Trigonometry - How To Find Minimum-Maximum Values Quickly

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[Trigonometry] Finding Minimum Maximum Values for SSC CGL Made
Easy without dierentiation
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1. Trig-Identities
2. Min-Max table
3. Ratta-fication formulas
4. The AM GM Logic
5. Find minimum value of 4 tan2 + 9 cot2
6. Extra facts
7. SSC CGL 2012 Tier II Question
8. The least value of 2 sin2 + 3 cos2 (CGL2012T1)
9. The maximum value of Sin x + cos x is
10. The maximum value of 3 Sin x 4 Cos x is
11. Min Max values of sin 4x + 5 are
12. Minimum and maximum value of Sin Sin x is
Today well see how to find the maximum value (greatest value ) or the minimum value (least
value) of a trigonometric function without using differentiation. Take a pen and note-book,
keep doing the steps while reading this article.
First Remember following identities:
Trig-Identities
1. sin2 + cos2 = 1
2. 1+ cot2 = cosec2
3. 1+ tan2 = sec2
how did we get these formulas? Already explained, click me
(http://mrunal.org/2013/04/trigonometry-type4-questions-based-on-trig-and-algebra-
combo.html#109)
Min-Max table
Min Max
Can be written as
value value
sin , sin 2, sin 9 . sin n -1 Sin n 1

-1 +1
cos , cos 4 , cos 7 cos n -1 Cos n 1
Can be written as0 Sin2 n

sin2 , sin2 4 , sin2 9 sin2 n
1
0 +1
2 2 2 2
cos , cos 3 , cos 8 cos
0 Cos2 n 1
n
Sin Cos -1/2 +1/2 -1/2 Sin Cos
observe that in case of sin2 and cos2, the minimum value if 0 and not (-1). Why does this
happen? because (-1)2=+1
Negative Signs inside out
Sin (- ) = Sin ()
Cos (-) = Cos ()
Ratta-cation formulas
1. a sin b cos = (a2 + b2 ) { for min. use , for max. use + }
2. a sin b sin = (a2 + b2 ) { for min. use , for max. use + }
3. a cos b cos = (a2 + b2 ) { for min. use , for max. use + }
4. Min. value of (sin cos )n = ()n
The AM GM Logic
Let A ,B are any two numbers then,
Arithmetic Mean (AM)= (A + B) / 2 and
Geometric Mean (GM) = (A.B)

Hence, A.M G.M ( We can check it by putting any values of A and B )
Consider the following statement My age is greater than or equal to 25 years .
What could you conclude about my age from this statement ?
Answer : My age can be anywhere between 25 to infinity means it can be 25 , , 50 ,99,
786 or 1000 years etc but it can not be 24 or 19 or Sweet 16 . Infact it can not be less
than 25, strictly.
Means, We can confidently say that my age is not less 25 years. Or in other words my
minimum age is 25 years.
Showing numerically, if Age 25 years ( minimum age = 25 )
Similarly, If I say x 56 ( minimum value of x = 56 )

If, y 77 ( minimum value of y = 77 )
If, x + y 133 ( minimum value of x + y = 133 )
If, sin 1 ( minimum value of Sin = -1 )
If, tan + cot 2 (minimum value of tan + cot = 2 ) ]]
Sometimes, we come across a special case of trigonometric identities like to find min. value of
sin + cosec or tan + cot or cos2 + sec2 etc. These identities have one thing in
common i.e., the first trigonometric term is opposite of the second term or vice-versa ( tan =
1/ cot , sin = 1/ cosec , cos2 = 1/ sec2 ).
These type of problems can be easily tackled by using the concept of
A.M G .M
Meaning, Arithmetic mean is always greater than or equal to geometric mean. For example:
Find minimum value of 4 tan2 + 9 cot2

(theyll not ask maximum value as it is not defined. )
We know that tan2 = 1/ cot2 , hence applying A.M G.M logic, we get
A.M of given equation = (4 tan2 + 9 cot2) / 2 . (1)
G.M of given equation = (4 tan2 . 9 cot2 )

