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Culture Documents
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ii ~June 1995
'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r-# f4w9m&1Yleqq,, rq,....
GOVT. OF INDIA
MINISTRY OF URBAN AFFAIRS AND EMPLOYMENT
DEPARTMENT OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT
Dr. J.P. Singh
Phone: 3019377
SECRETARY -r#f fk-.iiooii, -iTP 199
Dated New Delhi- I1001 1, the 199
28th April, 1995
F O R E W O R D
J. P. ' ingh
Secretary to G vt. of India
t.
47
i; .. Contents
CHAPTER I Introduction .1
II . ..................IV
CHAPTER Operation and Maintenance . 12
Drawings ........................................ . 61
1-
Chapter I
Introduction
Background 'Pay & Use' and 'No-Pay & Use'. A study of the
literature and a rapid survey2 and field
1. At the end of the International Drinking
investigationsrevealthatmanycommunitytoilets
Water and Sanitation Decade (1981-90), remain under such insanitary conditions that the
sanitation coverage in India remained users do not like to enter them; they prefer open
significantly low; in urban areas coverage in
air defecation. Major deficiencies identified by
March 1992 was only 48 percent'. In many parts
the survey are: (i) lack of cleanliness and poor
of the country, particularly in the semi-urban
up-keep (noticeable more in the case of 'No-Pay
areas, the sanitation conditions are generally & Use' toilets), (ii) insufficient water supply and
poor and in some cases appalling. This reflects
lighting, (iii) inappropriate location, (iv) poor
the inadequate number of household toilets
construction standards, (v) insecurity (specially
either due to lack of space for construction or the
for female users), and (vi) inadequate funds for
inability of households to bear the capital costs operation and maintenance. Many of these
or both. To a large extent, community toilets are
deficiencies can be effectively addressed by
an effective alternative for improving sanitation better planning, design, construction, operation
coverage among the densely populated low and maintenance.
income communities in urban and semi-urban
areas. Besides meeting the requirements of local Need for the Guidelines
residents, a community toilet also has the 3. At present there are no comprehensive
advantage of being able to serve the floating guidelines on community toilets that
population in public places such as markets, bus provide information to the implementing agencies.
stands, railway stations, hospitals, places of
on issues related to aggregation of user
worship etc. preferences, demand responsive designs,
construction, operation and maintenance. With
2. With a view to meeting the sanitation needs the current emphasis by the Government of
of the low-income communities and the floating India and the state governments on the provision
population, several thousand community toilets of community toilets to improve environmental
have been constructed and operated by the sanitation, there is an urgent need for
Municipalities and non-governmental comprehensive guidelines to help the
organizations (NGOs) in various cities and implementing agencies in the proper planning
towns in India. These toilets are of two types; and management of these toilets.
.,, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1
*~~~~ T
4. The guidelines given here are based on the project prep ration, community preference
experience gained in India from the operation assessment an instruments for the field survey.
and maintenance of more than 2000 'Pay & Use' Chapter III dis usses the design criteria, provides
and several thousand'No-Pay & Use'community some typical designs and also a few tips for
toilets in urban and semi-urban areas. The construction. Chapter IV is devoted to the
guidelines also draw on the findings of the rapid operation an1 maintenance aspects of the
survey and field investigations already community oilets such as operation and
mentioned. maintenance schedules, operation and
maintenance staff and their responsibilities,
Target Groups storage requ rements, creation of awareness
5. The target groups for these guidelines among users and monitoring by local bodies.
include: municipal administrators and engineers, Chapter V overs institutional and financial
state road transport authorities, railways, arrangement for community toilets. This
implementing agencies and NGOs involved in includes a r view of current institutional and
construction and/or operation and maintenance financial pra tices, their merits and demerits
of community toilets. and suggesti ns for improvements, and training
2
Chapter 11
Project
Preparation
1. Project preparation means the toilet and reasons for not constructing
documentation of all the relevant technical, household toilets. An assessment should
financial, social, institutional, operational and also be made of the number of pavement
maintenance aspects of a project in a structured dwellers. A survey format for the general
manner. A well structured project document households and pavement dwellers is given
reflects the effective demand for services and in Annex 1.
enables the concerned agency to successfully in
implement the project and ensures its sustained
: operation and maintenance. Residents: This includes a field survey
covering about 25 percent of the total
Project Preparation Steps number of households without toilets in the
2. Project preparation includes community project area. The households should be
v
preference assessment, site . . . ~~~~~~~~~~~~selected
in such a manner that the sample
selection, site
... . '. .' . ................. covers adequately all socio-economic l
specific investigations, collection of information
on institutional and financial aspects for groups. The aim of the survey will be to
construction, operation and maintenance of the collect information on the number of family
.<
. . . ~~~~~~~~members who are likely to use the I
community toilets and finally the preparation of
the project document. community toilets including bathing and
washing facilities, willingness to pay capital
Community Preference Assessment costs partially and O&M costs fully,
3^ The objective of community preferencepreferred location, preferred hours of use,
- 3. The objective of comrnunity preference,
r
assessment is to reveal the effective demand for material used for anal cleaning and social
services from a community toilet. A well defined beliefs. A format f'or this survey is given in :
survey is a pre-requisite for estimating demand. Annex 2.
The survey would include assessing the iii) Survey for Assessing the Number of
households without a toilet, estimating the Users of Other Categories : Other
number of non-resident users, assessing the categories of users include floating
preferences of potential resident and non-resident population, rickshaw/hand cart pullers, taxi
users and aggregating their preferences. drivers and other similar groups of people.
i) Survey for Assessing Households For assessing the floating population,
Without Toilet: The purpose of this discussions should be held with the
survey is to assess the number of authorities managing public facilities like
households without toilet, number of hospitals, bus terminals and railway stations,
persons living in these households and
.- trade organizations and places of worship,
their economic background, present place as found necessary. An assessment should
for defecation, dermand for a community also be made of the number of rickshaw and
3
hand cart pullers, taxi drivers etc., who are Site Specific Investigations
likely to use the community toilet. A format 5. These include: collection of site specific
for assessing the floating population data on soil (haracteristics, ground water levels
and other categories of users is given in during various seasons, flooding/water logging
Annex 3. of the site, a ailability of sewer lines for disposal
iv) Survey for Assessing the Preferences of of wastewat r, and availability of water supply
Users of Other Categories : The purpose and electricity. Wherever necessary, a
of interviewing non-resident users is to topographic map for the site needs to be prepared.
collect information on their demand for Annex 5 gi es a checklist for collection of site
sanitation and their willingness to pay for a specific dat , based on which decisions on the
community toilet. About five percent of this type of foun ation for civil structure, wastewater
category of users should be interviewed. disposal sy tem and also the need for making
A format for such a survey is given in independe t arrangements for water and
Annex 4. electricity an be taken.
4
community, private sector, an NGO and the local ancd recording data on survey forms. Sample
body may be shown to the community to facilitate checks must be carried out by the supervisors
their choice. To ensure meaningful community during the survey to ensure that the data is
participation, it is essential that the users are reliable and communication gaps between the
consulted right from the inception of the project interviewers and the respondents are kept to a
'idea. minimum.
Project Preparation Team Project Document
8. The project preparation requires multi- 9. The survey information collected forms the
disciplinary skills. The core project team should, basis for preparation of the project document.
therefore, comprise a sociologist, a public health The guidelines on design and construction,
engineer and field investigators with inputs from operation and maintenance and institutional and
a civil engineer and a financial expert. The field financial aspects given in the following chapters
investigators should be briefed about the will be of help in the preparation of the project
objectives of the survey and trained in the use document. The recommended content list for the
of survey instruments, especially in interviewing project document is given in Annex 6.
5
Chapter III
Design &
Construction
1. The design is an important aspect of a vi) Waters pply is not available on a continuous
community toilet. A well designed community basis. T ere is no lighting arrangement to
toilet reflects the preference of the community facilitat use of the toilet in the night.
it serves and enhances its use and sustainability. v
While designing a community toilet, factors like tak efruent is usually discharged into the
the preference and convenience of the users,
. .. , dr ins causing obnoxious odor, These
~~~~~~~~~open
durability of construction, ease of operation and dr ns caui obnoxious odor. The
maintenance and cost effectiveness should be drains reate health hazards and also are
into
takenaccount. breedin grounds for mosquitoes and other
taken into account. inscts
. l~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~nsects.,
Common Design D.eficiencies viii) Mainte ance is unsatisfactory because of
2. Past experience, the rapid survey and field poor fl oring, improper drainage, lack of
investigations mentioned in chapter 1 reveal the caretak r room, store etc.
following common design deficiencies in.. .:
3. These eficiencies must be avoided while
community toilets: designing a d constructing a community toilet.
i) The number of toilet units available falls
short of the actual requirements of the Classifica ion by Location
community with the result that they are 4. Theloc tion-ofacommunitytoiletinfluences
crowded and user experience long waiting the type an range of facilities to be provided.
times. These are s follows:
ii) Children need small squatting seats. It has i) Resid ntial: The facilities provided in
been noticed that this requirement is not a com unity toilet block in a residential
met in a large number of cases. Therefore, area a e primarily used by residents of the
children defecate outside the toilet or in the area including the pavement dwellers. The
open area. users i ormally prefer to have toilet, urinal,
bathin and washing facilities in the toilet
iii) Separate space for washing clothes is not
provided. Therefore, bathrooms are used
extens vely since people leave their homes
for washing clothes. Consequently the users for wo k in the morning and return late in
have to wait a long time for their turn to the evening In the night the urinals are
take bath. used ccasionally.
iv) Poor ventilation results in a foul smell, The ormally include:
which attracts insects.
a) In ependent compartments or toilet
v) No proper place is provided for people to blocks for men and women with separate
wait. entries from a lobby.
