,enterwhateverthenameofyourfunctionis.
o Youcanalsobringupalistoffunctionswith[var].
Changetheattributesofthecurve,ifdesired.
o Hoverthemouseoverthecurvetobemodified.
o [ctrl][menu]Attributes(3).
Graphanantiderivative
OnaGraphspage,graphafunction,e.g.,f1 3 sin ,whichis 3 sin .
[ctrl]G.Highlightthedefiniteintegraltemplate:.
Fillinthetemplateasfollows:
o Makethelowerlimit .
o Maketheupperlimit .
o Maketheintegrand .
o Makethe _variable .
o Press[Enter].
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ConstructaTangentLineonaGraph(mustbeinadocument,notScratchpad)
OnaGraphspage,graphafunction.
[menu]Geometry(8)Points&Lines(1)Tangent(7)
Mouseoverthecurveatthelocationwhereyouwantthetangentline.Then,either
clicktwiceorpress[enter].YoucanmovethetangentlinelikeaTrace.
Theequationofthetangentlinewillbeshownonthegraph.
Youcangrabthearrowsofthetangentlinetoextendthem.
EquationofaTangentLine(onacalculatorpage)
tangentLine(expression,var=value)returnstheequationofthelinetangentto
expressionatvar value.
o tangentLine , ,
ConstructaNormalLineonaGraph(mustbeinadocument,notScratchpad)
OnaGraphspage,graphafunction.
[menu]Geometry(8)Points&Lines(1)Tangent(7)
Mouseoverthecurveatthelocationwhereyouwantthenormalline,andconstructa
tangentline.
[menu]Geometry(8)Construction(4)Perpendicular(1)
Mousetothepointoftangencyonthetangentline.Then,eitherclicktwiceorpress
[enter].YoucanmovethetangentlinelikeaTrace;asyoudo,thenormallinewillmove
aswell.
EquationofaNormalLine(onacalculatorpage)
normalLine(expression,var=value)returnstheequationofthelinenormalto
expressionatvar value.
o normalLine , ,
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Findallpointsofintersectionoftwocurves
GraphtwocurvesonaGraphspage.
[menu]Geometry(8)PointsandLines(1)IntersectionPoints(3)
Clickoneachofthetwocurves.Theintersectionpointswillthenbelabeledonthe
graph.
Findasinglepointofintersectionoftwocurves
GraphtwocurvesonaGraphspage.
[menu]AnalyzeGraph(6)Intersection(4)
Clickonthelowerbound.Moverightandclickontheupperbound.
Theintersectionpointwillthenbelabeledonthegraph.
Areabetweentwocurves(findpointsofintersectionfirst)
[menu]AnalyzeGraph(6)BoundedArea(8).
Movethemousetothedesiredintersectionpointsandclickoneachone.Thiswillfind
theareaboundedbythetwocurves.Repeatifdesired.
Theareawillbeprintedonthescreenintext.Findingthetextissometimesachallenge.
Note:Afteryoufindtheboundedarea,youcan[menu]AnalyzeGraph(6)
BoundedArea(8)again.Clickontheleftmostpointofyourboundedregion,then
movethemousetotheright.Onthescreenyouwillseetheaccumulatedareafromthe
leftmostpointofyourboundedregiontothelocationofthemouseasyoumovetothe
right.
SpecialProjectExamplesCalculus
SolidofRevolutionaboutthe axis(3D)AppendixC
ConnectaGeometryItemtoaCurveinaGraph(2D)AppendixC
VolumebyCrossSection(3D)AppendixC
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GraphaDifferentialEquation(i.e.,slopefield)
[menu]GraphEntry/Edit(3)DiffEq(8)
o Enteradifferentialequationintheform , .
o Notethatthefunctionisreallyofthetype: , , , ,
etc.Thatis,inthedefinitionofthedifferentialequation,youdonottype asa
variable;youmusttypethe variablename(e.g., or )usedontheleft
sideoftheequalsign.
o Examples: or
o Theprime signisinthesymbolpalate3 iteminthe2ndrow.
rd
Makesuretheboxnexttothe definitionischeckedinthefunctionentryline.Thisis
theboxthattellsthenSpirewhetherornottoshowthegraphyoudefine.
[tab][click]tothe[]boxtodefinethenatureoftheplot.
[tab]totheinitialconditionfieldenter value[tab] value,ifdesired.
[tab][click]totheadditionalconditionsboxtoenteranyadditionalconditions,
ifdesired.Then,[OK].
[enter]tographthedifferentialequation(i.e.,theslopefieldandparticularsolution
basedontheinitialconditions).
[esc]toremovetheentrylinefromthescreensoyoucanseetheslopefieldbetter.
Summation
AccesstheSummationTemplate:7thiteminthesecondrow.
Onthebottom,enterthesummationindexvariableandthestartingvalue.
Onthetop,enterthemaximumvalueoftheindexvariable.Notethatthismaybe.
Thesignisinthesymbolpalate5thiteminthetoprow.
Ontheright,entertheexpressiontobesummed(intermsoftheindexvariable).
[enter].
Example:
yields: . This is the value of .
SomeinfinitesummationsdonothavenicesolutionsandthenSpirewillnotprovidea
desirablesolution.Example:replace with intheaboveexampletogetavaluefor
,andnosolutionisprovided.Inthesecases,tryalargevalueastheupperlimitof
theindextogetanapproximatevalue.
Example:
yields: . . yields: . .
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Sequences
Seq(expression,var,low,high[,step])generatesasequencebasedonexpression.var
incrementsfromlowtohighinstepsof1unlessstepisprovided.
Examples:
o Seq( ,n,1,5,2)yields:{1,27,125}(whichis:1 , 3 , 5 )
o Seq( / ,n,1,5,2)yields:{1, , }(whichis: , , )
CombiningSummationsandSequences
Sum(Seq(expression,var,low,high[,step]))generatesthesumoftheitemsinthe
sequenceprovided.
Examples:
o Sum(Seq( ,n,1,5,2))yields:153(which 1 3 5 )
o Sum(Seq( / ,n,1,5,2))yields: (whichis: , , )
[ctrl][enter]togetthedecimalsolution:1.4504
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Chapter7:NotesApplication
OpenaNotesPageinaDocument Note:thespacekey,,islocated
[ctrl][doc]AddNotes(6),or atthebottomrightofthenSpire.
[ctrl]IAddNotes(6)
Theshiftkey,,islocatedabove
Then,typeyournotes the key.
SelectText(thathasalreadybeentyped)
Selection:(thismaytakesomepractice)
o Movethecursortothebeginningorendofaselection.
o Holddownthe[click]key,thenpressthe[shift]key.
o Withthe[shift]keystilldepressed,youcanreleasethe[click]key.Then,move
thecursororusethearrowkeystohighlighttheselection.
SingleWord:Placethecursoronasinglewordanddoubleclicktoselecttheword.
Sentence:Placethecursoranywherewithinasentenceandtripleclicktoselectthe
entiresentence.
ChangeTextAttributes(selecttext,then)
Font
o [menu]Format(4)FormatText(1)
o Selectthefont,fontsize,bold,italic,underline,etc.forthetext.
o Press[esc]toapplyyourselections.
ForegroundColor
o [menu]Format(4)Textcolor(4)
o Selectacolor,thenclickor[enter].
BackgroundColor
o [menu]Format(4)Fillcolor(3)
o Selectacolor,thenclickor[enter].
[ctrl][menu](RightClick)Menusforselectedtext
Samplepagewithtextmodified:
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UseShapesandSpecialCharacters
Toinputaspecialcharacter,accessthesymboltemplate:.Thisgivesaccessto:
andmanymoresymbols.
Toinsertashape,suchasanangle,triangleorcircle,[menu]Insert(3)Shape(3)
MathBoxes
AMathBoxinaNotesApplicationissimilartheCalculatorApp.Youcandefine
functions,performcalculations,etc.
[ctrl]Mor[menu]Insert(3)MathBox(1)toinsertaMathBox,or
pressamathematicalfunctionkey,e.g.,,toautomaticallyopenaMathBox.
