CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BASIC PRINCIPLE OF SOLAR INVERTER

A solar inverter, or PV inverter, converts the variable direct current (DC) output of a
photovoltaic (PV) solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed
into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-grid electrical network. It is a critical
component in a photovoltaic system, allowing the use of ordinary commercial appliances. Solar
inverters have special functions adapted for use with photovoltaic arrays, including maximum
power point tracking and anti-islanding protection

1.2 NEED OF SOLAR INVERTER

There are two types of sources for electrical power generation. One is conventional and other

is non- conventional. Today to generate most of electrical power conventional sources like coal,
gas, nuclear power generators are used. Some of conventional source are polluted the environment
to generate the electricity. And nuclear energy is not much preferable because of its harmful
radiation effect on the mankind. After some of ten years conventional sources will not sufficient
enough to fulfill the requirements of the mankind. So some of the electrical power should be
generated by non-conventional energy sources like solar, wind .With the continuously reducing
the cost of PV power generation and the further intensification of energy crisis, PV power
generation technology obtains more and more application.

Conventionally, there are two ways in which electrical power is transmitted. Direct current
(DC) comes from a source of constant voltage and is suited to short-range or device level
transmission. Alternating current (AC) power consists of a sinusoidal voltage source in which
a continuously changing voltage (and current) can be used to employ magnetic components.
Long distance electrical transmission favors AC power, since the voltage can be boosted easily

1
with the use of transformers. By boosting the voltage, less current is needed to deliver a given
amount of power to a load, reducing the resistive loss through conductors.

The adoption of AC power has created a trend where most devices adapt AC power from an
outlet into DC power for use by the device. However, AC power is not always available and
the need for mobility and simplicity has given batteries an advantage in portable power. Thus,
for portable AC power, inverters are needed. Inverters take a DC voltage from a battery or a
solar panel as input, and convert it into an AC voltage output.

FIG 1.4 SOLAR INVERTER SCHEMATICS

1.3 TYPES OF SOLAR INVERTER

Solar inverters may be classified into three broad types.

1. Stand Alone Inverters

2. Grid Tie Inverters
3. Battery Backup Inverters

2
1.3.1 STAND ALONE INVERTERS

Stand-alone inverters, used in isolated systems where the inverter draws its DC energy from
batteries charged by photovoltaic arrays. Many stand-alone inverters also incorporate integral
battery chargers to replenish the battery from an AC source, when available. Normally these
do not interface in any way with the utility grid, and as such, are not required to have anti
islanding protection.

1.3.2 GRID TIE INVERTERS

Grid-tie inverters, which match phase with a utility-supplied sine wave. Grid-tie inverters are
designed to shut down automatically upon loss of utility supply, for safety reasons. They do
not provide backup power during utility outages.

1.3.3 BATTERY BACKUP INVERTERS

Battery backup inverters, are special inverters which are designed to draw energy from a
battery, manage the battery charge via an onboard charger, and export excess energy to the
utility grid. These inverters are capable of supplying AC energy to selected loads during a utility
outage, and are required to have anti-islanding protection.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

3
2.1 RESEARCH
2.1.1 SOURCE OF INFORMATION

The development of renewable energy such as sun, geothermal, biomass and wind have become
important contribution to the total energy consumed in the world. These alternative sources of
energy can never be exhausted. They cause less emission and therefore stand out as a potentially
feasible source of clean and limitless energy. These resources do not cause any significant
environmental pollution or substantial health hazards and apparently available as natural
abundant resources. Solar energy is amongst the highest development of renewable resources.
Malaysia is one of the countries that receive abundant of sun light in average mostly in northern
side of Peninsular Malaysia. Perlis, Kedah and Penang have high potential in applying solar
energy. With the rapid progress of the power electronic techniques, solar energy as an
alternative energy source has been put to use such as photovoltaic (PV) module. The basic
concept for PV module is to collect solar energy in space and transfer it for distribution as
electrical power. However this renewable source energy requires rather sophisticated
conversion techniques to make them usable to the end user. The output of PV is essentially
direct current (DC) form. Therefore, it needs to be converted to alternating current (AC) for it
to be commercially feasible. This is necessary because the power utilization is mostly in AC
form. This conversion can be done by using inverter. In any PV based system, the inverter is a
critical component responsible for the control of electricity flow between the modules, battery
and loads. Inverters are essentially DC-AC converters. It converts DC input into AC output. It
can be designed to be used with different voltage ranges and topologies for varying applications
A solar inverter takes the DC electricity from the solar array and uses that to create AC
electricity. Inverters are like the brains of the system. Along with inverting DC to AC power,
they also provide ground fault protection and system stats including voltage and current on AC
and DC circuits, energy production, and maximum power point tracking.