6
b) Toilet seat for children in the section residential areas, more people use urinal
for women. and bathing facilities. While a community
LI.
c) .
Circulating area in each section. toilet near a bus terminus or a railway l1
station is generally used round the clock,
d) Lobby for entry into the toilet block and use is generally restricted to day time and
also to seat the caretaker. evening in the case of toilet blocks located
e) Separate bathing cubicles for men and near markets, hospitals and religious places.
women. In addition to the facilities mentioned in
4(i) above, a non-residential community
f) Separate places for washing clothes in toilet may have additional facilities like:
the male and female sections. VI
a) Roonm for keeping the luggage of users;
g) Urinal facility for men (women may use and
toilets).
b) Special bathrooms with toilet seat,
h) Water supply. shower and washbasin.
i) Electricity. Items like tooth paste/tooth powder, soap
j) Wastewater disposal system. and towel can be made available to users on
payment. Items (a) and (b) are normally
k) Superstructure..
provided ..in community toilets
..
near a railway
1) A room for the caretaker to live in. station or a bus terminus.
m) A store for keeping the cleaning Design Parameters
C materials and equipment.
materials and equipment. 5. Important design parameters of a community
ii) Non-residential: The community toilets toilet are:
located near railway stations, bus terminals, i) No. of Facilities: The number of.facilities
truck stands, beaches, bathing ghats, market
S , ~~~~~~~~~~~~~required
can be worked out based on the!
places, hospitals and religious places come
,, , ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~norms
for users per day given in Table 3.1. ,
under this category. They are used mainly n f
by the floating population (rickshaw pullers, ii) Size of the Facilities: The optimum and
three wheeler/taxi/truck drivers, pavement minimum sizes of toilet cubicle, bathroom,
dwellers, hawkers, petty shop keepers and urinal and washing area are given in
travelling public). In comparison to Table 3.2.
i
Table 3.1 Number of Toilets, Baths, Urinals & Washing Area
L Location Toilet Seats Bath Units Urinal Units Clothes washing area
Residential areas where toilet One seat One unit One unit per 4-5 m2 per 10 toilet seats.
,I! block is not generally used at night per 50 users per 50 users 200-300 users A minimum of 1.5mxl.2m
Non-residential: Railway stations, One seat One unit One unit per 4-5 m2 per 30 toilet seats.
bus depots, etc. where use of toilet per 100 users per 70 users 300-500 users A minimum of 1.5xt.2m.
block is round the clock
Non-residential: Near market place, One seat One unit One unit per 4-5 m2 per 10 toilet seats.
hospital, religious place where toilet per 100 users per 50 users 200-300 users A minimum of 1.5x1.2m
block is not used at night.
Note The numbers of toilet seats, bath, urinal units and wuashing area given in this table are based on the experience
and data collected dutring the rapid survey.
7
Table 3.2 Size of Toilet Cubicle, Bathroom Cubicle, Prinal & Washing Area
(ptimum (mm) Minimum' (mm)
Description
iii) Circulating Area: Adequate circulating hands ar d floors, is 7 liters. The requirement
area (frarearea for users to move inside the for bath ng is about 15 liters per user, for
toilet block) should be provided. Usually it flushing urinals 0.20 liter and for washing
is 2-3m wide depending upon the land area clothes about 20 liters. If water is to be
available. Circulating area should, as far as drawn from the municipal supply, an
possible, be kept open to the sky for fresh underg ound reservoir of half a day's
air and sunlight. In places which are capacity an overhead tank of similar capacity
subjected to snowfall or heavy rains, the and pu ping arrangements with a standby
circulating area should be covered. pump w 1l have to be provided. If a tube well
Wherever it is not possible to keep the is cons ructed exclusively for the toilet
circulating area open to the sky, adequate block, i will be preferable to keep a stand
lighting and ventilation arrangements by pu ping unit. In such a case, an
should be provided. underg ound reservoir will not be necessary
as wat r can be pumped directly into the
iv) Store, Caretaker Room & Pump House:
. ~~overheadtank. It is desirable to have an
A store room and a caretaker room should RCC o a PVC water storage tank To
be provided. A pump house may also be minim ethe wastage of water, the use of
I ~~~~~providedwhere requiredl. fc
self closing water taps is recommended.
provided where required.
v) Superstructure: Superstructures should be i) S
well ventilated and designed with materials Vii) Sanita -y & Water Supply Fixtures:
m ls
welenilteadesgndit ;Fixtur s (like the wash hand basins, toilet
and specifications suitable for a 30 year life.
Superstructures should provide convenience pans,
and privacy to the users as well as ease in are ind cated in DRG. No. 1. These should
operation and maintenance. Construction be of a approved standard. The squatting
pans sl ould be made from ceramic and be
details of a typical 11-seat community toilet oa P ulu (F design. Traps should
block are given in DRG. No.l1 of a Pc ur Flush (PF) design. Traps should
block aregiveninDRG. No.1. be of a 20 mm water seal (See DRG. No. 2).
vi) Water Supply: Lack of an adequate and Use o traps with water seal of 50 mm
continuous supply of water has been should be avoided to minimize water use for
observed as one of the contributory factors tlushi g. Where the community toilet block
to the unhygienic conditions in community is to b connected to the municipal sewerage
toilets. It is therefore necessary that each syste , a master trap should be provided
community toilet is provided with a before connection to the sewer. Wash hand
dependable water supply system. Wherever basins should be provided for in both the
an uninterrupted supply of water can not be male and female compartments. For
provided by the municipal water supply conve iience in maintenance, a perforated
system, a tube well should be constructed pipe w th water dripping continuously should
exclusively to meet the requirements of the be fix d on the wall for flushing the urinals.
toilet block. Water requirement for each The u inals should not be fitted with urinal
use of the toilet facility, including washing pots a their replacement is expensive. The
8
design features of a urinal should include: because of the problems associated
(a) dividers, (b) walls (up to 2m height) and with the subsequent disposal of large
floor with ceramic tiles, and (c) perforated quantities of effluent from the septic
pipe to ensure water supply to-keep urinals tank through soakage pits or a dispersion
clean. The typical details of a urinal are trench.
, E
given in DRG. No. 3. The pipe and fittings
used for water supply should be of a reputed Wastewater from the bathrooms and
-make. washing area should be discharged into an
open drainage channel (storm water drains)
viii) Lighting Arrangement: The toilet block covered with slabs. If an open channel is not
should be well lit, both inside and outside. available, soakage pits may be provided.
One common light point may be provided Alternatively, wastewater from the bathroom
for in each pair of toilet cubicles by limiting and washing area may be used for gardening
the partition wall to door height. The in the area surrounding the community
bathrooms, pump house, lobby and the toilet. In cases where a drainage channel is
caretaker room should have separate light not available and soakage pits can not be
points. Areas for circulating, washing and constructed due to space constraints or
urinal together with the outside of the toilet poor soil permeability, a holding tank should
should be well lit. The lobby and the be provided. The wastewater must then be
caretaker room should be provided with pumped out at frequent intervals by a
ceiling fans. tanker fitted with a vacuum pump and
discharged at a wastewater treatment plant
or in a sewer. Where there is a problem of
alternatives for disposal of wastewater from wastewater disposal, one alternative could
a community toilet block, (a) sewer, (b)
, , to avoid construction of bathrooms and
~~~~be
septic tanks with effluent discharge (c) bavoid c tnh m
leach pits, and (d) a digester to generate w a
biogas with effluent discharge. Under no circunmstances should effluent
from the septic tank be allowed to discharge
a) Sewer: If a sewer is available within a open drains or a water body. The mostI
. . ., l~~~~~~~~~nto
distance of one kilometer and it is feasible common practice for septic tank effluent
to connect the toilet block to it, disposal to d h
, ~~~~~disposal has been to construct soakage pitS
sewer should be preferred. The advantage dispersion trenches. In water logged
. ~~~~~or
in doing so is that the problems and costs areas or where the soil is impervious,
associated with wastewater . treatment and d t . I
. . d~~~~~~lispersion trenches should be provided. It
disposal are minimized. The wastewater i d t h each
* . desirable
1~~~~~S to have two septic tanks
should be collected and conveyed by laying half the total required capacity and
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~having
; to operate both of them. This permits the
pipes or, for short distances, constructing a
covered brick drain. The brick drain has the .. to pass through one unit while the
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~flow
,.
A; advantage that any blockages can be easily
removed by lifting the cover. (See DRG. ohrI en esugd h elno
typical septic tank is given in Annex 7. (For
removed by lifting the cover. (See DRG.