AttributesoftheMathBoxcanbechanged:positionyourselfinsidethemathboxyou
wanttochangeandpress:[ctrl][menu]MathBoxAttributes(8).Anotespage,
withandwithouttheMathBoxattributesmenuopen,areshownbelow.
ItemsdefinedinaMathBoxareavailablethroughoutaprobleminadocument.For
example,ifafunction, ,isdefinedinaMathBoxonaNotespage,itcanbe
accessedas onCalculatorandGraphspagesinthesameproblem.
ChemBoxes
AChemBoxisusefulforformattingchemicalequations.
[ctrl]Eor[menu]Insert(3)ChemBox(2)toinsertaChemBox.
Typetheequation.Recallthatthe" "keyislocatedinthesymbolpalette:
.Subscriptswillautomaticallybeplacedintheproperposition.
Example.Type:2CO MoO2 2CO2 Mo[enter]
Outputonscreen:
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Chapter8:Lists&SpreadsheetApplication
OpenaLists&SpreadsheetPageinaDocument
[ctrl][doc]AddLists&Spreadsheet(4),or
[ctrl]IAddLists&Spreadsheet(4)
Sizeofpage:26columns;2,500rows
Movingaround
Usearrowkeystomovefromcelltocellwithinaspreadsheet.
Movetoaspecificcell:[ctrl]Gor[menu]Actions(1)GoTo(4),thentype
thecellreference(e.g.,B3)andpress[enter].
[enter]movesdownonerowinthecurrentcolumn.
[tab]movestothecolumntitleinthecurrentcolumn(orbackintothebodyofthe
spreadsheet).[tab]actsasatoggleinthisregard.
MovetoRow1inthecurrentcolumn:[ctrl]7.
Movetothelastfilledcellinthecurrentcolumn:[ctrl]1.
Pageupinthecurrentcolumn:[ctrl]9.
Pagedowninthecurrentcolumn:[ctrl]3.
Namingcolumns
Movetothetoprowinacolumnusingthearrowkeysor[tab].
Typethenameofthecolumn.Onlylowercaselettersareusedincolumnnames.
Cut,Copy,PasteHighlightedrowsandcolumnsmaybecut,copiedandpasted:
[ctrl]XCut
[ctrl]CCopy
[ctrl]VPaste
[ctrl]Zor[ctrl][esc]Undo(ifyoumakeamistake)
[ctrl]YRedo(ifyouwanttoundoanundo)
SelectanEntireRowWhilepositionedintherowyouwanttoselect,either:
Movetothefarleftoftherowandpress,or
[menu]Actions(1)Select(3)SelectRow(1).
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SelectanEntireColumnWhilepositionedinthecolumnyouwanttoselect,either:
Movetothefartopofthecolumnandpress,or
[menu]Actions(1)Select(3)SelectColumn(2)
SelectaBlockofCells
Movetoonecorneroftheblockyouwishtoselect.
Holddowntheshiftkeyandusethearrowkeystomove
totheothercorneroftheblock.
DeleteaRow,ColumnorBlockofCells
Selecttheentirerow,columnorblockofcellsyou
wanttodelete(seeabove).
Press[del].
InsertaCell,RoworColumnFromanylocationinthespreadsheet,theinsertedrowor
columnwillbeplacedwhereyoucurrentlyreside,likeinMicrosoftExcel.
[menu]Insert(2)InsertCell(1)toinsertasinglecell.Thismovesallothercells
inthecolumndownonespace.
[menu]Insert(2)InsertRow(2)toinsertarow
[menu]Insert(2)InsertColumn(3)toinsertacolumn
MoveaColumnMovetoacellinthecolumnyouwanttomove.Then:
[menu]Actions(1)MoveColumn(1)usethearrowkeystomovetowhereyou
wantthecolumntoappear.
Ifmovingthecolumntotheright,itwillbeplacedjusttotheleftoftheboldvertical
guideline.
Ifmovingthecolumntotheleft,itwillbeplacedjusttotherightoftheboldvertical
guideline.
ResizeaColumnMovetoacellinthecolumnyouwanttoresize.Then:
[menu]Actions(1)Resize(2)ResizeColumnWidth(1)thenusethearrow
keystochangethesizeofthecolumn.
[menu]Actions(1)Resize(2)MaximizeColumnWidth(2)createsacolumn
thattakesupmostofthescreenwidth.
[menu]Actions(1)Resize(2)MinimizeColumnWidth(3)changesthesizeof
thecolumntotheminimumthatfitsthedatainthecolumn.
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[ctrl][menu](RightClick)MenusinaSpreadsheet
UsingFormulasinaSpreadsheet
WorksverysimilartoMicrosoftExcel.
Movetothecellinwhichyouwouldliketoenteraformula.
Typethe" "sign,followedbywhateverformulayouwanttouse.Then,[enter].
o Usecellreferences,example:=a1^(a2 2)
KeyboardfunctionsthatcanbeusedintheCalculatorapplicationareavailableforusein
cellformulas.
Alineonthebottomofthescreenshowstheformulainthecurrentcell.
Ifadataiteminthespreadsheetchanges,alloftheothercellswillupdateautomatically.
Ifyoufaceasituationwhereyouneedtomanuallyrecalculateallcells,thiscanbedone
bypressing[ctrl]Ror[menu]Actions(1)Recalculate(5)
CopyFormulastoOtherCells
Movetothecellyouwouldliketocopy.Then,press
[ctrl]Clicktoselecttheformulainthatcell.
Moveup,down,leftorrightusingthearrowkeysto
indicatewhichcellsaretoreceivetheformula.The
cellsintowhichtheformulawillbecopiedare
identifiedbybolddashedlines(seethefigureatright).
Then,press[enter]tocopytheformulatothe
indicatedcells.
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AbsoluteandRelativeCellReferences
Thedefaultcellreferenceisrelative,meaningthatwhenacelliscopiedtoothercells,
eachinputmaintainstherelativepositionithadintheoriginalcell.
o Example:IfA4=A1+A2,notethatA1is3cellsaboveA4andA2istwocellsabove
A4.
o CopyingcellA4intocellC8willmakeC8=C5+C6.C5is3cellsaboveC8andC6is
twocellsaboveC8.
Whenenteringaformula,placinga$beforeeitherthecolumn(letter)orrow(number)
ofacellreferencewillmaintainthatcolumnorrowwhentheformulaiscopied.Thisis
calledanabsolutecellreference.
o Example:IfA4=$A1+A$2,then,whenA4iscopied,thecolumnforthefirstinput
remainsconstant,andtherowforthesecondinputremainsconstant.
o CopyingcellA4intocellC8willmakeC8=$A5+C$2.
o Thisisespeciallyusefulifasinglecellisusemultipletimes,forexampleasingle
interestratetobeusedformultiplecalculations.Theratecouldbeplacedincell
A1andreferredtoas$A$1inallformulas.
Summary:Columnreferences(letters)androwreferences(numbers)shouldbe
consideredseparatelywhencreatingformulas.
o Anyreference(columnorrow)witha$infrontofitisabsolute(i.e.,willnot
changewhencopied).
o Anyreference(columnorrow)withouta$infrontofitisrelative(i.e.,will
changewhencopied).
ReferenceaBlockofCells
Arectangularblockofcellscanbereferencedintheformtopleftcell:bottomright
cell.Forexample,youwouldreferencethecellsinrows4to7whichareincolumnsC
toE,i.e.,theblockofcellsfromC4toE7,asC4:E7.
Thecoloncharacter:canmosteasilybetypedviatheTemplate,locatednearthe
bottomrightofthenSpire.
Example:Ifyouweretotype=sum(C4:E7)intocellF7,thiswouldplacethesumof
the12cellsintheblockC4:E7intocellF7.
o sumisafunctionavailableinthenSpiresLibrary.nSpirefunctionsmaybe
typedintoaCalculatorpage,aMathBox,oracellinaSpreadsheet.
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InsertDatainMultipleRowsofaColumn
Toinsertdatainmultiplerowsusingaformulathatcontainsanumberoftrials:
EntertheformulaintheFormulaRow(therowbetweentheNameofthecolumnand
Row1):Example:=randint(3,6,15)insertsrandomnumbersfrom3to6inthefirst15
rowsofthecolumn.