When sufficient output available from Solar panels to charge the battery, solar panel charges a
storage battery. In this time mains supply will not be utilized for charging purpose. A control
circuit continuously monitors the battery's voltage. When the battery is fully charged, the circuit
automatically turns on a power inverter and switches the appliance from running on grid power
to running on the energy stored in the battery. Then when the battery's voltage drops too low,

4
the circuit automatically switches the appliance back to grid power until the battery is
recharged.

we can run the equipment like fans, LED lights, pumps etc. directly without using battery, but
as the output of Solar panels are not steady due to clouds, bad weather etc. Its not advisable to
run the appliances which require stable voltage. However with suitable regulators, you can very
easily run low power devices. Solar pumps works directly on the direct input from Solar panels.
Solar pump is a combination of a DC motor and a centrifugal pump. Solar submersible pump
sets are also available. Solar pump sets are extremely useful where Grid power supply is not
accessible. In India a typical 1 HP, 500 W input 24 volt solar pump set costs 35000/- to 40000/-
without the cost of Solar panel and fittings. A complete set can cost around Rs 1 Lakh. These
pump set can deliver around 1500 liters of water per hour on sunny days.

There are few sections of the solar inverter they are:

1) The solar battery recharger,
2) The solar panel 3) Rechargeable battery 4) The
inverter.

2.1.2 REQUIRED INPUT DATA

Solar PV system includes different components that should be selected according to your
system type, site location and applications. The major components for solar PV system are solar
charge controller, inverter, battery bank, auxiliary energy sources and loads (appliances).

1) Size and Rating of Solar Panel converts sunlight into DC electricity.

2) Solar charge controller regulates the voltage and current coming from the PV panels
going to battery and prevents battery overcharging and prolongs the battery life.
3) Size of Inverter converts DC output of PV panels or wind turbine into a clean AC
current for AC appliances or fed back into grid line.
4) Size of Battery Bank stores energy for supplying to electrical appliances when there
is a demand.

5
 5) Load is electrical appliances that connected to solar PV system such as lights, radio,
TV, computer, refrigerator, etc.
6) Type of Connection of Solar Panel
7) Energy from Solar Panel as per Daily Sun lights
8) Select Type of connection of Batteries in Battery Bank

2.2 DESIGN APPROACHES OF SOALR INVERTER

There are many topologies or circuit designs for creating higher power AC from low voltage
DC sources. Two common topologies are the Push-Pull and H-Bridge. The Push-Pull topology
is suitable for producing square and modified square wave inverter while the H-Bridge is useful
for producing modified square wave and sine wave inverter.

FIG 2.3 GENERAL FLOW OF AN INVERTER

2.2.1 PUSH PULL TOPOLOGY

The basic theory of Push-Pull topology is shown in Fig 2.4. There are two transistor switches
in this design. If the top switch closes, it will cause current to flow from the battery negative
through the transformer primary to the battery positive. This induces a voltage in the secondary
side of the transformer that is equal to the battery voltage times the turns ratio of the
transformer.

6
 FIG 2.4 PUSH-PULL TOPOLOGY FOR SQUARE WAVE OUTPUT

This phenomena flow is shown in Fig 2.5(a). Only one switch is closed at a time. The switches
flip-flop after a period of approximately 8ms which is one-half of 60Hz AC cycle. The top
switch opens and then the bottom switch closes allowing current to flow in the opposite
direction as illustrate in Fig. 2.5(b). The continuing of closes and opens switch will produce a
square wave output waveform which is higher voltage AC power.

FIG 2.5 (A) TOP SWITCH CLOSING STATE (B) BOTTOM SWITCH CLOSE STATE

7
The addition of an extra winding in the transformer along with a few other parts allows output
of a Modified Square Wave.

2.2.2 H- BRIDGE TOPOLOGY

The operation of H-Bridge topology is similar to Push-Pull topology. The term H-Bridge is
derived from the typical graphical representation of such a circuit. An H-Bridge is built with
four transistor switches. The transistors are divided into four groups with the transformer
primary connected across the middle of the bridge as illustrate in Fig 2.6.