= 4 * 9 # ( tan2 and cot2 inverse of each other, so tan x cot =1)
= 36 = 6 . (2)
Now, we know that A.M G. M
From equations (1) and (2) above we get,
=> (4 tan2 + 9 cot2) / 2 6
Multiplying both sides by 2
=> 4 tan2 + 9 cot2 12 ( minimum value of tan2 + cot2 is 12 )
Deriving a common conclusion:
Consider equation a cos2 + b sec2 ( find minimum value)

As, A.M G.M
(a cos2 + b sec2 / 2 ) (a cos2 . b sec2 )
a cos2 + b sec2 2 (ab) ( minimum value 2 ab )
So, we can use 2 ab directly in these kind of problems.
Summary:
While using A.M G.M logic :
Term should be like a T1 + b T2 ; where T1 = 1 / T2

Positive sign in between terms is mandatory. (otherwise how would you calculate mean ? )
Directly apply 2ab .
Rearrange/Break terms if necessary -> priority should be given to direct use of identities -
> find terms eligible for A.M G.M logic -> if any, apply -> convert remaining identities, if
any, to sine and cosines -> finally put known max., min. values.
Extra facts:
The reciprocal of 0 is + and vice-versa.
The reciprocal of 1 is 1 and -1 is -1.
If a function has a maximum value its opposite has a minimum value.
A function and its reciprocal have same sign.
Keeping these tools (not exhaustive) in mind we can easily find Maximum or Minimum values
easily.
SSC CGL 2012 Tier II Question

What is The minimum value of sin2 + cos2 + sec2 + cosec2 + tan2 + cot2
A. 1
B. 3
C. 5
D. 7
Solution:
We know that sin2 + cos2 = 1 (identitiy#1)
Therefore,
(sin2 + cos2 ) + sec2 + cosec2 + tan2 + cot2
= (1) + sec2 + cosec2 + tan2 + cot2
Using A.M G.M logic for tan2 + cot2 we get ,
= 1 + 2 + sec2 + cosec2
changing into sin and cos values
( Because we know maximum and minimum values of Sin , Cos and by using simple
identities we can convert all trigonometric functions into equation with Sine and Cosine.)
= 1 + 2 + (1/ cos2 ) + (1/ sin2 )
solving taking L.C.M
= 1 + 2 + (sin2 + cos2 )/( sin2 . cos2 )..eq1
but we already know two things
2 2
sin2 + cos2 =1 (trig identity #1)
Min. value of (sin cos )n = ()n (Ratta-fication formula #4)
Apply them into eq1, and we get
= 1 + 2 + (sin2 + cos2 )/( sin2 . cos2 )
= 1 + 2 + (1/1/4) = 1+2+4

= 7 (correct answer D)
The least value of 2 sin2 + 3 cos2 (CGL2012T1)

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 5
We can solve this question via two approaches
Approach #1
Break the equation and use identity no. 1
= 2 sin2 + 2 cos2 + cos2
=2(sin2 + cos2 ) + cos2 ; (but sin2 + cos2 =1)
= 2 + cos2 ;(but as per min-max table, the minimum value of cos2 =0)
= 2 + 0 = 2 (correct answer B)
Approach #2
convert equation into one identity ,either sin or cos
first convert it into a sin equation :
= 2 sin2 + 3 (1- sin2 ) ;(because sin2 + cos2 =1=>cos2 =1- sin2 )
2 2
= 2 sin2 + 3 3 sin2
= 3 sin2
= 3 ( 1) = 2 (but Min. value of sin2 is 0 confusing ???? )
As sin2 is preceded by a negative sign therefore we have to take max. value of sin2 in
order to get minimum value .
Converting into a cos equation :
= 2 sin2 + 3 cos2
= 2 (1- cos2 ) + 3 cos2
= 2 2 cos2 + 3 cos2
= 2 + cos2
= 2 + 0 = 2 ( correct answer B )
The maximum value of Sin x + cos x is