Toinsertdatainmultiplerowsusingasequence:
MovetotheFormulaRowinthecolumnwhereyouwishtoenterdata:[menu]Data
(3)GenerateSequence(1)
Atablesimilartotheoneatrightwillappeartohelpyoutodefinethesequence.
o Formulau(n)=:entertheformulaforthedata
entries.Theformulacanbeasimpleasnifyou
wishtoshowtherownumberoritcanbe
morecomplex.TheelementinRow1willbe
u(n0)unlessinitialtermsarespecified.
o InitialTerms:enteranytermsyouwanttouse
tostartyoursequence.Youmayenter
multipleterms,separatedbycommasifyou
wish.TheFormulau(n)willbeusedinrowsbelowthelastenteredinitialterm.
o n0:thelabelonthisshouldben1,inmyopinion.Itisthefirstvalueofntobe
usedtodefineanelementinthecolumn(iftherearenoinitialtermsspecified).
Ifinitialtermsarespecified,theyoverridethevaluescalculatedusingthe
formula.
o nMax:themaximumvalueofnusedintheformula.Note:fewervaluesofn
couldbeusediftheCeilingValueisspecified.CeilingValueoverridesnMax.
o nStep:theincrementinnifoneisdesired.Theitemsenteredinthecolumnwill
be:u(n),u(n+nStep),u(n+2nStep),u(n+3nStep),
o CeilingValue:themaximumvaluetobeenteredinthecolumn.Thesequence
willendwiththelastvalueequaltoorbelowCeilingValue.
o ClickonOKwhenyouarefinisheddefiningyoursequence.Ifyoudonotlike
theresultingsequence,youcanredefineitusingthesamesteps.
Theformulamayberecursive,i.e.,itmayrefertootherelementsinthecolumn.
Example:u(n)=u(n1)+u(n2),withinitialtermsof1,1couldbeusedtogeneratethe
Fibonaccisequence.
Tomovequicklyamongrowsyoumayusethefollowingshortcuts:
o [ctrl]1tomovetothebottomelementintherow.
o [ctrl]7tomovetothetopelementintherow(i.e.,Row1).
o [ctrl]3tomovedownonescreen.
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Chapter9:Probability
[menu]Probability(5)toopentheProbabilityMenuandgeneraterandomnumbersor
probabilitiesbasedonaspecifieddistribution.
MenuItemsProbability Probability[Menu]
Factorial:1insertsthefactorialsign(!)aftertheitem. 1Factorial(!)
Permutations:2insertsthefunctionnPr().Theusermustinsert 2Permutations
n,rintheparentheses.Returnsthenumberofpermutationsofn 3Combinations
itemstakenratatime.Forpermutations,selectionordermatters. 4Random
5Distributions
Combinations:3insertsthefunctionnCr().Theusermustinsert
n,rintheparentheses.Returnsthenumberofcombinationsofnitemstakenratatime.For
combinations,selectionorderdoesnotmatter.
Random:4generatesrandomnumbersasfollows:
Number(1)insertsthefunctionrand(num),whichgeneratesnumrandomreal
numbersbetween0and1.
Integer(2)insertsthefunctionrandInt(lowbound,upbound[,num]),whichgenerates
arandomintegerbetweenlowboundandupbound.num,whenspecified,returnsnum
randomintegersinthedesiredrange.
Binomial(3)insertsthefunctionrandBin(n,p[,num]),whichgeneratesarandom
(integer)numberofsuccessesinntrialswithprobabilitypofsuccess.num,when
specified,returnstheresultsofnumtrials.
Normal(4)insertsthefunctionrandNorm( , ,[,num]),whichgeneratesarandom
realnumberfromaNormalDistributionwithmean andstandarddeviation .num,
whenspecified,returnstheresultsofnumtrials.
Sample(5)insertsthefunctionrandSamp(List_name,nun[,noRepl]),which
generatesnumrandomvaluesfromthepredefinedlistList_name.noRepl,when
specified,returnsresultswithoutreplacement.
Seed(6)insertsthefunctionrandSeedn_Seed.n_Seedbecomestheseedvaluefor
furtherrandomnumbergeneration.Usethiscommandtosetarandomseedwhenyou
wouldliketobeabletoreplicateyourrandomnumbers.
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Distributions:5providesprobabilitydensityfunction(PDF)valuesorcumulativeareasunder
thePDFforvariousdistributions:
NormalPdf(1)insertsthefunctionnormPdf(x, , ),whichprovidesthe value
associatedwiththegiven valueforaNormalPDFwithmean andstandarddeviation
.
NormalCdf(2)insertsthefunctionnormCdf(low,high, , ),whichprovidesthearea
underthecurvebetween and foraNormalPDFwithmean and
standarddeviation .
InverseNormal(3)insertsthefunctioninvNorm(area, , ),whichprovidesthe
valueassociatedwiththegivenareaunderthecurvefrom to foraNormalCDF
withmean andstandarddeviation .
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FCdf(B)insertsthefunctionFCdf(low,high, , ),whichprovidesthearea
underthecurvebetween and foranFPDFwith degreesof
freedominthenumeratorand degreesoffreedominthedenominator.
InverseF(C)insertsthefunctioninvF(area, , ),whichprovidesthe
valueassociatedwiththegivenareaunderthecurvefrom0to foranFCDFwith
degreesoffreedominthenumeratorand degreesoffreedominthe
denominator.
BinomialPdf(D)insertsthefunctionbinomPdf(n,p,x),whichprovidesthe
probabilityof successesinntrialswithprobabilitypofsuccess.
BinomialCdf(E)insertsthefunctionbinomCdf(n,p,x1,x2),whichprovidesthe
probabilityof to successesinntrialswithprobabilitypofsuccess.
GeometricPdf(F)insertsthefunctiongeomPdf(p,x),whichprovidestheprobability
ofthefirstsuccessoccurringonthe thtrial,withprobabilitypofsuccess.
GeometricCdf(G)insertsthefunctiongeomCdf(p,x1,x2),whichprovidesthe
probabilityofthefirstsuccessoccurringonthe thto thtrials,withprobabilitypof
success.
PoissonPdf(H)insertsthefunctionpoissPdf( ,x),whichprovidestheprobabilityof
ofsuccessesiftheaveragenumberofsuccessesinthegiventimeperiodis .
Note:InaPoissondistribution, and .Theprobabilityof successesisgiven
by: , .
!
PoissonCdf(I)insertsthefunctionpoissCdf( ,x1,x2),whichprovidestheprobability
of to successesiftheaveragenumberofsuccessesinthegiventimeperiodis .
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Chapter10:Statistics
[menu]Statistics(6)toopentheStatisticsMenu.
Toworkwithdata,inputthedatainaLists&Spreadsheetapplicationfirst.
Nameeachcolumnthatyouwishtousebytypingitsnameinthetoprowofthe
column.Thesenameswillbeusedtoreferencethedatainthecolumnsforstatistical
applications.
EnterdatabeginninginRow1.Note:Somedatacan
beenteredinmultiplerowsbyenteringformulasin
theFormulaRow(therowbetweentheNameofthe
columnandRow1).
o Example:=randint(3,6,15)insertsrandom
numbersfrom3to6inthefirst15rowsofthe
column.Note:ifyouuserandomvalues,you
canrecalculateanewsetwith[ctrl]R.
o Example:[menu]Data(3)GenerateSequence(1)toinserttheelements
ofasequenceinthecellsinacolumn(e.g.,1,2,3,or3,5,7,).Seepage35.
QuickGraph
Afterdatainoneormorecolumnshavebeennamedandentered:
Selectacolumnbyclickingontheletter(notthename)atthetopofthecolumnorby
pressingtheuparrowfromtherowcontainingthecolumnname.
Selectasecondcolumnifworkingwithtwovariabledata:
o Theindependentvariableshouldbeintheleftmostofthetwocolumnstobe
selected,andthedependentvariableshouldbetoitsimmediateright.Withthe
columncontainingtheindependentvariableselected,holddowntheshiftkey
andpresstherightarrowoncetoincludethesecondcolumnintheselection.
[menu]Data(3)QuickGraph(9)toshowadotplotofthedata.