FIG 2.6 H BRIDGE TOPOLOGY

The transistors are switched on and off in a specific pattern to produce each part of the
waveform. If the switch 1 and 4 are closed, current will flow from the battery negative through
transformer primary to the positive terminal of the battery as shown in Fig. 9(a). This current
induces a current flow in the secondary of the transformer, which has a peak voltage equal to
the battery voltage times the turn ratio of the transformer. The switch 1 and 4 open after a period
of time and the switch 2 and 4 close providing off time shorting like in Fig. 9(b). The length of
the on and off time is determined according to the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) controller.

8
Then, the switch 2 and 3 are close and allow current flow through the transformer in a direction
opposite to the current flow. The switch 2 and 4 are close after this cycle is complete for off
time shorting. This cycle will continuous to produce AC power.

2.3 SOLAR INVERTER PARTS

There are few sections of the solar inverter they are:
1. The solar battery recharger,
2. The solar panel 3. Rechargeable battery
4. The inverter.

2.3.1 SOLAR BATTERY CHARGER

A battery charger is a device used to put energy into a secondary cell or (rechargeable) batter
y by forcing an electric current through it. The charge current depends upon the technology an
d capacity of the battery being charged. For example, the current that should be applied to rec
harge a 12 V car battery will be very different from the current for a mobile phone battery

The solar battery recharger as the name suggest it is in fact a battery charger which charges a s
ealed rechargeable battery of 6V 4.5 AH in this case. The solar battery charger derives its pow
er from the12V 500mA solar panel. The solar panel which in turn converts the sunlight to ele
ctrical energy. The charger converts the raw 12V from the solar panel to a regulated voltage f
eed for the sealed rechargeable battery.

The solar battery recharger features:

1. Custom controllable voltage regulation.
2. Auto cut-off when battery is fully charged.
3. Filtered input from the solar panel.
4. No current back flows from the battery.
5. Very simple, compact and efficient.

9
2.3.2 SOLAR PANEL
A solar panel (also solar module, photovoltaic module or photovoltaic panel) is a packaged,
connected assembly of solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells. The solar panel can be
used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply electricity in
commercial and residential applications.

Because a single solar panel can produce only a limited amount of power, many installations
contain several panels. A photovoltaic system typically includes an array of solar panels, an
inverter, and sometimes a battery and interconnection wiring.

FIG 2.7 SOLAR PANEL

Solar panels use light energy (photons) from the sun to generate electricity through the
photovoltaic effect. The structural (load carrying) member of a module can either be the top
layer or the back layer. The majority of modules use wafer- based crystalline silicon cells or
thin-film cells based on cadmium telluride or silicon. The conducting wires that take the current
off the panels may contain silver, copper or other non-magnetic conductive transition metals.

The cells must be connected electrically to one another and to the rest of the system. Cells must
also be protected from mechanical damage and moisture. Most solar panels are rigid, but
semiflexible ones are available, based on thin-film cells.

Electrical connections are made in series to achieve a desired output voltage and/or in parallel
to provide a desired current capability. Separate diodes may be needed to avoid reverse
currents, in case of partial or total shading, and at night. The p-n junctions of mono-crystalline

10
silicon cells may have adequate reverse current characteristics that these are not necessary.
Reverse currents waste power and can also lead to overheating of shaded cells. Solar cells
become less efficient at higher temperatures and installers try to provide good ventilation
behind solar panels.

Some recent solar panel designs include concentrators in which light is focused by lenses or
mirrors onto an array of smaller cells. This enables the use of cells with a high cost per unit
area (such as gallium arsenide) in a cost-effective way.

Depending on construction, photovoltaic panels can produce electricity from a range of

frequencies of light, but usually cannot cover the entire solar range (specifically, ultraviolet,
infrared and low or diffused light). Hence much of the incident sunlight energy is wasted by
solar panels, and they can give far higher efficiencies if illuminated with monochromatic light.
Therefore, another design concept is to split the light into different wavelength ranges and
direct the beams onto different cells tuned to those ranges. This has been projected to be capable
of raising efficiency by 50%.

Currently the best achieved sunlight conversion rate (solar panel efficiency) is around 21% in
commercial products, typically lower than the efficiencies of their cells in isolation. The energy
density of a solar panel is the efficiency described in terms of peak power output per unit of
surface area, commonly expressed in units of watts per square foot (W/ft2). The most efficient
mass-produced solar panels have energy density values of greater than 13 W/ft2 (140 W/m2).