Nos. 4 and 5.) construction details, see DRG. No. 6).
b) Septic Tank: If a sewer is not The typical design calculations of a soakage
available or if it is not feasible to connect pit are given in Annex 8. (See also DRG.
the toilet to a sewer network, a septic tank No. 7). Dispersion trenches can also be
will have to be provided. It is important that designed on the same basis. At the time of
only the toilet and urinal wastes should be commissioning, the septic tank should,
connected to the septic tank. In no case preferably, be seeded with a small quantity
should wastewater from the bathroom and of well digested sludge obtained from
washing area be taken into the septic tank another septic tank. In the absence of
9
digested sludge, a small quantity of digested be provideo, a layout plan of major components
cow dung may be introduced. of the comrmunity toilet including disposal system
cI Leach Pits: If it is not feasible to may be pre Dared, keeping in view the land area
c) Leach Pits: If it is not feasible to available..
connect the toilet to a sewer, leach pits 4 can
be used for small community toilets of upto Detailed Drawing of a CommunityToilet
100 users. It is preferable to have two sets
of twin pits, each pit having sufficient 7. Based on the facilities to be provided and
capacity for half the number of likely users. the layout plan, the construction drawing of a
I Digester: A digester can be installed toilet bloc k should be prepared. As far as
,,d) Digester: A digester can be installed possible, t he design should also provide for
in the place of a septic tank to generate extension f the facilities in future. The design
biogas. Biogas generation is expected to be of a toilet lock should be adjusted to suit the
about 0.0283m 3 per user per day at 35C availability of land area. It also should be
temperature. It can be used for lighting and aesthetical y attractive. The toilet block can
cooking purposes directly or for generating extend to wo or three floors where limited land
electricity by a dual fuel engine coupled is availabl . At least one toilet and one bathroom
with an alternator. Biogas produced from a each for ales and females should be provided
1000 users' community toilet could cater to on the gr und floor for aged, sick and disabled
the cooking needs of about twenty families. persons.
Alternatively forty to fifty single mantle
lamps (equivalent to a 40 Watt bulb) can be 8. The rimary objective of a community
lit for 5 hours by the biogas generated from toilet is t provide toilet facilities. In case of
a 1000 users' community toilet. The cost of space con straints, priority should be given to
installing a digester is higher than that of the provi ion of an adequate number of toilet
a septic tank, but besides the availability of seats and urinals. Thereafter, subject to the
biogas, a digester has the additional availabili of space, provision of bathrooms and
advantage that its effluent has less washing rea can be considered. To economize
suspended solids and is of better quality on the u e of space, the septic tank can be
than septic tank effluent. However, the construct d under the circulating area, toilet
effluent still contains a high load of cubicles f the minimum size can be provided
pathogens and needs to be disposed off and consi eration given to building a basement,
properly. Experience shows that biogas although basements are difficult to drain and
generation for energy is not economically protect fr m flooding.
viable where electricity is available or
b.ogas from human ex.reta is not accepteda communty toilet
area is ilp ustrated in DRG. Nos. the
1500If mm
8of- 12.
as a domestic fuel. It is therefore, necessary budget rmits, a boundary wall
to carry out an in-depth study to assess its . . a
financial viability and acceptability before I
toilet blo k. The conceptual layout of a community
proposing a biogas plant along with a
community community
toilet.
toilet.
~~~toilet is iven in DRG. No. 13.
4 Leach pits should be designed as per the Technical Guidelines on Tw in Pit Pour Flush Latrines' by the Ministry of
Urban Development. Govt. of India and Regional Water & SaniLation G oup - South Asia, UNDP/World Bank Water &
Sanitation Program, 1992.
10
* i) Materials & Workmanship: All works iii) Water Tightness: The water reservoirs,
should be carried out according to the pipe lines and sewers should be tested for
relevant specifications, approved designs water tightness.
and drawings. Materials used in iv) Pollution Prevention: Precautions' should
construction should be of specified quality be taken in the construction of soakage pits
and standards. The workmanship and quality or dispersion trenches to prevent pollution
of should be good.
;, work of nearby drinking water sources.
v) Site Development: The site should be
ii) Squatting Pans, Traps & Foot-rests: The developed to make it aesthetically attractive.
squatting pans and traps should be fixed Ever-green trees, plants and shrubs should be
carefully so that the trap has a 20 mm water- planted to create shade and act as a buffer zone
seal, the top of the pan is level with the between the toilet block and its surroundings.
floor, and the floor drains freely to the pan v
(See DRG. No.(Se 2).).
DR. orN.user
For comfort, thre
sercofor there vi) Time Schedule:
completed within The
the specified time be
work should to
.should be a 200 mm space between the rear cmltdwti h pcfe iet
avoid cost over-run as well as to ensure the 4
edge of the pan and the back wall of the ..
superstructure. Foot-rests should be fixed use of the faclity as planned.
at the time of laying the floor. These should vii) Supervision: The construction should be
be about 20 mm above the floor level carried out under the strict super vision of
inclined, slightly away from the squatting the local body. A check list for supervising
pan in the front. the construction is given in Annex 9.
11~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
5For precautions, see Technical Guidelines on Twin Pit Pour Flush Latrines' by Ministry of Urban Development. Govt.
of India and Regional Water & Sanitation Group -South Asia, UNDP/World Bank Water & Sa-nitation Program, 1992.
Chapter IV
1 Operation
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~+
nd
Maintenan e
1. Many community toilets maintained by local e. Chokage: As soon as chokage in a squatting
bodies are rarely used or niot used due to poor up- pan, trap , drain or sewer is noticed, it
keep and appalling insanitary conditions. By Shoul be removed promptly.
comparison those maintained by community based f. Mino repairs: Minor civil, electrical,
organizations (CBOs) or non-government organi plum ing and mechanical faults should be
* ~~zations (NGOs), are generally in better conditions.rea dasndw nthyoc.
Operation and maintenance (O&MV) schedules, rpie sadwe hyocr
.~~~~rcmedd reposbiltiesofO&Mstaffandotherrequi-rements ea"g
3. Weel ly Schedule: The entire toilet complex
for good up-keep and effective performance of should be cleaned thoroughly once a week, on a
community toilets are discussed below. fixed day. iluted hydrochloric 'acid may be used
and
Operatinaintennce Scedules for remov 1lof yellow stains on squatting pans,
* and Maintenance Schedules
Operation tiles etc.
2. Daily Schedule :To ensure proper up-keep 4 afYal n nulShdls
of a community toilet, the following daily 4.Hl eayanAnulShdes
operation and maintenance schedule is a. Ce'in of Water Storage Tanks : Water
recommended. shtould be cleaned at least once ayear.
~~~~~~~tank
a. Up-keep & Cleanliness : The toilet block b anig&Rpis:Wieclrwsig
should be kept clean and tidy. Toilet pans,
urinals, wash hand basin, troughs and tilespanngndraishodecridou
onc a year. If found necessary, these may
should be cleaned daily twice or thrice a
day with Other areas ~~be eeded more frequently. Toilet blocks
cleaning powder. ~~which are used 24 hours per day by a large
inside such as circulating areas and waitingnu eroussnedwie ahng
shoud one or wicepain
becleand
facilties -ing and repairs at least twice a year.
a day.
0 ~~b. Soap Powuder : A teaspoonful of soap powder c. SpcTakDsldig:Hf-eryo
should be given to each user to wash hands yeally d e-sIudging is desirable, as frequent
after defecation. uIdging inhibits anaerobic digestion.
~~~~de-
H ox ever, a septic tank should be emptied
C. Water Slupply : Adequate round the clock whe the depth of the scum and sludge
water supply should be ensured. All the exc eds two-thirds of its total depth. Since
storage tanks should be kept full to ensure the eti tak contains fresh human excreta
that the use of the toilet block is not aduigsed sludge at the time ot de-
affected, even when there is a breakdown in suin,tecontents are hieavily loaded
power or municipal water supply. wtphoes and are not safe for handling.
d. Lighting : All light points should be kept in Hec fcening and disposal are not done
working order to allow the use of the toilet crfully, they may lead to problems like
block during the night. fusmell, fly nuisance and health hazards.
12
Manual handling of sludge should be exercised to see that the caretaker does not
avoided. Portable vacuum pumps with charge the users more than the specified
tankers should be used for emptying. Of the amount.
two tanks, one should be emptied at a time . :
~s ~~so tha the toltuermisuitrutd e. Complaints & Suggestions : A board should
,~
: that th toilet use remains uniiiterrupted.