GraphonaSeparatePage
[ctrl]IAddData&Statistics(5)tobeginagraphofthedata.Thedatashownwill
bethesetincolumnAoftheList&Spreadsheetapplication.
Clickonthe axislabelandselecttheindependentvariablefromthelistprovidedfor
thegraph.Ifthisistheonlyvariableentered,youwillseeadotplotof values.
Toaddadependentvariabletothegraph,clickonthe axislabelofthegraph(orpress
[tab]),andselectthedependentvariablefromthelistprovided.
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WorkingwiththeGraph
OntheData&Statisticspage,youcanchangetheplottype,plotproperties,removea
variable(orbothvariables),addaslider,addtext,plotaregressionequationofany
availabletype,ormodifythegraphwindow.
Youcanalsoadddatatoexistinglists.JusteditanyformulasintheFormulaRow,copy
formulastonewcells,orenterdatadirectly.Onecaution:ifdatainacolumnis
determinedbasedonaformulaintheFormulaRow,directdataentrymaycancelthe
formula.
OneVariableData
Withasinglevariabledefinedintheplot:
Quantitativedata:[menu]PlotType(1)allowsyoutoselectaDotPlot(1),BoxPlot
(2),Histogram(3)orNormalProbabilityPlot(4).
Categoricaldata:[menu]PlotType(1)allowsyoutoselectaDotChart(7),BarChart
(8)orPieChart(9).
Tochangevariables,clickonthe axislabelandselectthevariablefromthelist
provided.
Youcanforcequantitativedatatobedisplayedascategoricaldatabypressing:[menu]
PlotProperties(2)ForceCategoricalX(B).Note:inthismode,dataare
consideredalphabetically,so,forexample,10willresidebetween1and2.Movea
categoryby[ctrl]Clickingitanddraggingthelabelwhereyouwouldlikeittobe.
Youcanforcecategoricaldatawhicharebasedonquantitativevaluestobedisplayedas
quantitativedatabypressing:[menu]PlotProperties(2)ForceNumericalX(B).
TwoVariableDataandRegression
Withboth and variablesdefinedintheplot:
[menu]PlotType(1)allowsyoutoselecteitheraScatterPlot(5)oranXYLinePlot
(6).TheseareidenticalexcepttheXYLinePlotconnectsthedotswithlines.
Toaddaregressionline,[menu]Analyze(4)
Regression(6)andselectthetypeofregression
desired.Boththeregressioncurveanditsequation
willbeshownonthegraph.
Toshowtheplotofresidualsbelowtheregression
plot,[menu]Analyze(4)Residuals(7)Show
ResidualPlot(2)
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Noteaboutselectingaregressionmethod:Becarefultoconsiderthenatureofthedata
youareplottingwhenselectingaregressionmethod.Morepowerfulmethods,e.g.,
cubicratherthanlinear,willtypicallybebetterfits,butnotnecessarilybecausethe
modelisbetter.Randomnessinthedatacanbedisguisedbyusingtoopowerfula
method.Ingeneral,itisbesttousethesimplestmodelthatgeneratesrandom
residualsthatdonotfanoutsignificantlyateitherendofthegraph.
Toplotaverticallineforaparticular value,e.g.,themeanormedianofthe values,
[menu]Analyze(4)PlotValue(8)andenterthevalueoranexpressionforthe
valuetobeplotted,e.g.,mean(input_list).Thelinewillbeplottedonlyontheoriginal
dataplot,nottheresidualplot.
Toseetheimpactofasinglepoint(e.g.,aninfluentialpointoranoutlier),[ctrl]click
onthepointandmoveitwiththecursororarrowkeys.Thepointbecomeshollowand
highlighted.Theregressioncurveandresiduals,ifshown,willmovewithit.
o Toleavethepointinitsnewlocation,press[enter].
o Toputthepointbackwhereitwas,[ctrl][esc]or[ctrl]Z.
o Tochangethepointsformbacktowhatitwasbeforeyoumovedit,clickonit.
AfterpreformingaRegression:
[menu]Statistics(6)StatResults(2)provideskeyitemsfromthe
analysis.Forindividualitems,includingitemsnotlistedintheseresults,
seethenextbulletpoint.
stat.(makesureyoutypethedot)willprovideanopportunitytoview
and/orusetheresultsoftheanalysis.Forexample,afteraLinear
Regression,stat.bringsupthemenuatright,fromwhichtheusermay
selectanyoftheitemsshown.Ofparticularinterest:
o residprovidesalistoftheresidualsoftheregression.
Examples:
itemsfromthemenu.
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ConfidenceIntervals
[menu]Statistics(6)ConfidenceIntervals(6)andselectthetypeofconfidence
intervalyouwouldliketocreate.Press[enter].
IntheDataInputMethodmenuthatpopsup:
o SelectDataifyouwanttobaseyourintervalonasetofdatainaList.Youwill
thenbeaskedfortheitems(e.g.,Listname,thefrequencylistandthe
confidencelevel)thatwillbeusedtocreatetheConfidenceInterval.SelectOK.
o SelectStatsifyouwouldliketobaseyourintervalonasetofstatistics.Youwill
thenbeaskedforthevaluesofthestatistics(e.g.,mean,standarddeviation, ,
confidencelevel)thatwillbeusedtocreatetheConfidenceInterval.SelectOK.
HypothesisTests
[menu]Statistics(6)StatTests(7)andselectthetypeoftestyouwouldliketo
perform.Press[enter].
IntheDataInputMethodmenuthatpopsup:
o SelectDataifyouwanttobaseyourtestonasetofdatainaList.Youwillthen
beaskedfortheitems(e.g.,testvalue,Listname,thefrequencylistandthetype
ofalternativehypothesis)youwishtousetoperformthetest.SelectOK.
o SelectStatsifyouwouldliketobaseyourtestonasetofstatistics.Youwillthen
beaskedforthevaluesofthestatistics(e.g.,testvalue,mean,standard
deviation, ,andthetypeofalternativehypothesisyouwishtouse)thatwillbe
usedtoperformthetest.SelectOK.
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MenuItemsStatistics Statistics[Menu]
StatCalculations:1usetoperformastatisticalanalysison1 1StatCalculations
variabledataor2variabledata,includingregressionanalysis. 2StatResults
OneVariableStatistics(1)providesasetofstatisticsfor 3ListMath
thelistidentified. 4ListOperations
TwoVariableStatistics(2)providesasetofstatisticsfor 5Distributions
eachoftwolistsidentified,typically and . 6ConfidenceIntervals
LinearRegression (3)providestheresultsofa 7StatTests
linearregressionintheform .
LinearRegression (4)providestheresultsofalinearregressionintheform
.
MedianMedianLine(5)providesaregressionlinebasedonthemediansofthethree
thirdsofdata,whendataarealignedaccordingtovaluesoftheindependentvariable.
QuadraticRegression(6)Regressionusinga2nddegreepolynomial.
CubicRegression(7)Regressionusinga3rddegreepolynomial.
Quarticregression(8)Regressionusinga4thdegreepolynomial.
PowerRegression(9)Regressionusingapowerfunction.
ExponentialRegression(A)Regressionusingaexponentialfunction.
LogarithmicRegression(B)Regressionusingalogarithmicfunction.
SinusoidalRegression(C)Regressionusingasinefunction.
LogisticRegression (D)Regressionusingalogisticfunction.
LogisticRegression (E)Regressionusingalogisticfunction.
MultipleLinearRegression(F)Regressiononmultiplevariablesusinglinear
functions.
CorrelationMatrix(G)providesamatrixofthecorrelationsofthevariablesina
MultipleLinearRegression.
StatResults:2providestheresultsofanystatisticalanalysisperformed.
ListMath:3providesthefollowingelementsrelatedtoasetofonevariabledata(anylist):
Minimum(1) SampleVariance(8)using
Maximum(2) 1 inthedenominator
Mean(3) PopulationStandardDeviation(9)
Median(4) using inthedenominator
SumofElements(5) PopulationVariance(A)using
ProductofElements(6) inthedenominator
SampleStandardDeviation(7) TOC
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ListOperations:4performoperationsonalistofdata:
SortAscending(1) Augment(7)
SortDescending(2) ConvertListtoMatrix(8)
CumulativeSumList(3) ConvertMatrixtoList(9)
Fill(4) Left(A)
Sequence(5) Mid(B)
DifferenceList(6) Right(C)
Distributions:5SeeProbability(p.37)fordescriptions.