2.3.3 RECHARGABLE BATTERY

The battery used in this project is a rechargeable sealed lead sulphate battery rating 12V 1.3AH.
This type of battery is excellent for rechargeable purpose

A rechargeable battery or storage battery is a group of one or more electrochemical cells. They
are known as secondary cells because their electrochemical reactions are electrically reversible.
Rechargeable batteries come in many different shapes and sizes, ranging anything from a button
cell to megawatt systems connected to stabilize an electrical distribution network. Several

11
different combinations of chemicals are commonly used, including: lead acid, nickel cadmium
(NiCd), nickel metal hydride (NiMH),lithium ion (Li-ion), and lithium ion polymer (Li-ion
polymer).

FIG 2.8 RECHARGABLE BATTERY

Rechargeable batteries have lower total cost of use and environmental impact than disposable
batteries. Some rechargeable battery types are available in the same sizes as disposable types.
Rechargeable batteries have higher initial cost, but can be recharged very cheaply and used
many times.

2.3.4 INVERTER

Since normal dc cant be used in most applications due to which there is a requirement that
somehow the dc is changed to ac for this the inverter is used which converts the dc to ac of
suitable range for use in house hold appliances.
In this project the dc from the sealed rechargeable battery of 12V is fed to the inverter which
then converts it to ac of 140V 220V this makes it possible to recharge normal mobile chargers.

An inverter is an electrical device that converts direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC),
the converted AC can be at any required voltage and frequency with the use of appropriate
transformers, switching, and control circuits.

12
Solid-state inverters have no moving parts and are used in a wide range of applications, from
small switching power supplies in computers, to large electric utility high-voltage direct current
applications that transport bulk power. Inverters are commonly used to supply AC power from
DC sources such as solar panels or batteries. The inverter performs the opposite function of a
rectifier.

2.4 MODELLING OF 50WATT SOLAR INVERTER

A successful design involves accurate knowledge of daily electrical load calculation and
accounts for all worst case scenarios which might possibly occur during operation. A good
designer will be pragmatic and keep the costs down by cutting on unnecessary over sizing the
system.
2.4.1 SELECTION OF TOPOLOGY

The Push-Pull topology was the first step in electronic inverter technology. The advantage of
this topology is the simplicity of the overall circuit design and cost effective in manufacturing.
But, the major problem is the current in the transformer has to suddenly reverse directions. This
will causes a large reduction in efficiency. The disadvantages of this topology are complexity
of the transformer design and higher transformer losses in square wave design.

The square wave inverter is the simplest and cheapest form of inverter. But, the output
waveform of square wave inverter has high total harmonic distortion (THD). Motor will
generate excess heat and most of electronic equipment will not operate well from square wave
inverter. Modified square wave inverters have better improvement over square wave types. It
has good voltage regulation, lower total harmonic distortion and better overall efficiency. The
operation of electric motor is better from a modified square wave and most electronic
component will operate without problems.

The advantage of H-Bridge topology is the simplicity of needing only one primary winding on
the transformer. The efficiency of this design based on the quality of the transistors used and
the number of transistors in parallel. Mostly, the losses in this topology are at the transistor

13
switches. The performance of this design will improve as transistors improve and become
available.

For small load applications in PV system, the inverter can be design by using the Push-Pull
topologies. This topology is simple and easy to design. This kind of inverter can run the lamp
and fan. However some modification of the design is needed for this topology. The next step
will continue with further improvement in the circuit design and simulation of this topology in
order to improve and modify the circuit design.

CHAPTER 3

COMPONENT REQUIRED AND DESCRIPTION

3.1 COMPONENTS REQUIRED

S. No Component Ratings
1. INVERTER
i. Step Down Transformer 230V/12V, 3A
ii. Capacitors 0.22uF,10uF
iii. Transistor 2N 6292
iv. Transistor BC547
v. Resistors 15K, 100K
vi. Potentiometer 100 K
Vii. IC 555 IC 555
Miscellaneous: Battery 12V,1.3Ah

14
3.2 COMPONENT DESCRIPTION

3.2.1 TRANSFORMER

A transformer is an electrical device and it consists of 2 coils of wire that are joined by an iron
core. It offers the much required capability of changing the current and voltage levels simply.
The main function of the transformer is that to increase (step-up) or decrease (step-down) AC
voltages. The transformer works on the principle of Faradays law of electromagnetic
induction, that is, mutual inductance between 2 circuits that is linked by a common magnetic
flux. Transformer converts an electrical energy from one circuit to another circuit with the
help of mutual induction between the 2 windings without electrical connection between them,
and also converts power from one circuit to another} circuit without changing the frequency
however with a different voltage level.