A. 2
B. 1/ 2
C. 1
D. 2
Applying Ratta-fication formulae No.1
a sin b cos = (a2 + b2 ) { for min. use , for max. use + }
in the given question, weve to find the max value of
Sin x + cos x
= + (12+ 12 )
= 2 ( correct answer A )
The maximum value of 3 Sin x 4 Cos x is
A. -1
B. 5
C. 7
D. 9
Solution:
Applying Ratta-fication formulae No.1
a sin b cos = (a2 + b2 ) { for min. use , for max. use + }
in the given question, weve to find the max value of
3 Sin x 4 Cos x
= + (32+ 42 )
= 25
= 5 ( correct answer B )
Min Max values of sin 4x + 5 are

A. 2, 6
B. 4, 5
C. -4, -5
D. 4, 6
Solution:
We know that, -1 Sin nx 1
= -1 Sin 4x 1
Adding 5 throughout, 4 Sin 4x +5 6
Therefore, the minimum value is 4 and maximum value is 6 ( correct answer D )

Minimum and maximum value of Sin Sin x is
A. Do not exist
B. -1, 1
C. Sin -1 , Sin +1
D. Sin 1 , Sin 1
We know that, -1 Sin nx 1
= Sin (-1) Sin x Sin (1)
= Sin 1 Sin x Sin 1 ; [Sin(-) is same as Sin ]
Therefore, Minimum value is Sin 1 and maximum is Sin 1 ( correct answer D)
The key to success is Practice! Practice! Practice!
Drop your problems in the comment box.
For more articles on trigonometry and aptitude, visit mrunal.org/aptitude

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So far 197 Comments posted
REPLY (HTTP://MRUNAL.ORG/2013/07/TRIGONOMETRY-FINDING-MINIMUM-MAXIMUM-
VALUES-FOR-SSC-CGL-MADE-EASY-WITHOUT-DIFFERENTIATION.HTML?
REPLYTOCOM=325538#RESPOND)
abhishek
minimum of (tahn^2x-cot^2x) solve it plzz
REPLY (HTTP://MRUNAL.ORG/2013/07/TRIGONOMETRY-FINDING-MINIMUM-
MAXIMUM-VALUES-FOR-SSC-CGL-MADE-EASY-WITHOUT-DIFFERENTIATION.HTML?
dithckanvvvv
-2
Saharsh
Pls tell me the minimum value of 1/sin^2cos^x
Subhasis Mahanta
If tan x equals n*tan y ,then find the maximum value of tan square(x-y)
in terms of n.
Anirudh
How to find minimum value of sin^2x+cos^4x using above concepts?
prashant
sin^2x+ cos^2x(cos^2x)
=sin^2x+ cos^2x(1-sin^2x)
=sin^2x +cos^2x -cos^2x sin^2x
=1- (sinxcosx)^2
min value : 1- (1/2)^2 =3/4 (for minimum we put max value of
sinxcosx)
max value : 1-0 =1 (for max we put min value of sinxcosx due to -
ve sign in the statement)
Karan Sindhu
hello mrunal sir this article is nice but
THERE IS A BIG PROBLEM WITH THIS QUESTION WHICH U HAVE

EXPLAINED IN APPROACH #1
2sin@ + 3cos@
ur answer is 2
but in rajesh vermas fast arithmetic page no 691 its answer is 3
now who is correct as the logic by rajesh verma is also correct plsssss
help me out I am preparing for SSC cgl
Jaiveer
How come is Rajesh Verma correct? It is obvious that 2sin@ +
3cos@(min.) = 2(sin@ + cos@) + cos@ = 2+0 = 2
Tusshar Laddha
what is the max and min value of 2^sinx + 2^cosx
Ramesh singh
Respected sir, please solve this problem, find the minimum value of
4sec(power2)theta plus 9 cosec(power2)theta
Rajesh
Answer is correct min value is 2. And max value is 3
sagar
If Min. value of (sin cos )n = ()n
Then minimum value of sinxcosx should be 1/2 right? But it is giv3n
that its min value is -1/2
Vishal Gupta
Sir in the question What is the min. value of Sin^2 + Cos^2 +
Sec^2 + Cosec^2 + Tan^2 + Cot^2 ?, If we make three pairs as
(Sin^2+Cosec^2)+(Cos^2+Sec^2)+(Tan^2+Cot^2), then all the
three pairs gives min. value=2, by usiing A.M G.M logic. And the
overall answer becomes 6. So please tell whats wrong in this
approach?
nil
bahut hi acha post hai sirthanks
ajay
haicatch me..09059411838
Shashwat
The maximum value of sin^4 +cos^4 is.
A.1 B.2 C.3 D.1/3
Sir please tell
JYOTI
PLEASE TELL ME THE MAX. VALUE OF SIN^4 THETA + COS^4 THETA
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Trigonometry - How To Find Minimum-Maximum Values Quickly