''A portion of the sludge, not less than 25 mm be fixed at a prominent place explaining
te sluge,t lessnd thean 25thatk
portionh shofld complaints or suggestions regarding
in depth, shiould be left behind in the tank oeainadmitnneo h
*; n . ~~~~~~~~~operation and maintenance of the ,
.- bottom to act as the seed material for fresh community toilet block can be entered in
- deposits. When removal of the sludge is the complaint book available with the
carried out, the scum should be disturbed caretaker. In addition to a complaint book,
V* as little as possible in order to ensure
efficient operation of the septic tank. a complaint box with lock should also be
- ~~efficient operation of the septic tank.J' installed at the entrance. This should be
d. Sludge Disposal: Septic tank sludge should opened by the supervisor periodically. The
not be spread on the ground in the vicinity complaints should be attended to promptly
of the toilet block or residential area. It and suggestions offered considered
should be disposed of in a running sewer of expeditiously. The address and telephone
at least 400 mm dia, if available. Otherwise, numbers of the operating agency should be
it should be dried in pits which should be displayed to enable a user to contact the
located at a safe distance from any habitation agency regarding any complaint or
to prevent a health hazard. suggestion.
b. Vegetation : Trees, plants and shrubs should * regulate the use on a "first come first
be planted in the open area available within served" basis;
the community toilet block and looked after * receipt and issue of cleaning materials
to improve the landscape. a
and equipment;
13
* maintaining the complaint and suggestion NGOs or contractor or local bodies). The aim
book properly; and should be to a; point the minimum number of
I *educating
educating the
the users.
users. staff essential fc r carrying out all the daily and
weekly O&M chedules and general up-keep
If the operation and maintenance, is carried out measures.
by the local community, this function is usually
looked after by a community member. 8. A flexible and pragmatic approach should
be followed in defining the requirements and
c. Supervisor will be responsible for monitoring responsibilities of each category of staff. For
the performance of attendants and example, if an e ternal agency is assigned O&M
caretakers and for keeping a record on responsibility 'or only a small number of
the status of operation and maintenance community toil ts, then the supervisor may in
of each toilet complex, please refer to addition to his her normal duty of supervision
the check-list given in Annex 10. The be asked to loc k after other functions such as
supervisor should plan visits in such a way accounting, rec rd keeping, procurement etc. In
that he/she inspects the community toilet case of commu ity managed toilets, one of the
at different hours of the day. A few visits community mer bers can look after the duties of
shouldc be during the peak hours. A a supervisor. In community toilets where users
supervisor's duties include pay on a monthly basis, a attenclant may also look
after all funct ons of a caretaker excepting
a) ensuring that the toilets are neat and...I
collectLion of us r charges. This is to ensure that
clean, all infrastructural facilities are.. .l block.
clean,
all infrastructural facilities are the attendant r mains on duty in the toilet m
available and functioning well and users are..
However, if use charges are collected on a daily - .
fully satisfied; basis a full-tir e caretaker will be needed. A
b) attending the complaints and suggestions community toil t for about 200 persons which is
recorded in the complaint book/box; not generally u ed in the night, can be operated
and maintained by one attendant only, if users
c) collecting the user service charges pa oi a otll bss
from the caretakers and depositing them pa o a m b
daily in the bank or at the instructed place 9. As far as p ssible a lady attendant should be
(if collection on any day falls short of target appointed for t e female section. However, if for
or the operation and maintenance economic reas ons it is not possible to keep
expenditure is high, he/she should enquire separate atten lants for the male and female
into it, and sections, the r lale attendant should clean the
female section also cluring a non-use or lean-use
d) bringing to the notice of the concerned .
period. Under suclh situations, female LLsers -L
person/authority, the difficulties and . su e wi
problems faced in the operation of the cleaned.
community toilet blocks.
10. Active p rticipation by the community,
If the operation and maintenance is carried out particularly in he case of residential areas, not
by the community, this function is usually only ensures p oper operation and maintenance
~
performedl by a commnunity member. of the toilet bu also reduces the O&M costs and
O&M Staff Requirements consequently t e user charges. The local bocly
shoulc, theref re, encourage community basecl
7. The nLumber of personis needed in each
O&M ,,;wherever feasible but technical support
category for the operation and maintenance of a from the local ody will still be required to solve
community toilet block depends upoII the number
major mainteniFnce problems..,
of users, the usage hours, method of user charge m n p .
collection, and the institutional arrangements 11. Dependi ng on the factors stated above the
for O&M (by community members or CBOs/ staff requirei- ents should be worked out for
14
Table 4.1: Requirements of Attendants and Caretakers for a Twenty-two
Seat Community Toilet
Duty Hours Attendant Caretaker
Morning shift 5 A.M. - 9 A.M. 2 with split duty hours 1 with split duty hours
Day shift 9 A.M. - 5 P.M. 1 1
Evening shift 5 P.M. - 9 P.M. Same as in morning shift Same as in morning shift
Night shift 9 P.M. - 5 A.M. 1 Nil *
'rotal 4 2
* In a non-reside-ntial area an additional caretakerfor night-shift will be needed. l"r
15. The maintenance staff on duty at the toilet Monitoring by Local Body Ii
block should give all possible assistance and 20. The local body should set up a monitoring
guidance to the users and educate them on the cell to ensure proper operation and maintenanice
proper use of the toilet. This should cover of toilets constructed. The monitoring should
aspects like squatting posture to prevent exereta be used as a management tool to identify
anci urine falling on the floor or sicdes of the problems an( to initiate necessary acministrative
latrine pan or urinal and also how to flush the measures. A mnonitoring format is given in
excreta. It should also be brought to the user's Annex 13.
15
Chapter 5
Institutional nd
Financial
Arrangement
1. The local bodies play a pivotal role in sustainabl in the long run.
!planning, construction, operation and 4. As e plained in Chapter II, the project
maintenance of community toilets. Appropriate
W report pr paration requires multi-disciplinary
institutional and financial arrangements are skills suc as technical, social, institutional and
required not only to improve the investment and financial. Such multi-disciplinary skills are
operational efficiencies but also to promote a generally ot available within the local bodies.
sense of ownership among the users and right to Therefore local bodies may consider one of the
demand for an efficient service. This chapter following rrangements:
reviews the current institutional and financial
practices, their merits and demerits and * assi ing the task to a team consisting of
suggestions for improved practices. a mu icipal engineer and a social scientist,
who could be engaged as a short term
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS cons ltant from a local NGO or university.
Project, Report Preparation * assi ning the task to an external agency
2. In most cases, the local body, without (NG , CBO or consultant) with the requisite
consulting the community, selects the site, mul i-disciplinary skills.
decides on the type of facilities to be provided
..
. designs. ~~~Constr cto
and prepares engineering In a few
cases, local bodies engage a consultant or NGO 5. In OSt cases, local bodies award the
to prepare the project report. In general, detailed contract or construction to either a contractor
project reports as described in chapter II are or an N 0. In a few cases, contracts are given
rarely prepared. directly t the community through their existing
commun ty structures, wherever they have been
3. The project reports prepared by local bodies able to mobilize capital cost sharing. The
often follow a supply or target-driven engineering enginee ing division of the local body or state
approach and do not normally reflect users' a ncle Ilike l the Public Health Engineering
ag
preferences and willingness to participate or pay Depart ent or State Water Supply and Sewerage
for capital or operation and maintenance costs. Board er State Urban Development Agency
Non-involvement of users in project preparation assurme he responsibility to supervise the quality
discourages a sense of ownership among users of const uction, depending on the scheme under
and results in dissatisfaction and sub-optimal use which he particular community toilet is
of facilities. On the other hand, some of the c ted.
, ~~~~~~construr ted .
projects prepared by CBOs or NGOs or
consultants based on users' preferences and 6. Lac of adequate supervision, resulting in
willingness to participate, have proved to be poor qu lity of construction, is a common issue.
16
r
Split responsibility, construction by one agency contract between the local body and construction
and O&M by another, is sometimes another agency should be prepared. A typical format for
reason for poor quality of construction. In such the MOU is given in. Annex 14. Necessary
cases, the O&M agency does not take the changes may be made in the MOU depending on
responsibility for routine civil mnaintenance and the scope of work and field conditions.
repairs and awaits interventions by local bodies,
which often do not come in time. The resultant Operation and Maintenance
poor maintenance causes user dissatisfaction 9. Sanitation is considered as one of the basic
and non-use of facilities. On the contrary, services to be provided by local bodies, fre'e of
construction by CBOs ancl NGOs with the active cost. Consequently, community toilets in most
involvement of the community offers advantages cities were traditionally built, operated and
such as: ,
maintained by the respective local bodies.
*+
,; users have an increased sense of ownership However, due to inadequate financial and human
and consequently the quality of construction resources, and inappropriate institutional
I improves; incentives, most of the community toilets are
very poorly maintained and in some cases
; + reducedcapital costs due to low overheads abandoned by users within a few years of
and no profit margin; and construction. To overcome these limitations,
4* improved capacity within the community several local bodies have started assigning the
resulting
; in better maintenance. O&.M responsibilities to either an external agency
. - (contractor or NGO) or directly to the
7. Local bodies should evaluate alternative communities (CBOs). These agencies operate
construction arrangements and choose the most the toilets on a 'pay-and-use' basis, as per the
appropriate option that will ensure good quality conditions defined in a Memorandum of
of construction and proper use of the facilities Understanding (MOU) between them and the
constructed. Three possible arrangements are local body. The following paragraphs discuss the
discussed below: merits and demerits of these institutional options.