In a step up transformer, secondary winding contains a lot of winding than the first coil.
Returning to a transformer, it has more windings in the primary than the secondary winding.
These are one of the main reasons we use AC current in our homes and not DC. DC voltages
cant be modified using transformers.

FIG. 3.1 220/12V TRANSFORMER

3.2.2 ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR

A capacitor is a tool consisting of two conductive plates, each of which hosts an opposite
charge. These plates are separated by a dielectric or other form of insulator, which helps them

15
maintain an electric charge. There are several types of insulators used in capacitors. Examples
include ceramic, polyester, tantalum air, and polystyrene. Other common capacitor insulators
include air, paper, and plastic. Each effectively prevents the plates from touching each other.
A capacitor is often used to store analogue signals and digital data. Another type of capacitor
is used in the telecommunications equipment industry.

FIG. 3.3 IMAGE OF ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR

This type of capacitor is able to adjust the frequency and tuning of telecommunications
equipment and is often referred to a variable capacitor. A capacitor is also ideal for storing an
electron. A capacitor cannot, however, make electrons. A capacitor measures in voltage, which
differs on each of the two interior plates. Both plates of the capacitor are charged, but the
current flows in opposite directions. A capacitor contains 1.5 volts, which is the same voltage
found in a common AA battery. As voltage is used in a capacitor, one of the two plates
becomes filled with a steady flow of current. At the same time, the current flows away from
the other plate. To understand the flow of voltage in a capacitor, it is helpful to look at naturally
occurring examples. Lightning, for example, is similar to a capacitor. The cloud represents
one of the plates and the ground represents the other. The lightning is the charging factor
moving between the ground and the cloud.
3.2.3 IC 555

555 is a very commonly used IC for generating accurate timing pulses. It is an 8pin timer IC
and has mainly two modes of operation: monostable and astable. In monostable mode time
delay of the pulses can be precisely controlled by an external resistor and a capacitor whereas
in astable mode the frequency & duty cycle are controlled by two external resistors and a
capacitor. 555 is very commonly used for generating time delays and pulses.

16
Pin Diagram:

Pin Description:

Pin
Function Name
No
1 Ground (0V) Ground
2 Voltage below 1/3 Vcc to trigger the pulse Trigger
3 Pulsating output Output
Active low; interrupts the timing interval at
4 Reset
Output
Provides access to the internal voltage divider; Control
5
default 2/3 Vcc Voltage
The pulse ends when the voltage is greater than
6 Threshold
Control
Open collector output; to discharge the
7 Discharge
capacitor
8 Supply voltage; 5V (4.5V - 16 V) Vcc

17
3.2.4 TRANSISTOR

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and

electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for
connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's
terminals changes the current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled
(output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a
signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded
in integrated circuits.

FIG. 3.5 TRANSISTOR BC547

The essential usefulness of a transistor comes from its ability to use a small signal applied
between one pair of its terminals to control a much larger signal at another pair of terminals.
This property is called gain. It can produce a stronger output signal, a voltage or current, which
is proportional to a weaker input signal; that is, it can act as an amplifier. Alternatively, the
transistor can be used to turn current on or off in a circuit as an electrically controlled switch,
where the amount of current is determined by other circuit elements.

3.2.5 RESISTOR

A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current in an
electronic circuit. Resistors can also be used to provide a specific voltage for an active device
such as a transistor. All other factors being equal, in a direct-current (DC) circuit, the current
through a resistor is inversely proportional to its resistance, and directly proportional to the

18
voltage across it. This is the well-known Ohm's Law. In alternating-current (AC) circuits, this
rule also applies as long as the resistor does not contain inductance or capacitance.

Resistors can be fabricated in a variety of ways. The most common type in electronic devices
and systems is the carbon-composition resistor. Fine granulated carbon (graphite) is mixed
with clay and hardened. The resistance depends on the proportion of carbon to clay; the higher
this ratio, the lower the resistance.