NormalPdf(1) Pdf(7) BinomialPdf(D)
NormalCdf(2) Cdf(8) BinomialCdf(E)
InverseNormal(3) Inverse (9) GeometricPdf(F)
tPdf(4) FPdf(A) GeometricCdf(G)
tCdf(5) FCdf(B) PoissonPdf(H)
Inverset(6) InverseF(C) PoissonCdf(I)
Intervals:6
zInterval(1) 1PropzInterval(5)
tinterval(2) 2PropzInterval(6)
2SamplezInterval(3) LinearRegtIntervals(7)
2Sampletinterval(4) MultipleRegIntervals(8)
StatTests:7
zTest(1) 2wayTest(8)
tTest(2) 2SampleFTest(9)
2SamplezTest(3) LinearRegtTest(A)
2SampletTest(4) MultipleRegTests(B)
1PropzTest(5) ANOVA(C)
2PropzTest(6) ANOVA2Way(D)
GOFTest(7)
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Chapter11:Connectivity
ConnectingTwonSpires
ThecableusedtoconnecttwonSpireshasaminiUSBconnectionon
eachend.
YoucanconnecttwonSpiresaslongastheyhavethesamekeypad.
InsertoneendoftheminiUSBcableintoeachnSpire.
TheUSBconnectionforannSpireCXCASis
locatedonthetopofthehandheldseethe
illustrationatright.
CopyingFilesorFoldersbetweennSpires
ConnectthetwonSpires.
OnthenSpirethatcontainsthefileorfoldertobe
Transferred,press:[home]MyDocuments(2)toopenthedocumentfilebrowser.
Usethearrowkeystohighlightthefileorfolderyouwanttocopy.
[doc]File(1)Send(6)tosendthefiletotheothernSpire.
Aprogressbarwillbedisplayedduringthetransferandanotificationwillbedisplayed
whenthetransferiscomplete.
ConnectingannSpiretoaPC(note:thiswillalsochargethenSpirebattery)
ThecableusedtoconnectannSpiretoaPChasaminiUSB
connectionononeendandastandardUSBconnectiononthe
otherend.
InserttheminiUSBcableintothenSpireandthestandardUSB
cableintoyourPC.
YoumaycopyfilestoorfromthePCusingTIsoftware.
IfyouhavenotpurchasedeithertheTeacherorStudentsoftware,youmayusethefree
TInSpirecomputerlinksoftwareforthispurpose.Itisavailableat:
https://education.ti.com/en/us/software/details/en/82035809F7E6474099944056CCB0
1C20/tinspire_computerlink.
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ChargingthenSpirebattery
ThecableusedtochargeannSpireisthesameoneusedto
connectittoaPC.
InserttheminiUSBcableintothenSpire.
InsertthestandardUSBcableintoeitheraPCorawallcharger.If
youuseawallcharger,youmustplugthewallchargerintoa
standardACoutlet(sorryhadtosaythat).
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Chapter12:Programming
ProgrammingLanguages
TIBasicisthesimplerofthetwo
programminglanguagesyoucanuseon
theTInSpire.MoreaboutTIBasicis
presentedbelow.
o TheBasicprogramminglanguageis
easytolearn,asitsnameimplies.
BooksonBasicprogrammingcan
befoundatmostbooksellers.
o AsampleprograminTIBasic,forrolling dice,isshownabove.
o TIBasicissimilarto,butnotexactlythesameas,theBasicprogramming
language.AgoodonlineprimeronTIBasicisavailableat:
Error!Hyperlinkreferencenotvalid..AnyonewantingtoprogramtheTInSpire
shouldbeginhere.
o AguidetoprogramminginTIBasiccanbefoundonpages315342oftheTI
nSpireSoftwareManual(pages327354ofthePDFfile),whichisavailableat:
http://www.manualslib.com/download/325947/TiTiNspire.html.
Luaisamorecomplexlanguage,andincludessubstantialgraphical
capabilities.Luaprogrammingisnotcoveredinthisdocument.
o InformationonLuaprogrammingcanbeobtainedat:
https://www.lua.org/.
o SomeexamplesofLuaprogrammingcanbefoundonJohnHannasnSpirepage
at:http://www.johnhanna.us/TInspire.htm.ThescreensfortwoofJohns
latestprogramsareshownbelow.
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Functionsvs.Programs
Userdefinedfunctionsandprogramsaretogetherreferredtoasscripts.Theydifferin
complexity,functionalityanddesign.
Functionsareusuallyshortandreturnasingleresulttotheuser.Infact,afunctions
purposeistoreturnavalue.
Functionsmaybeusedwithinmathematicalexpressions;programscannot.
Functionscanbegraphed;programscannot
Programsaretypicallylongerthanfunctionsandinvolvemorelogicaldecisionmaking.
Programsarerunoutsideofmathematicalexpressions,andmayproducenumerous
resultsfortheuser.
Someprocessescanbedevelopedthrougheitheraprogramorafunction.Which
approachyouchoosetousewillultimatelydependonthecomplexityoftheprocessyou
aremodelingandhowyouwishtousetheresult(s).
AlthoughwedonotcoverTIBasicprogrammingindetailinthisdocument,itmaybehelpfulto
takealookatasamplefunctionandasampleprogram.Wedothisbelow.Butfirst,
WritingaScriptinTIBasic
Towriteascript(i.e.,afunctionorprogram),youmustbeonaCalculatorpageinProblem1in
adocument.YoucanbeonanypageinProblem1.YoucannotwriteascriptintheScratchpad.
Itisagoodideatocreateadocumenttocontainfunctionsandprogramsonly.Ifyouwritealot
ofscripts,youmaywanttocreateseveralsuchdocumentsinordertoorganizethem.
Tobeginwritingascript,onacalculatorpage,press:[menu]Functions&Programs
(9)ProgramEditor(1)New(1).
Assignanametothescript.Note:youdonotneedtotellthenSpirethearguments
(i.e.,thevariablesintheparenthesesofthescriptdefinition)thatyouwishtousewith
thescriptuntilafteryouenterthescriptingpanelonthepage.
Identifythescriptasafunctionorprogram(seeaboveforthedifference).
Identifythetypeoflibraryaccessyoudesire.Noneleavesthescriptinthelibraryfor
thecurrentproblemonly.LibPrivplacesitinaprivatelibrary.LibPubwillmakeit
possibleforyoutoplaceyourscriptthenSpireCatalog,soyouwillbeabletoaccessitin
otherdocumentsortheScratchpad.
ClickonOKorpress[enter]whenyouaredone.
Thepagewillsplittoshowapanelcontainingthescript,withsomelinespreset.
[ctrl][tab]willmoveyoubackandforthbetweenthepanelsonthe TOC
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WritingaFunctioninTIBasic
FollowtheinstructionsunderWritingaScriptabove,identifyingthescriptasafunction.If
youwishthefunctiontobeavailableinthenSpireCatalog,besuretoselectLibPubasthetype
oflibraryaccessyoudesire.
Letslookatasamplefunction.TheoneshownbelowishandyinProbabilityTheorythe
randIntNoRepfunction,whichreturnsasetof nonrepeatingintegersoveraspecificrange
(lowBoundtoupBound).ThefunctionexistsintheTI84Catalog,butforsomereasonisnot
includedinthedefaultnSpireCatalog.Thesolution:writeafunctionsoyoucanuseitonthe
nSpire.Bywritingthisfunction,wereducetherequiredcalculatorentryfrom:
randSamp(seq(x,x,lowBound,upBound,1),n,1)torandIntNoRep(n,lowBound,upBound),
whichissimplerandmucheasiertoremember.Further,randIntNoRepcanbeplacedinthe
nSpireCatalogsoitcanbeusedinanydocumentoronthescratchpadofyournSpire.
