FISH DISEASES AND DISORDERS

Volume 3
Viral, Bacterial and Fungal Infections
 FISH DISEASES AND
DISORDERS
Volume 3
Viral, Bacterial and Fungal
Infections

Edited by

P.T.K. Woo
Department of Zoology
University of Guelph
Canada

and

D.W. Bruno
FRS Marine Laboratory
Aberdeen
UK

CABI Publishing
 CABI Publishing CABI Publishing
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CAB INTERNATIONAL 1999. All rights reserved. No part of this

publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means,
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otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners.

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Fish diseases and disorders / edited by P.T.K. Woo.
p. cm.
Vol. 2 has editors: J.F. Leatherland and P.T.K. Woo.
Vol. 3 has editors: P.T.K. Woo and D.W. Bruno.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Contents: v. 1. Protozoan and metazoan infections v. 2. Non
- infectious disorders v. 3. Viral, bacterial, and fungal
infections.
ISBN 0-85198-823-7 (alk. paper). ISBN 0-85199-126-2. ISBN
0-85199-194-7
1. Fishes Diseases. 2. Fishes Infections. I. Woo, P. T. K.
II. Leatherland, J. F. (John F.) III. Bruno, D. W. (David W.)
SH171.F562 1998
571.917 dc21 9827553
CIP

ISBN 0 85199 194 7

Typeset by Solidus (Bristol) Ltd

Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, Guildford and Kings Lynn
 Contents

Contributors vii

Preface ix

1. Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis and Associated Aquatic

Birnaviruses 1
P.W. Reno

2. Infectious Haematopoietic Necrosis Virus 57

L.M. Bootland and J.C. Leong

3. Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia 123

D.A. Smail

4. Other Viral Diseases and Agents of Cold-water Fish:

Infectious Salmon Anaemia, Pancreas Disease and Viral
Erythrocytic Necrosis 149
B.H. Dannevig and K.E. Thorud

5. Spring Viraemia of Carp and Other Viral Diseases and

Agents of Warm-water Fish 177
N. Fijan

6. Rickettsial and Chlamydial Infections 245

C.N. Lannan, J.L. Bartholomew and J.L. Fryer

7. Bacterial Kidney Disease (Renibacterium salmoninarum) 269

G.D. Wiens and S.L. Kaattari

8. Enterococcus seriolicida and Streptococcus iniae 303

R. Kusuda and F. Salati

v
vi Contents

9. Mycobacteriosis and Nocardiosis 319

S. Chinabut

10. Furunculosis (Aeromonas salmonicida) 341

M. Hiney and G. Olivier

11. Motile Aeromonads (Aeromonas hydrophila) 427

T. Aoki

12. Enteric Redmouth Disease (Yersinia ruckeri) 455

M.T. Horne and A.C. Barnes

13. Edwardsiella Septicaemias 479

J.A. Plumb

14. Vibriosis 523

L.A. Actis, M.E. Tolmasky and J.H. Crosa

15. Flavobacterial Diseases: Columnaris Disease, Cold-water

Disease and Bacterial Gill Disease 559
E.B. Shotts, Jr and C.E. Starliper

16. Other Bacterial Pathogens 577

J.G. Daly

17. Saprolegnia and Other Oomycetes 599

D.W. Bruno and B.P. Wood

18. Ichthyophonus and Related Organisms 661

A.H. McVicar

19. Applying Epidemiology to Infectious Diseases of Fish 689

M.A. Thorburn

20. Shellfish Diseases (Viral, Bacterial and Fungal) 723

S.E. McGladdery

Glossary 843

Index 861
 Contributors

L.A. Actis, Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056,

USA.
T. Aoki, Laboratory of Genetics and Biochemistry, Department of Aquatic
Biosciences, Tokyo University of Fisheries, Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo
108, Japan.
A.C. Barnes, FRS Marine Laboratory, PO Box 101, Victoria Road, Aberdeen
AB11 9DB, UK.
J.L. Bartholomew, Department of Microbiology and Center for Salmon Disease
Research, 220 Nash Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
97331-3804, USA.
L.M. Bootland, Department of Microbiology and Center for Salmon Disease
Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-3804, USA.
D.W. Bruno, FRS Marine Laboratory, PO Box 101, Victoria Road, Aberdeen
AB11 9DB, UK.
S. Chinabut, Aquatic Animal Health Research Institute, Department of Fisheries,
Kasetsart University Campus, Jatujak 10900, Bangkok, Thailand.
J.H. Crosa, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of
Medicine, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon
97201-3098, USA.
J.G. Daly, Division of Natural Sciences, Purchase College, State University of
New York, Purchase, New York 10577, USA.
B.H. Dannevig, Department of Morphology, Genetics and Aquatic Biology,
Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo,
Norway.
N. Fijan, Department of Biology and Pathology of Fish and Bees, College of
Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, PO Box 190,
10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
J.L. Fryer, Department of Microbiology and Center for Salmon Disease
Research, 220 Nash Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
97331-3804, USA.