* Construction by a CBO or NGO, for reasons The main guiding factor for selecting a particular
stated aboye, should be given prresnce. option should be the users' willingness to pay for
However, these voluntary bodies may not and participate in O&M.
have adequate technical skills and local 10. O&M by municipality: As stated
bodies should provide the required technical above, the municipality operated toilets are very
guidance. poorly maintained and abandoned within a
* The second alternative is construction by few years of construction. The main reasons for
an external agency or contractor who is also this are:
willing to enter in to a long term O&M * Normally local bodies do not recruit or
contract, for a minimum period of ten years. assign exclusive staff for operation and
* If the above options are not feasible, the maintenance of community toilets.
constructionl work alone may be awarded to Municipal scavengers, in addition to their
a contractor or an NGO. To ensure quality regular street sweeping job, are generally
of construction, local bodies should involve assigned the responsibility to clean the
the agency selected for O&M in supervising community toilets. Similarly, the respective
the construction. ward sanitary inspectors are responsible to
supervise the scavenger's job. Consequently,
8. Irrespective of the option chosen, the local very little attention is paid to the up-keep of
bodies should closely supervise the quality of community toilets. Also as scavengers have
construction. A clear and unambiguous strong unions, any disciplinary action may
memorandum of understanding (MOU) or entail legal battles or strikes, leading to a
17
virtual breakdown of the town's conservancy one year dr so, the contractor has no
system. incentive tp render good and effective
services ano also to undertake repairs and f
* Mostly, these toilets are operated as 'No- sricesancl alk
Pay & Use' type and the cash strapped local maitenance; and
bodies find it difficult to provide sufficient b. In the absence of strict supervision and
' funds for O&M. monitoring (by local bodies, the contractor
is normally under no pressure to perform
* .. for maintenance
Inadequate staffing .. and per the l.rms and conditions stipulated
~~~~~~~~~as i
supervision, lack of accountability for ap theM em an c
performance and lack of a sense of i
i ., ownership among users are some of the 14. Some gui elines for local bodies in using
other factors contributing to poor upkeep. external agencie s for O&M are given below:
12. O&M by external agencies (contractors * For ensuring compliance with contract
or NGOs): Several local bodies have entrusted conditions by a private contractor or NGO,
the operation and maintenance, on a 'pay-and- local bod es should carry out regular
use' basis, to private contractors and NGOs. A supervisio l and monitoring. A format for
MOU between the agency and the local body, Monitoring by Local Bodies is given in
defines the terms and conditions of this contract. Annex 13.
Typically the local bodies are responsible for U .
. . * ~~~~~~~~~~~Users cha rges should be fixed such that'
major civil repairs and maintenance, and the
external agencies are responsible for day-to-day they fully cover O&M costs and leave a
operation and maintenance. In some cases instead bodie s doft loo uoa community
.. . shs uld not look upon a community
~~~~~~~~~bodies
of carrying out repairs, local bodies pay the t
agency an agreed fixed amount per toilet seat per. facilit a low come comunty.
year as an annual maintenance fee. In a few f
cases, local bodies treat the 'pay-and-use' toilets 15. O&M b Community: In some cases,
as a profit making proposition and charge the particularly in slums. where the Government of
agencies an annual fee. India's Urban Basic Services Programme (UBSP)
13. Following are some of the merits and is effective, thl users themselves operate and
13. Following are some of the merits and maintain the .ilets, on a 'pay-and-use' basis
..demerits in assigning the O&M role to an through their xisting community organizations
external agency: (CBOs). This third alternative arrangement has
Merits: several advant, ges:
a. the local body is relieved of managerial and a. users hate a real sense of ownership as
financial responsibilities; and they are lholly responsible for O&M;
b. users are likely to develop a sense of b. users ha e total control on the level of
ownership, as they pay for O&M services, service,
and demand better services as a matter of
:right. c. O&M co ts are kept to the minimum as
Demer;'ts: some of unctions are looked after by the
Demerits:
;8 communi members on a voluntary basis;
18
d. local bodies are relieved of the financial and O&M. Therefore, there is a need to review
managerial burden. current financial arrangements, particularly the
potential for capital and O&M cost sharing by
*
16. NGOs can often serve as an effective the users.
intermediary between the local body and the
community in mobilizing the local community Capital Costs
$p' preparing them to render an effective role.
and 19. The capital costs are invariably met fully
There are instances of community toilets being
wholly maintained by the local communities
themselves with minimal financial and technical and/or grants from state and central
governments. In some cases industries and
support from the local body. A case in Kanpur is philanthropists have contributed toward the
* described in Annex 15.
d escribed In Annex 1D. capital costs. As part of some special schemes
Training such as UBSP (Ministry of Urban Affairs and
17. To improve investment and operational Employment, GOI) and promotion of night-soil
- 17. To Improve investment and operational.'
efficiencies, all relevant municipal staff based biogas plants (Ministry of bodies Non-
conventional Energy Sources, GOI) local
(engineers, sanitary inspector and supervisors) ar eo
t t r s1 1 ~~~~~~~are eligible for subsidies not only for construction
1
responsilDe for u&M should be given
1 1 n
*and staff of toilets, but also in the case of biogas digester
and staff responsible for Q&M should be given
proper training In the following aspects:, for long term operation and maintenance. The
* Role of community toilets in improving local bodies can also obtain long term loans from
environmental sanitation conditions and the Housing and Urban Development Corporation
details of the program under (HUDCO), a Government of India Undertaking;
implementation; upto 50% of the capital cost. There are a few
cases, as discussed in Annex 15, where
*
;. Relevance and importance of involving the commuitis alscosedin A sml pren e
communities also contribute a small percentage
* communiy in
community preparation as
project prepaation
in proect as of capital costs.
discussed in chapter II;
* Merits and demerits of alternative 20. The guiding principles for capital cost
; * ~Merits and demerits of alternative sharing should not only be to mobilize additional
-- l~~nstitutional and financial arrangements;intt a afinancial resources but also to promote a sense
* Need and importance of proper up-keep of of ownership among the users. Therefore, capital
the toilet blocks; cost sharing by the community should be
I, .&M caretakers and
staff (supervisors, encouraged to the extent that they value their
t; * 08&M staff (supervisors, caretakers and
attendants) should be trained in O&M contributions. Local bodies should learn from
requirements and some of the routine the experience of cities like Bombay, Ahmedabad
requirements and some of the routine etc, and explore opportunities to mobilize
repairs related to water supply and
electricity; and additional resources through sponsorship from
industries, trade and philanthropists.
* Health educators should be briefed .about . The estimated cost of the proqect
~~~~~~~~21.
l . i th
the project and how the health and sanitation should be worked out on the basis of the
: education programme can be carried out. of RaLes followed by the local
~~~~~~~~~~~~Schedule
r
FINANCIAL ARRANGEMwlENTS authorities to avoid cost over-run. The rates of
items which are not specified in the Schedule of
18. As stated at the beginning of this chapter, Rates should be obtained from the market. The
* the local bodies because of their supply or target- Schedule of Rates does not reflect the field
driven approach and perennial financial reality, the market rates must be taken in to
constraints, are not able to construct adequate account for working out the estimated cost.
numbers of community toilets and cannot sustain Since a community toilet block can be constructed
the investments by providing sufficient funds for in 6-9 months, there is no need to make a
19
t.lS
charges should be fixed by the local bodies in For example, experience shows that community
consultation with the community and the agency toilets near r ilway stations, tourist centers,
responsible for O&M. A family desirous of bus/truck/taxi/cycle rickshaw stands and busy
paying monthly charges may be issued a monthly markets, can generate an income over and above
pass as per the proforma given in Annex 22. the O&M cost$. The income from community
toilets in residqntial low income settlements can
27. Toilets in non-residential areas: Collection b
. ~~be lower than the O&M costs. Hence, O&M
of user charges per use per person is most
popular in places like railway stations, bus! costs of a toile which is not self-supporting can
popular in places like railway stations, bus/... ...
truck/taxi stands, tourist centers, market places be cross-subsi ized by toilets i commercial
areas, if a single agency is assigned the
etc, where people are willing to pay higher
charges. Some of the typical user charges responsibility o maintain a group of toilets.
.. - :charges. Some of the typical user charges
prevalent in different places are: Rs. 1 per person
. . . ~~~~~~~~~~Need for Le gislation for Imposing User;
per use of toilet; additional Rs. 1 per use of
bathing (where special bath rooms have been Charge
built in some tourist places Rs. 3 per use is 29. In some States, community toilets cannot
charged) and facilities for washing clothes; and be operated o a 'pay-and-use' system because
Rs. 0.5 per use of urinal. These charges should local body is r quested by the Municipal Act to
be reviewed periodically to cover the full O&M provide sanitat on services free of charge. Where
costs, including civil repairs. such a provisic n exists the Municipal Act or bye-
!i laws should be modified to enable the local
't W Cross-Subsidy bodies to levy a service charge for the use of a
28. Income from user charges of a community community toilet.
toilet depends on its location and type of users.
I i
I.
21
I
23~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ll
List of Annex~s
3. A Format for Assessing the Number of Other Categories of Users and Need for
A Community Toilet
'I ~~~~9.
Check Points for Supervising the Construction
10. Check Points for the Supervisor Looking After 0peration & Maintenance of the
Community Toilet Block
14. A Typical Agreement between the Local Body anc Construction/O&M Agency.
16. A Typical Bill of Quantities for a 11-Seat COMML nity Toilet Block
17. A Typical Bill of Quantities for a Covered Brick Drain (10 Meters Length)
24
Annex I
(2) Address
Yes No
25
Annex 2
I
% ~ ~~~1.
Name of the interviewtue __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Toilet
Urinal
Bath
Washing Area
5. If the houIsehold does not want to use the facility, rea on(s).
Yes No
26
8. Willing to share capital costs ? YES/NO
Males
Females
Children
,
,,, Any
12.