LetstakealookatthefunctionrandIntNoReplinebyline:
Line1:DefineLibPubrandintnorep(numint,lowbound,upbound)=Thislineis
generatedbytheprogrameditor.Itcontainsthenameoftheprogram,thelibrary
accessforthefunctionandparentheses.
Everyfunctionhasanamefollowedby
parentheses;ifyouwishtopass
argumentstothefunction,youmusttype
themintheparenthesesinthetopline.I
typedthearguments ,lowBound
andupBoundinsidetheparenthesesto
letthefunctionknowthatIwantitto
return integersbetween
lowBoundandlowBound,inclusive.
Line2:FuncThislineisplacedintheprogrambytheprogrameditor.Itidentifiesthis
scriptasafunction(i.e.,notaprogram).
Line3:LocalxThislineprovidesthenamesofanyvariablesthatIwanttodefineinside
thescriptonlythatis,Idonotwantthesevariablestoexistintheproblemafterthe
scriptruns.Everyvariableusedinafunctionshouldbeeitheranargumentpassedto
thefunctionbytheuser(e.g.,numint)orlistedinaLocalstatement.Otherwise,you
mayinadvertantlycreatevariablesinyourdocument.
Line4:min(numint,upboundlowbound+1)numintJusttoeliminateerrors,Iwanted
tomakesureitwasnotpossibletoaskformoreintegersthanexistinthespecified
range.So,Ilimitnuminttothenumberofintegersintherangebetween
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Line5:ReturnrandSamp(seq(x,x,lowbound,upbound,1),numint,1)Thisisthegutsof
thefunction.IusethemorecomplicatednSPirefunctionstogeneratethelistof
randomintegersIwant.ThekeywordReturntellsthefunctionthattheresultofthis
statementiswhatshouldbereturnedtotheuser.Allfunctionshaveoneormore
Returnstatements;withoutthem,nothingisreturnedtotheuserandthefunctionis
useless.
Line6:EndFuncThislineisplacedinthefunctionbytheprogrameditor.Itsignifies
theendofthefunction.
SeeAfterWritingYourScriptbelowfortheprocessesthatmustoccurafteryouwriteyour
functiontomakesureitworksproperlyandbecomesavailableviathenSpireCatalog.
WritingaPrograminTIBasic
FollowtheinstructionsunderWritingaScriptabove,identifyingthescriptasaprogram.If
youwishtheprogramtobeavailableinthenSpireCatalog,besuretoselectLibPubasthetype
oflibraryaccessyoudesire.
Letslookatasampleprogram.Theoneshown
here,Dice,simulatestherollingof diceand
returnsthemessageYourolledfollowedby
thetotalnumberrolled.
Line1:DefineLibPubdice(n)=Thisline
isgeneratedbytheprogrameditor.It
containsthenameoftheprogram,the
libraryaccessfortheprogramand
parentheses.Iplacedtheargument
insidetheparenthesestolettheprogram
knowhowmanydicewillberolled.
Line2:PrgmThislineisplacedintheprogrambytheprogrameditor.Itidentifiesthis
scriptasaprogram(i.e.,notafunction).
Line3:Locala,b,iThislineprovidesthenamesofanyvariablesthatIwanttodefine
insidetheprogramonlythatis,Idonotwantthesevariablestoexistintheproblem
afterthescriptruns.Everyvariableusedinaprogramshouldbeeitheranargument
passedtothefunctionbytheuser(e.g.,n)orlistedinaLocalstatement.Otherwise,
youmayinadvertantlycreatevariablesinyourdocument.
Line4:b:=0Thevariable iswhatIwillusetoaccumulatethetotalofthe
dicethrown.So,Ineedtoinitializeitatavalueof0. TOC
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Line5:Fori,1,ntoline8:EndForThisfourlineblockofcodeisastandardForLoopin
theBasicprogramminglanguage.Itoldtheprogramtoexecutelines6and7multiple
times,asthevariableiisiteratedfrom1ton.Eachiterationassignsarandomnumber
from1to6tothevariable ,thenadds totheaccumulatedtotalin .
Line9:DispYourolled,bIwanttheusertounderstandtheoutputoftheprogram,
soIcreatedamessagetobeprintedonthescreenalongwiththeresult.
Line10:EndPrgmThislineisplacedintheprogrambytheprogrameditor.Itsignifies
theendoftheprogram.
AfterWritingYourScript
Afteryouhavewrittenyourscript(eitherafunctionoraprogram),youshouldchecktoseeif
thenSpirecanunderstandwhatyouwroteandsaveyourscript.
Ifyouarenotalreadyinthepanelcontainingthescript,[ctrl][tab]toit.
Tocheckyoursyntax(i.e.,whetheryouwrotethescriptsothenSpirecanunderstand
it),andsavethescripttothenSpiresmemory,
o Press:[menu]CheckSyntax&Store(2)CheckSyntax&Store(1)or,use
theshortcut[ctrl]B.Ifyoursyntaxisincorrect,youwillreceiveanerror
messagedescribingtheerror.Note:ifyoursyntaxiscorrect,yourscriptmaystill
containlogicalerrorsthenSpireonlydoeswhatyoutellitto,sobeprecisein
yourscriptingefforts.
o Ifyouwanttocheckyoursyntaxbeforesavingyourwork,press:[menu]
CheckSyntax&Store(2)CheckSyntax(2)
Finally,movebacktotheCalculatorpanelandtestyourscript.Forexample,Inthecase
ofthesampleprogramdice(n),theusermusttypedice(3)toroll3dice,dice(5)toroll
5dice,etc.Checktoseeiftheresultsmakesense.
Ifthescriptdoesnotbehavethewayyouwanteditto,youwillneedtomovebackto
thescriptingpanelandcorrectyourscript.
SavingYourScripttotheCatalog
ThefollowingstepsmustbetakentosaveyourscriptsothatitisavailablefromthenSpire
catalogforuseinotherdocumentsandtheScratchpad.
First,makesureeachscriptthatyouwanttoaccessviathecataloghasthe
keywordLibPubinthedefinitionline. TOC
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Savethefilecontainingthescriptsinthe
MyLibdirectorywithanameyoucan
easilyremember.
RefreshthePublicLibrary,andthereforethe
Catalog,bypressing:[home]My
Documents(2)[menu]Refresh
Libraries(B)
Atthispointyouwillbeabletoaccessyour
functionsandprogramsinanysituationwhere
youneedthem.
AccessingUserDefinedScriptsfromtheCatalog
ToaccessanyyourscriptsfromtheCatalog,youmustrememberthenameofthefileinwhich
yousavedthemintheMyLibdirectory.Thestepstoaccessyourscriptsare:
FromaCalculatorpage,pressthecatalogkey:
Press:6tobringupthesetofuserdefined
scripts.Youwillseesomethinglikethe
displayinthefigureatleft.
Clickonthenameofthefilethatincludes
yourscripts.Youwillseesomethinglikethe
displayinthefigureatleft.
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Clickonthenameofthescriptyouwish
touse.Onthescreen,youwillseethe
nameofthefilecontainingyourscript,a
backslash(\)andthenameofthescript.
Enteranyargumentsrequiredinsidethe
scriptsparenthesesandpress[enter]to
seetheresults.Seethefigureatright,
whichcontainsseveralexecutionsofthe
functionrandintnoreptogeneratethree
nonrepeatingrandomintegersbetween
7and15,inclusive.
Notethatfunctionsmaybeusedinsideprogramsandotherfunctions,soyoucancreatesome
ratherintriguingcascadesoffunctions.Justbesureyoudonotoutsmartyourself.Automated
processesarebestdevelopedinsmallsteps,wheretheresultsofeachstepcanbeevaluated
forreasonableness.
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SomeKeywordsandStructurestoKnowWhenProgrammingScripts
Youwillneedtostudyhowtoprogramifyouwanttowriteanythingbeyondthesimple
typesofscriptsshowninthischapter.Belowisalistofsomeofthekeywordsyoushouldbe
awareofifyouchoosetowritescripts:
Dispexpressionorstring[,expressionorstring]printsthemessageorvariable
valueinexpressionorstringonthescreen.Anexpressionmaycontainoneormore
variables,operations,functions,etc.