vii
viii Contributors

M. Hiney, Fish Disease Group, Department of Microbiology, National

University of Ireland Galway, Galway City, Ireland.
M.T. Horne, Aqua Health (Europe) Ltd, Unit 31, Enterprise House, Springkerse
Business Park, Stirling FK7 7UF, UK.
S.L. Kaattari, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Marine Science,
Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary,
Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062, USA.
R. Kusuda, Fish Disease Laboratory, Department of Marine Biotechnology,
Fukuyama University, Fukuyama, Hiroshima 729-0292, Japan.
C.N. Lannan, Department of Microbiology and Center for Salmon Disease
Research, 220 Nash Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
97331-3804, USA.
J.C. Leong, Department of Microbiology and Center for Salmon Disease
Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-3804, USA.
S.E. McGladdery, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Gulf Fisheries Centre,
343 Archibald Street, Moncton, New Brunswick E1C 5K4, Canada.
A.H. McVicar, FRS Marine Laboratory, PO Box 101, Victoria Road, Aberdeen
AB11 9DB, UK.
G. Olivier, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, PO Box 550, Halifax, Nova
Scotia, Canada B3J 2S7.
J.A. Plumb, Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures, International
Center for Aquaculture and Aquatic Environments, Auburn University,
Alabama 36849, USA.
P.W. Reno, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Department of
Microbiology, Laboratory for Fish Disease Research, Mark O. Hatfield
Marine Science Center, Newport, Oregon 97365-5296, USA.
F. Salati, National Institute for Cancer Research, IST Advanced Biotechnology
Centre, Marine Biotechnology, Genoa, Italy.
E.B. Shotts, Jr, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Georgia,
Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
D.A. Smail, The Marine Laboratory, PO Box 101, Victoria Road, Aberdeen
AB11 9DB, UK.
C.E. Starliper, National Fish Health Research Laboratory, 1700 Leetown Road,
Kearneysville, West Virginia 25430, USA.
M.A. Thorburn, Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary
College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
K.E. Thorud, National Veterinary Institute, PO Box 8156 Dep., 0033 Oslo,
Norway.
M.E. Tolmasky, Institute of Molecular Biology and Nutrition, Department of
Biological Science, School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics,
California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, California 92834-6850,
USA.
G.D. Wiens, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon
Health Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland,
Oregon 97201, USA.
B.P. Wood, FRS Marine Laboratory, PO Box 101, Victoria Road, Aberdeen
AB11 9DB, UK.
 Preface

This comprehensive volume is on the major viral, bacterial and fungal diseases
in fin- and shellfishes. It completes the three-volume series on fish diseases and
disorders; Volume I (published in 1995) is on parasitic diseases in fin- and
shellfishes while Volume II (published in 1998) deals with non-infectious
disorders in finfish. Reviews in the three volumes are written by international
authorities who are actively working in the area or have contributed greatly to
our understanding of specific piscine diseases or disorders. Authors in the
present book are experts on infectious microbial diseases, and are from North
America, Europe and Asia.
As in Volumes I and II, the principal audience of this volume is research
scientists in the aquaculture industry and universities, fish health consultants
and managers of government fish health laboratories. This volume is also
appropriate for graduate and senior undergraduate students interested in
microbial diseases of fish.
The secondary audience includes parasitologists and environmental
toxicologists who may wish to initiate research programmes on the combined
effects of microbial and parasitic infections on fish health and the synergistic
effects of pollutants on microbial diseases. We expect this secondary audience to
increase as it becomes evident that this combined effect can have a great impact
on fish health and production and that fish health can also be used as an indicator
of problems in the aquatic ecosystem.
We would like to thank Dr R.M.W. Stevenson, Department of Microbiology,
University of Guelph, for her advice during the planning of this book.

Patrick T.K. Woo

David W. Bruno

ix