8~~~1. belief that
IfWivein,g members
olyulk of usecpia
the soaps
household not like to sit for defecation facing,l~~~~~~~~~~~~E
willyorhad a
to to washN
particular direction; and any other likes and dislikes.
Water
Soft paper
No
27
Annex 3
Peak hour
YesC No C
l 3. Assess the number of users like rickshaw pullers, h nd-cart pullers, auto-rickshaw
drivers, taxi drivers, petty sihop keepers etc.
4. At present, any facility available for sanitation near the proposed site?
Yes C No [2
Yes D No F2
(Give also a brief description of the facilities)
6. Remarks
28
Annex 4
2. Profession __
3. Purpose of visit _
Toilet
Urinal
Bathing
Washing
Yes C NoD
Toilet
Urinal
29
'IT
II. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A
5
A CHECKLIST OF INFORMA:ION TO BE
COLLECTED FROM THE GOVERNMENT/LOCAL
AUTHORITY/NGOs etc.
1. Site for locating the community toilet block (selection to be done in consultation with the
local authority and the community).
2. Number of pavement dwellers, rickshaw/hand cart pul ers, taxi drivers or any other
similar categories of people, likely to use the communit toilet.
3. i) If the proposed site is to be filled up, up to what del th? (site topography map to be
prepared, if necessary).
lI!
ii) Type of soil strata (soil characteristics) up to 3 m below the ground level
iii) Whether the site subjected to water logging or flo ding?
iv) Ground water level in different seasons of the yea ^
4. (i) If water supply at the community toilet block can be obtained from the municipal
main, whether it is possible to meet the requirem ent fully and water pressure is
adequate or pumping will have to be carried out?
(ii) If water supply cannot be obtained from the mui icipal system, what alternative
arrangements can be made?
7. Whether the local authority itself would like to operate and mainitain the toilet block or
would it like to hand the facility over to a non-government organizationl (NGO) or
community or any other agency? (Study how the existing community toilets are being
operated and maintained).
8. If the State governmnent has issued any directions to the local authorities recognizing the
NGOs or agencies for construction and operation and m intenance of community toilets,
list the organisations/agencies. Collect the copies of government directions.
9. (i) If the NGOs or other agencies are available for construction and operation and
maintenan-ce of the community toilet block list ther . Also collect information about
their credentials incluiding experience and the infrastructure available with them.
(ii) If the local community is willing to operate and miai tain the community toilet block,
study their capabi lity.
10. (i) Collect the currenit Public Works Department's S hedule of Rates or similar other
SOurces which are being followed by the local aut ority in preparing the estimates
of civil/sanitary works.
30
(ii) Collect the rates of skilled and non-skilled labour charges and the materials needed
for construction of the proposed toilet block.
11. (i) Whether the local authority would meet the capital cost from its own resources? If
it would not, list the agencies which might finance the project.
(ii) Ascertain the proportion of subsidy and loan with terms and conditions from the
agency which might finance the project.
12. (i) Whether it is feasible to operate the community toilet on a 'Pay & Use' basis?
(ii) If the entire operation and maintenance costs cannot be met from user-charges,
enquire from the agencies being considered for operation and maintenance,
whether they would be able to operate and maintain it by cross - subsidizing?
(iii) If it can not be maintained by cross-subsidizing, ascertain whether the local
authority is willing to meet the short-fall.
13. If the local authority desires to operate the toilet on a 'No-Pay & Use' basis, enquire
whether it is willing to meet the operation and maintenance cost also from its own budget.
14. Whether the low cost sanitation programme to provide toilets in individual houses is going
on or is likely to be taken up in the near future?
For community toilets near railway station, bus terminal, hospital, etc.
15. Is the public utility ready to provide land and/or bear/share capital costs for the
construction of community toilet?
Yes No
Provide Land? _ _
16. Is the public utility ready to levy a user service charge for the use of.the facility on a
per use basis to meet the operation & maintenance costs ?
Yes 'I
No El
17. Any additional information
31
.1,
Annex 6
SUGGESTED CONTENTS OF A
PROJECT DOCUMENT
O Background
O Design & Construction details (including Designs, Dra wings & Bill of Quantities).
0 Finances (Capital & Recurring Costs, Financing Me hanism, Cost Recovery, Cross-
! subsidy, Recommendations on Financial Involvement o Users in Capital and Operation
'I & Maintenance costs).
.I .iANNEX -I Survey Information which forms the Basis f r the Project Report (in tabular
form).
ANNEX- III Town Map Showing Locations of the Existin & Proposed Community Toilets
& the Area to be Served.
ANNEX- IV Working Drawings of the Proposed Commu ity Toilet & Related Structures.
ANNEX - V Bills of Quantities for all Toilet, Septic T nk/Soakage Pit & Allied Civil,
Mechanical & Electrical Works.
32
Annex 7
THE DESIGN OF A
MODEL SEPTIC TANK
The septic tank should be designed as per the criteria laid down in the Manual on Sanitation
by CPHEEO, Government of India. These design criteria are
(i) Considering the volume required for sludge and scum accumulation, the septic tank
should have 1 - 2 days of wastewater retention.
(ii) The accumulated sludge and scum should occupy only half or maximum two-thirds of the
tank capacity at the end of the design storage period.
(iii) For users over 100, two septic tanks, each designed for half, of the total calculated capacity
should be constructed in tandem. This arrangement permits the flow to be passed
through one unit, while the other is being de-sludged.
Example
The community toilet has 11 toilet seats, with one seat for children, and 3 urinals. The number
of users is 550. Two septic tanks, each for 275 users are to be designed.
Wastewater including urine and water used for anal cleansing, flushing and latrine floor
washing entering the septic tank is assumed as 8 liters per user.
Total wastewater entering the septic tank = 8 x 275 liters per day
= 2200 liters per day
Taking the depth of the septic tank below its top liquid level as 1.4m, size of the tank works
out to be 10mx3m. After providing free board of 30 cm, total depth of the septic tank should
be 1.7 m.
33
Annex 8
.1 ~~~~~~~If
the inlet pipe to soakage pit is 40 cm below ground level, total depth of t.he pit
comes to 2.2+0.40 0.15 =2.75m below the ground.
34
Annex 9
1) Water supply, sanitary and electricity fixtures and other materials used are of the quality
specified in the design or of relevant standard specifications.
2) Prescribed specifications and drawings have been adhered to. The work is neat and
workmanship is good.
4) Cement has been used in specified proportion in the concrete, brick work and plaster.
5) RCC work has been provided with specified reinforcements. Pinning has to be carried
out in such a manner that there are no voids.
6) Mosaic flooring and the dado have been laid as per the specifications, rubbed and polished
well to granolithic finish.
7) Flooring has a slight slope towards the squatting pan in the case of latrine cubicle. In
!
- the case of other areas the slope should be towards the drainage points.
8) Curing of all cement works has been done as per the specifications.
9) Spintles for hanging the doors have been fixed firmly and the doors have been provided
with bolting arrangement, inside and outside.
12) There is no leakage in the water pipe lines and drainage pipes.
13) i) Squatting pans and traps installed are of designs specified for a pour flush toilet and
these have been fixed properly so as to provide 20 mm water-seal.
ii) In case the community toilet block is connected to the city sewer, check if the master
trap has been provided before the connection of the sewer.
14) Foot-rests have been fixed at the proper place and at an angle to make them slightly away
from the squatting pan in the front.
15) Invert of the outlet pipe in the septic tank is 50 mm below the invert of the inlet pipe.
16) Ventilating pipes of at least 100 mm diameter have been provided in each septic tank.
17) For commissioning, the septic tank has been filled with water upto outlet level and seeded
with a small quantity of sludge from some other septic tank in operation or digested cow
dung.
35
18) If the community toilet block has been provided with septic tanks, only the toilets and
urinals are connected to the tank. Other wastewater is dispo ed of separately.
19) Proper gradient has been provided in sewers and the drains. Inside surface of the drains
has been made smooth.
20) Manholes and drains for carrying sewage are well covered to prevent emission of foul
odour.
21) Adequate electric light points have been provided inside and outside the community toilet.
22) All surplus materials have been removed and the site cleare1 and dressed.
36
Annex I 0
Date of visit
Time of visit
Has soap powder being given to users for washing their hands? L L
37
Daily Check Points Yes No
Has the box with locking arrangement for collecting the use
charges been available and placed at the appropriate place?
Have the complaint and suggestion book and complaint box been
available at the community toilet block?
38
38
Annex II
MONTHLY REQUIREMENTS OF
CLEANING MATERIALS FOR A
II -SEAT COMMUNITY TOILET
Description Quantity
1. Bleaching powder 10 kg
2. Vim or any other cleaning material 10 kg
3. Phenol or any other disinfectant liquid 4 liters
4. Naphthalene balls 8 kg
5. Floor wipers 2 nos.
6. Tools to remove chokage 1 set'
7. Brushes 4 nos.@
8. Brooms 4 Nos.
9. Buckets 2 nos.@
10. Dusters 6 Nos.
11. Gum boots 1 pair*
12. Hand gloves 1 pair*
13. Hydrochloric acid (diluted) 1 liter
14. Soap powder to wash hands 25 kg.
*319'
..
!~~~~
Annex 12
2. Ask the attendant to clean the toilet before use, if it is not clean.
3. Sit in such a position for defecation, that the human was te falls, as far as possible inside
the squatting pan and does not foul the sides.