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Trigonometry - How To Find Minimum-Maximum Values Quickly

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Mrunal (http://mrunal.

This is a guest article by Mr.Dipak Singh.

sin , sin 2, sin 9 . sin n -1 Sin n 1

Can be written as0 Sin2 n

Sin Cos -1/2 +1/2 -1/2 Sin Cos

Negative Signs inside out

Arithmetic Mean (AM)= (A + B) / 2 and

Geometric Mean (GM) = (A.B)

Showing numerically, if Age 25 years ( minimum age = 25 )

Similarly, If I say x 56 ( minimum value of x = 56 )

These type of problems can be easily tackled by using the concept of

Find minimum value of 4 tan2 + 9 cot2

A.M of given equation = (4 tan2 + 9 cot2) / 2 . (1)

G.M of given equation = (4 tan2 . 9 cot2 )

Now, we know that A.M G. M

From equations (1) and (2) above we get,

=> (4 tan2 + 9 cot2) / 2 6

Multiplying both sides by 2

=> 4 tan2 + 9 cot2 12 ( minimum value of tan2 + cot2 is 12 )

Deriving a common conclusion:

Consider equation a cos2 + b sec2 ( find minimum value)

While using A.M G.M logic :

Term should be like a T1 + b T2 ; where T1 = 1 / T2

SSC CGL 2012 Tier II Question

We know that sin2 + cos2 = 1 (identitiy#1)

(sin2 + cos2 ) + sec2 + cosec2 + tan2 + cot2

= (1) + sec2 + cosec2 + tan2 + cot2

Using A.M G.M logic for tan2 + cot2 we get ,

changing into sin and cos values

= 1 + 2 + (1/ cos2 ) + (1/ sin2 )

solving taking L.C.M

= 1 + 2 + (sin2 + cos2 )/( sin2 . cos2 )..eq1

but we already know two things

Min. value of (sin cos )n = ()n (Ratta-fication formula #4)

Apply them into eq1, and we get

= 1 + 2 + (sin2 + cos2 )/( sin2 . cos2 )

The least value of 2 sin2 + 3 cos2 (CGL2012T1)

We can solve this question via two approaches

Break the equation and use identity no. 1

= 2 sin2 + 2 cos2 + cos2

=2(sin2 + cos2 ) + cos2 ; (but sin2 + cos2 =1)

convert equation into one identity ,either sin or cos

first convert it into a sin equation :

= 2 sin2 + 3 (1- sin2 ) ;(because sin2 + cos2 =1=>cos2 =1- sin2 )

= 3 ( 1) = 2 (but Min. value of sin2 is 0 confusing ???? )

Converting into a cos equation :

= 2 (1- cos2 ) + 3 cos2

The maximum value of Sin x + cos x is

Applying Ratta-fication formulae No.1

a sin b cos = (a2 + b2 ) { for min. use , for max. use + }

in the given question, weve to find the max value of

Applying Ratta-fication formulae No.1

a sin b cos = (a2 + b2 ) { for min. use , for max. use + }

in the given question, weve to find the max value of

Min Max values of sin 4x + 5 are

We know that, -1 Sin nx 1

Adding 5 throughout, 4 Sin 4x +5 6

Therefore, the minimum value is 4 and maximum value is 6 ( correct answer D )

We know that, -1 Sin nx 1

= Sin (-1) Sin x Sin (1)

= Sin 1 Sin x Sin 1 ; [Sin(-) is same as Sin ]

Therefore, Minimum value is Sin 1 and maximum is Sin 1 ( correct answer D)

The key to success is Practice! Practice! Practice!