Another type of resistor is made from winding Nichrome or similar wire on an insulating
form. This component, called a wire wound resistor, is able to handle higher currents than a
carbon composition resistor of the same physical size. However, because the wire is wound
into a coil, the component acts as an inductors as well as exhibiting resistance. This does not
affect performance in DC circuits, but can have an adverse effect in AC circuits because
inductance renders the device sensitive to changes in output.

CHAPTER 4

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

4.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

4.1.1 INVERTER CIRCUIT

19
 FIG. 4.2 THE INVERTER CIRCUIT

This circuit is DC to AC inverter, where the circuit work based on the stable multi-vibrator
does. On this circuit using NE555 IC as the heart of multi-vibrator that functions to generate
a wave 50Hz is not stable, because this type of IC to provide a complementary output stage,
contrary to the other, and 50% of the cycle to meet the obligation to produce pulse inverter.

Circuit is called a simple DC to AC inverter, as there is no output signal is not sinusoidal, and
there were lots of harmonic signals on the output. To suppress this signal we have to use a
filter such as capacitor C. Because of this simplicity is only suitable circuits for lighting needs.
To build a sinusoidal inverter DC to AC. At the circuit this multivibrator is used to make
power is too high, then we have to use the BJT 2N 6292. It provide high current to drive step-
up transformer, so power is available in addition to the high voltage transformer.

The power BJTs are connected in Push Pull configuration (Power amplifier). The BJTs will
switch according to the pulse from NE555 astable multivibrator. Thus an AC voltage is
transferred to the primary of transformer; it is stepped up to 230V.
The transformer used here is an ordinary step down transformer which is connected in inverted
manner. That is, the primary of a 230V to 12V-0-12V step down transformer can be treated as
secondary for this inverter project.

This circuit uses 12V input (12V battery) to out 220V 50HZ. For safety please note for the
installation of cooling on the components transistors, it serves to remove excess heat transistor.

20
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

Photovoltaic power production is gaining more significance as a renewable energy source due
to its many advantages. These advantages include everlasting pollution free energy production
scheme, ease of maintenance, and direct sunbeam to electricity conversion. However the high
cost of PV installations still forms an obstacle for this technology. Moreover the PV panel
output power fluctuates as the weather conditions, such as the insolation level, and cell
temperature.

The described design of the system will produce the desired output of the project. The inverter
will supply an AC source from a DC source.

The project described is valuable for the promising potentials it holds within, ranging from the
long run economic benefits to the important environmental advantages. This work will mark
one of the few attempts and contributions in the Arab world, in the field of renewable energy;
where such projects could be implemented extensively. With the increasing improvements in
solar cell technologies and power electronics, such projects would have more value added and
should receive more attention and support.

21
 FUTURE SCOPE

As whole world is facing a problem of global warming and energy crisis, our project will help
to reduce these problems by using solar energy to generate electricity. Solar energy is an infinite
source of energy. Main motto of our project is to promote use of renewable energy sources.
This project is most useful in our life because in this project one time investment fixed on life
time. In future one day nonrenewable energy will end then we will use to the renewable energy.

The solar inverter made by us is just a prototype for making future projects which incorporate
advanced technologies like micro controlled solar tracking, charge control, etc. this is to show
that solar inverters are very cheap and easy to install so that the energy demands are shifted on
using renewable sources of energy. There is more advancements pending in this field which
will revolutionize the energy stream and solar energy will be playing the most important role
of all.

22
 REFERENCES

The reference of the books and websites, we have referred in order to complete my training
report are as follows:-

[1] Khan, B.H.: Non-Conventional Soures of Energy, 5/e, Mc Graw Hill Education(India).

[2] Van Valkenburg, M.E. : Network Analysis, 3/e, Mc Graw Hill Education (India).

[3] Milliman, Jacob & Christos Halkias: Integrated Electronics, 2/e, Mc Graw Hill
Education(India).

[4] Gupta, J.B. : Electronics Devices & Circuit, 3/e, S.K. Kataria & Sons, 2009.

[5] Salivahanan, S. & S. Arivazhagan: Digital Electronics, 3/e, Vikas Publication, 2007.

[6] Fitzgerald, A.E., Charles Kingsley & Stephen D. Umans : Electric Machinery, 3/e, Mc
Graw Hill Publication (India).

[7] Hussain, Ashfaq : Electrical Machines, Second Edition, Dhanpat Rao Publications.

23