4. Fill the mug provided in the latrine with water for ablution and flushing
5. Before use, pour a little quantity of water to wet the paxi so that excreta slide smoothly
into the pit.
6. Use water or toilet paper for anal cleansing. Do not us e any other material like stone,
mud, thick paper, grass etc. for anal cleansing.
7. Pour water from the mug to flush the excreta after use.
11. Do not wash clothes in the bathroom. Use the washin g area.
13. If you have any complaints or suggestions, enter them ir the complaint register available
with the caretaker or drop themi in the complaint box.
40
Annex 13
1. Is the toilet block being operated and maintained well? Have water and electricity been
available?
3. (i) Are all the intended users availing the facility? If they are not, which section of the
community is not using and why?
(ii) Do health and sanitation education programs need to be stepped up to motivate those
who are not using the facility?
(iii) If 'per person per use' payment system is a deterrent, are the users willing to pay
on a monthly basis for the facility?
(iv) Any suggestions for use of the facility by all the targeted users?
4. If the toilet block is not functioning due to any reason like chokage of sewer, non-
availability of water supply etc., have the deficiencies been removed expeditiously?
6. Has the complaint book been available at the toilet block? Are there any complaints about
the operation and maintenance of the toilet block and whether these are being attended
to quickly ?
7. Are there any problems or constraints? Are there any suggestions to resolve them or
for improving the functioning of community toilet block?
41
* ~~~~~~~~~~~~~Annex
14
ATYPICAL AGREEM N
BETWEEN THE LOCAL B D AND
CONSTRUCTIONIO&M A ENCY
MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDIN BETWEEN
(Name of Municipality or Util ty)
AND
(Name of ConstructionlO&M A ency)
This agreement made on this . day of (month and which are to e considered as part and parcel of this
year) between (Name and designation of person MOU.
authorized to sign on behalf of the local body or utility
organization and name and address of the WC. Urinial Bathroom Washing
organization), (hereinafter called the First Party) of Platform
the one part and (name and address of the contractor),
(hereinafter called the second party) of the other Gents - _ _
part. The terms, the 'FIRST PARTY' and the Ladies -
'SECOND PARTY' wherever used or occurring in
these presents shall always, unless expressly or by Children - x x x
necessary implication excluded by or contrary to the
subject and context, mean and include their respective (Fill in the n imber offacilities to be provided in spaces
successors and assignees. (-) in the tab e above)
WHEREAS the First Party has decided to get a 2) At the ite of the toilet complex, the Second
Community Toilet Complex constructed in (location Party shall also construct a Caretaker Room of
of toilet and name of the town) to provide facility to appropriate size required for the operation and
the pubic, and has approached the Second Party to maintenanc of the toilet complex.
construct, operate and maintain them. 3) The Fir t Party has provided to the Second Party
WHEREAS the Second Party at the instance of the the detailed site plans where the toilet complex is
1 ~~WHEREAS the Second Party at the instance of the rqie o ecntutd
First Party has agreed to undertake the construction,
operation and maintenance of the aforesaid community 4) The Se ond Party, after receipt of the site plans
toilet complex. has prepar d the detailed drawings of the toilet
complex an got them approved by the First Party.
. - WHEREAS the parties hereto are desirous and
have found it necessary and expedient to record 5) After t e drawings have been approved, the
the terms and conditions in respect of the aforesaid Second Par prepared the estimates to determine
work into an agreement and the First party the cost, an these estimates and specifications were
has obtained the necessary approval of the submitted o the First Party which has given its
competent authority as required by law/rules for the approval. he approved drawings, estimates and
purposes. specificatio S are deemed to be the part of this
t. agreement.
Now, these presents witness and it is hereby and
between the Parties hereto as follows:- 6) The af resaid cost estimates have been based on
the curren PWD or Municipal Schedule of Rates
1) The Second Party shall construct a public toilet applicable i (name of town/city) and items not
complex comprising of water flush toilet with urinal, included in the Schedule of Rates have been analyzed
bathing and washing facilities at (location of toilet) as stated b elow in this para. Current Schedule of
'1 for the First Party as per detailed plans and estimates Rates mea s the Schedule of Rates applicable on the
42
date of submission of the estimates by the second In the event of failing to complete the work within the
party to first party for the construction of the stipulated period, the Second Party shall be liable to
complex. For items for which no rates exist in the pay as compensation an amount equal to one percent
aforesaid PWD or Municipal Schedule of Rates, the of the estimated cost of the whole work for every
rates will either be derived from market rates of week of delay provided always that the entire amount
labour and materials. of compensation to be paid under the provisions of
this clause shall not exceed ten percent of the
7) The work will be executed as per the plans and estimated cost of the whole work.
estimates prepared by Second Party and approved by
the First Party. The payment shall be made as per 12) It is hereby agreed that any change in the
the current schedule of rates and rates sanctioned by design and specifications of toilet complex for which
the First Party. No increase in rates will be given and drawings, specifications estimates have been approved
Second Party agrees to carry out the work at these by the First Party can be made with the mutual
rates. consent of both the parties. If any extra work or
works is or are to be done at toilet complex the same
8) The Second party shall be entitled to get a shall be carried out by the Second Party as desired
payment of 20% of the estimated cost as by the First Party. The payment due to change in
implementation and management charges including design and specifications and for extra work or works
fee for the architect and also fee for the preparation will be made by the First Party to the Second Party
of detailed estinmates and drawings, and to meet at the current PWD or Municipal Schedules of Rates
promotion, education, publicity, implementation and market rates of labor and materials as described
and establishment costs and other overhead in para (6) and (7) above. The Second party shall also
expenses. The total estimated cost of the toilet be entitled to get payment of (indicate percentage) of
complex has been fixed as per para (6) & (7) above the cost as implementation charges as mentioned in
and implementation charges as Rs ............ (cost para (8) above.
in words also). The 20% implementation charges will
be also payable to the Second Party on costs/ 13) The land where the toilet complex is to be
enhanced cost of additional or extra works. The first constructed will be handed over to the Second Party
party shall make an advance payment of 20% to the by the First Party free of all disputes. In case any
second party as a mobilization advance which shall dispute regarding its title, ownership arise, the First
be adjusted while making the payment against the Party will be fully responsible for it. Dismantling of
running bills. existing structure if any and shifting of underground
cables, pipe lines, sewers, etc. if obstructing the
9) The First Party shall have the right to change the construction of the complex will be the responsibility
site, number of latrines seats and urinals, bathrooms of the First Party.
and washing platforms in the toilet complex. However, I
the First Party shall pay to the Second Party to cover 14) The First Party shall pay 20% of the total
fully all the extra expenses with 20% implementation estimated cost of the project as advance after signing
and management charges as described in para 8 the Memorandum of Understanding. The balance to
above incurred by the Second Party due to changes be paid stage wise is as follows:
made by the First Party.
10) The Second Party shall arrange all materials 15) MODE OF PAYMENT:
including cement and M.S. rods/bars to construct First Party agrees for paying the running bills as per
community toilet complex as per approved estimates following stages:- 2
and drawings to the satisfaction of the First Party.
Running payments shall be made based on stage-wise
11) After approval of the drawings and estimates (four stages to be identified clearly) progress of the
(as per 7 above), receipt of the first advance as work within 15 days from the date of receipt of the
mentioned in para (8) above and handing over running bills and twenty percent advance shall be
undisputed site where the complex is to be built, the recovered from the four running bills on a pro-rata
Second Party shall take up the construction and basis. Five percent of the running bill. amount will
complete the construction of toilet complex/toilet be deducted from each remaining bill. -This will be
complexes within .......... months from the date of the released at the time of final payment.
First advance, approval of drawings and estimates
and handing over of site and sites whichever is later. The final payment will be made by the First Party to
43
the Second Party within 30 days of the commissioning 23) The First arty shall make available adequate
of the complex. quantity of wat er at suitable pressure and for the
purpose of co struction light connection will be
If advance payment and payments on running bills provided by the first party. After commissioning of
are not made in time as mentioned above, the second the toilet block, First Party shall make available
party will have the option to stop the work. The First adequate quantity of water at suitable pressure.
Party in such a case will have to pay compensation Water and Ele tricity will be provided by the First
to the Second Party for idle labour and establishment Party at thei own cost for construction and
cost etc. maintained by the Second Party. maintenance o the complex.
16) If the Second Party fails to complete the work (a) The Seco d Party shall be fully responsible to
described in para (1) above, the First Party shall have keep the whole arrangement of the sanitary
the right to recover the balance amount of advance, block for 24 hours service.
i.e. the amount arrived at after deducting the value
of work done with 20% management charges from the (b) The Sec nd Party shall provide a complaint
amount advanced by the First Party to the Second book at t e Care-taker room to be filled in case
Party tinder this agreement. of compl ints by the users.