Requestpromptstring,variablerequestsinputfromtheuser.Thepromptstring
mustbeinquotes();itisdisplayedonthescreeninadialogbox.Whentheuser
entersthevalueofvariableintheboxandpresses[enter],theprogramcontinues.
Returnexpressionusedinafunctiontoreturnexpressionastheresultofthe
function.Inasubroutine,Return(withnoargument)isusedtoexitthesubroutine.
Lbllabelnameidentifiesalocationwithintheprogramwiththelabelprovided.
Gotolabelnamecausestheprogramtobranchtothelocationlabelname.
Stopstopsthecurrentprocess.
Whileexpression
Blockofcode Executesablockofcode aslongasexpressionistrue.
EndWhile
IfexpressionThen
Blockofcode
Else Executesthefirstblockofcodeifexpressionistrueand
Blockofcode thesecondblockofcodeifexpressionisnottrue.
EndIf
Manyfunctionsandprogramscanbewrittenwithjustthesekeywords(and,ofcourse,
variablemanipulation).Learnmoreat: TOC
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AppendixA
KeyboardShortcutsfortheTInSpireCXCAS
Document Keyboard
[ctrl]NNewdocument. Alternatives
[ctrl]OOpendocument.
pi
[ctrl]WClosedocument. theta
[ctrl]SSavedocument. infinity
[ctrl]IInsertapagewithinaprobleminadocument.
sqrt()
abs() | |
Copy,Paste,etc. @d degrees
[ctrl]ZUndo.Also[ctrl][esc] @r radians
[ctrl]YRedo. <=
[ctrl]XCut. >=
[ctrl]CCopy. @i
[ctrl]VPaste. @e
Note:the@signisin
GraphApplication the4thlineofthe
[ctrl]Gaddafunctiontoagraph. symbolpalette .
[ctrl]Ttogglebetweenfullscreenandasplitscreen
showingatableofvalues.
NotesApplication Calculus
[ctrl]MinsertaMathBox. [shift] toopentheintegral
[ctrl]EinsertaChemBox. template.
[shift] toopenthederivative
template.
ListsandSpreadsheetApplication
[ctrl]Gmovetoaspecificcell.
LineEditing
[ctrl]Rrecalculateallformulas.
[ctrl] movetobeginningofline.
[ctrl] movetoendofline.
ProgramEditor [ctrl] moveuponepage.
[ctrl]Bchecksyntaxandstore [ctrl] movedownonepage.
program.
[ctrl]Ffindastringinaprogram. TOC
[ctrl]Hfindandreplaceastringinaprogram.
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AppendixB
SomeKeyboardCommandsfortheTInSpireCXCAS
Manycommandscanbeinputfromthekeyboard.Herearesomeofthemoreinterestingones.
Note:the@keyisinthe4thlineofthesymbolpalette.The>keyisthefirstsymbol
intheinequalitypalette.Thekeyisinthe2ndlineofthesymbolpalette.
General
lockvar1[,var2,]locksthespecifiedvariable(s)soitcannotbechanged.
unlockvar1[,var2,]unlocksthespecifiedvariable(s)soitcanbechanged.
Algebra
abs(expression)returnstheabsolutevalueofexpressionorlist,orthemagnitudeofa
complexexpression.
o abs , , , ,
domain(expression,var)returnsthedomainofexpressionoverthevariable.
o domain ,
factor(expression)factorsexpression.Ifexpressionisanumber,returnstheprime
factorizationofthenumber.
o factor( )
o factor(230052)
cfactor(expression)factorsexpressionintocomplexfactorsifnecessary.Ifthe
expressionisanumber,returnstheprimefactorizationofthenumber.
o cfactor( )
o cfactor(230052)
completesquare(expression,var)completesthesquareofexpressioninthegiven
variable.
o completesquare( )
mod(expression,number)returnsexpressionmodulonumber
o mod(13,3)1(because13 mod 3 1
polyroots(polynomial,var)returnstherealrootsofpolynomialinthevariablegiven.
o polyroots , {5,2}
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polyroots({listofcoefficients})returnstherealrootsofpolynomialwithcoefficients
definedbythelist.
o polyroots , , {5,2}
cpolyroots(polynomial,var)returnsthecomplexrootsofpolynomialinthevariable
given.
o polyroots , ,
cpolyroots({listofcoefficients})returnstherealrootsofpolynomialwithcoefficients
definedbythelist.
o polyroots , , ,
zeros(expression,var)returnstherealzerosofexpressioninthevariablegiven.Same
aspolyrootsforapolynomial,butcanhandleotherfunctions.
o zeros , (where,n1isanyinteger)
czeros(expression,var)returnsthecomplexzerosofexpressioninthevariablegiven.
Sameascpolyrootsforapolynomial,butcanhandleotherfunctions.
Trigonometry
expression@>sinconvertsexpressiontoonebasedonlyonthesinefunction.
o 1cos(x)2@>sinsin(x)2
expression@>cosconvertsexpressiontoonebasedonlyonthecosinefunction.
o 1sin(x)2@>coscos(x)2
tCollect(expression)convertsproductsandintegerpowersofsinesandcosinesin
expressiontoalinearcombinationofsinesandcosinesofmultipleangles,anglesums
andangledifferences.ItistheinverseoftExpand.
o tCollect(sin(x) cos(y))
tExpand(expression)expandsexpressionusingthesineandcosinefunctions.
o tExpand(sin(x+y))cos(x)sin(y)+sin(x) cos(y)
expression@>polarconvertsRectangularcoordinatestoPolarcoordinates.
o [1,3.]@>polar[3.162281.24905](angleresultisinradians)
o SeebelowforconversionofPolarcoordinatestoRectangularcoordinates.
expression@>cylindconverts3DRectangularcoordinatestoCylindrical.
o [1,2.,3]@>cylind[2.236071.107153](angleresultisinradians)
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expression@>sphereconverts3DRectangularorCylindricalcoordinatestoPolar.
o [1,2.,3.]@>sphere[3.741661.107150.64052](angleresultsare
inradians)
o [1, ,3.]@>sphere[3.16228 0.32175](angleresultsarein
radians)
Vectorinpolarform[enter]convertsPolarcoordinatestoRectangular.
o [menu]Matrix&Vector(7)Create(1)Matrix(1)tocreatea1x2
matrix(avector).Thefirstelementisthemagnitude,thesecondelementisthe
angle(usethekeyandentertheangleinradians).
o [enter] , (exactanswer)
o [ctrl][enter][2.12132,2.12132](approximateanswer)
Matrices
augment(matrix1,matrix2)returnsanewmatrixwithmatrix2appendedtomatrix1
asnewcolumns.
charpoly(squarematrix,var)returnsthecharacteristicpolynomialofsquarematrixin
thevariablespecified.
det(squarematrix)returnsthedeterminantofsquarematrix.
diag(list)returnsadiagonalmatrixwiththeelementsoflistalongthediagonal.
eigVc(squarematrix)returnstheeigenvectorsofsquarematrix.
eigVl(squarematrix)returnstheeigenvaluesofsquarematrix.
ref(matrix)returnstherowechelonformofmatrix.
o
rref(matrix)returnsthereducedrowechelonformofmatrix.
o
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Calculus
fmax(expression,var[,lowbound[,upbound]])returnsthefunctionmaximumofthe
expression.Iflowboundand/orupboundareincluded,theyrestrictthedomainover
whichthemaximumisdetermined.
o fmax , or (whicharetheasymptotes)
o fmax , , . , . (whichistherelative
maximumofthefunctionontheinterval[4.99,1.01])
fmin(expression,var[,lowbound[,upbound]])returnsthefunctionminimumofthe
expression.Iflowboundand/orupboundareincluded,theyrestrictthedomainover
whichthemaximumisdetermined.Worksthesamewayasfmax.
normalLine(expression,var=value)returnstheequationofthelinenormalto
expressionatvar value.
o nomalLine , ,
tangentLine(expression,var=value)returnstheequationofthelinetangentto
expressionatvar value.
o tangentLine , ,
ProbabilityandStatistics
!
nCr(n,r)returns Note:The|keyisthelast
! !
symbolinsecondrowofthe
o nCr ,
inequalitypalette .
o ans| 10
!
nPr(n,r)returns
!
o nPr ,
o ans| 60
randSeednumbersetstherandomseedvalueforgeneratingrandomnumbers.If
0,theseedsetstothefactoryresult.Onewaytogetadecentrandomseed
istoenterthetimeinminutesandseconds.Succeedingrandomnumbers,thenare
morelikelytobetrulyrandom.
o randseed1542(for15minutesand42secondspastthehour)
rand()returnsarandomdecimalbetween0and1.
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rand(n)returnsnrandomdecimalsbetween0and1.
randInt(lowBound,upBound[,n])returnsarandomintegerbetweenlowBoundand
upBound,inclusive.
randInt(lowBound,upBound[,n])returnsnrandomintegersbetweenlowBoundand
upBound,inclusive.
randSamp(seq(x,x,lowBound,upBound,1),n,1)returnsnnonrepeatingrandom
integersbetweenlowBoundandupBound,inclusive.
o randSamp(seq(x,x,3,8,1),6,1){3,6,8,4,7,5}
o note:thisiscomplicatedtoremember,soyoumaywanttowriteafunction
randIntNoRep(n,lowBound,upBound)likeexistsontheTI84andstoreitin
thepubliclibrary.ThecodeforthisisprovidedinChapter10.
mean(list[,freqList])returnsthemeanoftheitemsinlistwithfrequenciesinfreqList.
median(list[,freqList])returnsthemedianoftheitemsinlistwithfrequenciesin
freqList.
stDevPop(list[,freqList])returnsthestandarddeviationofthepopulationinlistwith
frequenciesinfreqList.Itusesninthedenominatorofthecalculation.
stDevSamp(list[,freqList])returnsthestandarddeviationofthesampleinlistwith
frequenciesinfreqList.Itusesn1inthedenominatorofthecalculation.
TherearenoLibraryfunctionsfortheskewnessorkurtosisstatisticsofapopulationor
sample.
sum(list[,Start[,End]])returnsthesumoftheitemsinlist.
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AppendixC:SpecialProjects
SolidofRevolutionaboutthe axis
AddaGraphspage.[ctrl]IAddGraphs(2).
Breakthedisplayintotwopanels.[doc]Page
Layout(5)Layout2(2).
Adjustthepanelsizes.
o [doc]PageLayout(5)Custom(1).
o Usethearrowkeystochangethepagesplit
sothatroughly1/3isontheleft.
Intheleftpanel,plotthefunctiontoberevolved:
[ctrl]Genterfunctiondefinition.
Createaverticalsegmentunderthecurvethatcanbemovedleftandright.
o Graphverticalline:[menu]GraphEntry/Edit(3)Relation(2)
o Addasliderfortheconstantc:[menu]Actions(1)InsertSlider(B).Setan
initialvalueof sothatyoucanseeitwellonthegraph.
o Markthepointsofintersectionoftheline withyourcurveandthe axis:
[menu]Geometry(8)Points&Lines(1)IntersectionPoints(3).
o Drawasegmentbetweenthetwopointsofintersection:[menu]Geometry(8)
Points&Lines(1)Segment(5).Clickonthepointsofintersection.
o Hidethepointsofintersectionandtheverticalline .Hoverthemouseover
each,then[ctrl][menu]Hide(4).Also,dothistolabelsifyoulike.
o Changeattributesofthecurveorsegment.Hoverovertheobject,then
[ctrl][menu]Attributes(3)tochangethicknessormakedotted.
[ctrl][menu]Color(8)tochangecolor.
o Zoomasdesired:[menu]Window/Zoom(4).
Graphthediskandthesolidofrevolutionintherightpanel.Beginbyclickingintheright
panel(or[ctrl][tab]).Thefunctionswillbedefinedparametrically.
o [menu]View(2)3DGraphing(3).
o [menu]3DGraphEntry/Edit(3)Parametric(2).
o Graphthediskin3D: , ; , ;
,
o Graphthesolidin3D: , ; , ;
,
o Changeattributes,hidethe3Dbox,etc.foraprettierdisplay.
o Zoomasdesired. TOC
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ConnectaGeometryItemtoaCurveinaGraph
Example:EquilateralTriangle
AddaGraphspageandplotafunction:[ctrl]G
Createaverticalsegmentunderthecurvethatcan
bemovedleftandright.
o Graphverticalline:[menu]Graph
Entry/Edit(3)Relation(2)
o Addasliderfortheconstantc:[menu]
Actions(1)InsertSlider(B).Setavalue
of thatyoucanseewellonthegraph.
o Markthepointsofintersectionoftheline
withyourcurveandthe axis:[menu]Geometry(8)Points&Lines(1)
IntersectionPoints(3).
o Drawasegmentbetweenthetwopointsofintersection:[menu]Geometry(8)
Points&Lines(1)Segment(5).Clickonthepointsofintersection.
o Hidethepointsofintersectionandtheverticalline .Hoverthemouseover
each,then[ctrl][menu]Hide(3or4).Also,dothistolabelsifyoulike.
o Changeattributesofthecurveorsegment.Hoverovertheobject,then
[ctrl][menu]Attributes(3)tochangethicknessormakedotted.
[ctrl][menu]Color(8)tochangecolor.
o Zoomasdesired:[menu]Window/Zoom(4).
Createanequilateraltrianglewithonesidebeingtheverticalsegment.
o Drawapairofrotatedsegments:
[menu]Geometry(8)Transformation(5)Rotation(4).
Clickonthesegment.
Clickonthebottompointofthesegment.
Type [enter].Rotationiscounterclockwise.
Clickonthesegment.
Clickonthetoppointofthesegment.
Type [enter].Rotationiscounterclockwise.
Thiswillcompletethetriangle.
o Changeattributesandcolorsofthecurve,segmentandtriangle.
o Hideanythingyoudonotwanttoshow.
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VolumebyCrossSection
Using3DParametricEquations
Example:SquareCrossSections
AddaGraphspageandplotfunctions:
[ctrl]IGraphs(2)toaddaGraphspage.
[menu]View(2)3DGraphing(3)[esc]
tocreatea3Dgraph.
[menu]View(2)HideBox(4)tohidethe
3Dbox.
Addasliderfortheconstantc, whichwillvarywith
thevariable :[menu]Actions(1)Insert
Slider(B).Enterminimumandmaximumvaluesof ,setavalueof betweenthe
minimumandmaximumvaluesof ,andclickonMinimize.Thenclick[enter].
[menu]3DGraphEntry/Edit(3)Parametric(2)tomakethegraphparametric.
Settherangesofthe , and variablesthatwillbeshownonthegraph:[menu]
Range/Zoom(4)RangeSettings(1).Notethattherangesforsomevariablesmayneed
tobeexpandedinordertoshowtheboundarylinesforthosevariablesonthegraph.
Ploteachofthefunctionsinthetablebelow.Notethatthefunctionswillvaryforcross
sectionsotherthanasquare.Somemathisrequiredtogeneratethecorrectfunctions.
o [ctrl]G(ifneeded,toopentheentryline;itmayalreadybeopen).
o Enterthevaluesofthe , and equationsofthecurve.Makesureyou[tab]to
theellipsisbuttontoentertheproperrangesoftheparameterstandu.
o Adjusttheattributesandcolorofthecurve,hidelabels,etc.
Rotatethegraph(w/arrowkeysor key)andmovetheslidertocheckoutyourcreation.
Curve 1 2 3 4 5
topcurve base front back vertical
Description (height) curve boundary boundary slice
range 0, 2 0, 2 0, 0, 0, 1
range 0, 0, 0, 1 0, 1 0, 1
__(t,u)
1 1 0
__(t,u)
3 3
__(t,u) 0 TOC
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AppendixD
IndexofHyperlinkstoKeyItems
IntheMicrosoftWordversionofthisdocument,youcangotoatopicbypressing[ctrl]clickon
itsdescriptionabove.BothMicrosoftWordandAdobePDF(goodforphones)versionsofthis
documentareavailableonlineat:http://www.mathguy.us/BySubject/nSpire.php.
UsingtheTInSpireCXCASHandheld October2,2016