17) It is hereby further agreed that in case, 24) The Sec nd Party shall be entitled to impose
the work could not be completed within the and charge suc h reasonable sum as may be necessary
time specifiedl in para (11) above, due to natural from the use s of the said toilet complex, after
calamity, litigation or any other cause beyond the obtaining pric r approval of the First Party for
control of the Seconcl Party, then time of conmpletion meeting the peration, maintenance, repair and
of work shall be extended by the First Party on establishment osts of the said complex. The Charge
mutual consultation. to be recover d from the users shall be as follows
18) The First Party shall extend all necessary (i) Gents s all have to pay Rs . and ladies
cooperation, assistance and facilities to the Second Rs ..... p r use. Children below 10 years and
Party in the construction, completion of work, physical handicapped persons will not be
operation and maintenance of toilet complex specified . charged. | .. of monthly family pass the fee
......... In case
in this agreement. shall be s. per month/family. No charge
to be pail for use of urinal. The above charges
19) All rights, title of interest or ownership with will be ncreased by (indicate percentage) at
regard to the toilet complex constructed by the the end of every 3 years.
Second Party shall vest in the First Party except that
the toilet complex after the construction, will be (ii) Each us r will be supplied a tea-spoonful soap
handed over to the Second Party for operation and powder without any additional charge by the
:I. maintenance as agreed to in this Agreement. Second arty for washing hands after defecation.
20) The Second Party will motivate and educate 25) The Fir t Party shall allow the Second Party to
people, through publicity and promotional activities, display signb ards oII each toilel complex indicating
for using the toilet complexes constructed, operated rules and reg lations to educate the users. The First
and maintained under this agreement. Party shall al o allow the Second Party to put up their
sign board at the toilet complex. The text for display
21) The Second Party shall regularly clean, maintain shall be approved by the First Party.
and repair, if necessary the aforesaid toilet complex
for a period of 15 years from the date of commissioning 26) It is he eby agreed that any neglect or lapse on
of complex at its own cost and through its own the part of t e Seconcl Party to clean, maintain and
establishment. Subject to the satisfaction of the First repair regul; rly the said complex shall entitle the
Party, this period can be extended for another 15 First Party tc terminate this agreement, after giving
years on mutually agreed terms. The Second Party reasonable pportunity to the Second Party by a
shall maintain the standard of sanitation and use show cause notice to make necessary amends as per
necessary disinfectants at its own cost. Terms and Conditionis of this agreement to the
satisfaction Of the First Party.
22) The Second Party shall provide plants, trees as
per space available and maintain them for aesthetic 27) The Fi st Party shall have the right to inspect
beauty. the said toile complex diuring construction, operation
44
and maintenance period and may issue such orders In witness where of both the Parties here to have
and clirections as may be considered necessary in signed this agreement deed on this day of
conformity with this agreement to the Second Party. (enter date, month and year) in the
The Second Party shall ensure that such orders are presence of witnesses:
complied with.
30) The First Party shall provide protection to the para 23 needs to be suitably amended.
Second Party in the event of any threat arising out of iv. In para 24, admissible user charges needs to be
illegal activities of persons of vested interests. filled in.
.31)< For de-sludging the soalcage pits and septic v. In case the local body cannot provide tanker for
tanks, the tanker with de-sludging pumping plants de-sludging of septic tank, para 31 needs to be
will be made available by the First Party to the modified.
Second Party, whenever need arises, free of charge.
All operation charges of the equipment for de- vi. If the First Party is satisfied that the O&M
sludging and discharging the sludge and sewerage at charges can not be met fully from the user
the appropriate place will be borne by the First Party. charges and other incomes, the First Party can
agree to pay a monthly amount to the Second
32) Any matter not covered by this agreement will Party to meet the short fall. This needs to be
be mutually settled by the Parties to this agreement. included in the agreement.
' 33) In case any dispute, difference or question vii. The spaces shown as . in the format need
between the two parties arising out of this agreement to be filled in suitably.
remnain unsettled, the matter shall be referred to a
mutually agreed arbitrator, whose decision shall be viii. The signatory on behalf of the second party
final and binding on both the Parties. should be an authorized person. Local bodies/
utility organizations should insist on the
34) All type of repairing workcs required to be done production of a valid power of attorney in the
during first 3 years shall be borne by the Second name of the signatory prior to entering in to an
|. Party. agreement.
45
Annex I
NSDF is a Bombay based loose network of several city level slum dweller federations.
2 Mahila Milan, sister organisation of NSDF, is an association formed by women living on pavements and slums to
bring economic equality for women and empower them to take communi y leadership.
SPARC is a Bombay based NGO started in 1984 by some social worker and professionals to help urban poor to
organize themselves and provide a space (emotional and social) to pool t eir hunman resources and learn from each
other. Area resource center is the term coined to describe such a spac . SPARC provides professional suipport to
NSDF and Mahila Milan and they work together as a single force.
UBSP is one of the Urban PoverLy Allevialion programs of the Ministry of Urban Development. Government of India.
The focus is to organize communities by creating participatory commur iLy based structures and provide them an
opportunity to formulate their own micro development plans.
Kanpur Municipal Corporation is known as Kanpur Nagar Maha Palika.
46
ration cards6 for every household and through its ofslumleadersanclarepresentativeofKSDFpersuaded
Mahila Milan crisis credit scheme. KNMP for permission to construct the toilet in the
nearby municipal land. The community decided to
Demand revelation collect Rs. 50 per family (based on their affordability
6. KSDF mobilizes the community by organizing and willingness to pay) toward the construction cost.
study visits for select slum leaders to other slutns As only Rs. 4,500 (about 10 percent of the total cost)
within and outside Kanpur, followed by small group couldl be collected, NSDF contributed the rest. To
meetings within each slum to assess the needs of its keep costs to a miniimum, the community decided not
dwellers. Three basic needs, toilets, electricity, and to employ a contractor but to build the structure
drinking water emerged in almost all the slums. themselves. While no rigid rules for community
E Contrary to the "normal" belief, people prioritized participation were framed (except that only masons
toilets over drinking water because a few programs from the same community will be employed), many
exist to install free handpumps in slums. The residents people provided free labor. The total construction cost
access the program through local politicians or a was only around Rs. 50,000, as compared to Rs. 86,000
municipal corporator. The handpumps are normally when built by KNMP. This represented an investment
maintained by community; repair costs are shared by saving of 40 percent, of which the major savings are
*' users, and the majority of pumps remain in operation. due to absence of profit and overhead costs of a
The absence of free toilet programs, however, and contractor/formalinstitutionandsomeamountoffree
the ever decreasing space for open defecation results labor from the community. The toilet was formally
in a lack of privacy, particularly for women. This inaugurated on 15 August 1993.
accounts for people's priority for toilets.
10. Operation and Aaintenance: The community
7. Once slum leaders show keen interest in solving decided to operate and maintain the toilet on a 'pay-
their problems, KSDF conducts door-to-door surveys and-use' basis. It employed two persons (one part-
to collect detailed information, such as size of the time caretaker and one "safaiwala" - a cleaner) from
families, income levels, sanitation and water supply the community. The part-time caretalker is a
service levels, etc. The findings of these surveys are community member who runs a cigarette shop next
then discussed in community meetings. This to toilet. His job is to collect money from outsiders
,information sharing triggers a debate within the and residents, supervise the cleaner's work, and
community(ies) on their problems, possible solutions, maintain accounts. The safaiwala cleans the toilet
riA. and strategies for solving problems. In small group twice a tay. Initially user charges were Rs. 10 per
meetings, community toilets usually emerged as the month (p.m) per family and Re. 1 per use for
favored option because: (i) majority of dwellers are outsiders. About 5 percent of families are very poor,
very poor; and (ii) settlements are in the middle of and they are allowed to pay whenever and whatever
ldensely populated areas and not much land is they can afford. The poorest of poor therefore gain
available for individual toilets. access to service. However, as the toilet is located
Community
;} mobilization for construction, close to a commercial area, income from outsiders'
operation, and maintenance of community toilets
vir
use turned out to be significant (about Rs. 1,800 p.m
compared to Rs. 500 p.m from residents). Total
8. KSDF, assisted by NSDF and SPARC, plays a monthly income was more than double the
f:l: role in community mobilization for
Eacilitating expenditure (Rs. 200 p.m paid to the caretaker; Rs.
construction, operation and maintenance of 500 p.m for safaiwala; and Rs. 300 p.m on an average
community toilets. As women are the most affected, for maintenance), and as a result, the community
due to ever shrinking space for open defecation, decided to reduce the monthly charge for residents
Mahila Nlilan leaders playecd an important role in to Rs. 5 p.m. Even after 50 percent reduction in
mnobilizing the commuinity. The following paragraphs charges, the community was able to earn about Rs.
describe the process followed in one of the cases. 10,000 during one year Now the community plans to
9. Construction: In early 1993, Sangam Theater use the monthly savings, deposited in a Bank, to
Railway Line settlement dwellers (about 150 families) replace the existing asbestos roof with a concrete
decided to construct a ten-seat communiity toilet. NSDF roof and construct a community center. Note: Sangam
organized a visit by some leaders/dwellers to Bombay theater is a special case where the toilet attracts large
and trainedl them in construction, operation, and number of outsiders. KSDF and other slum
maintenance of toilets. A toilet committee, consisting communities (Shiv Hatra and Burma Shell) where
6 A ration card entitles the family to receive prescribed quota of food and fuel at subsidized price frorm the Government
designated shops. Adcllionally, ration card is used as an official identity card for legal purposes like obtaining loans etc.
47
l l
I
toilets are under construction are aware of this fact unable to expand its activities. How long can KSDF's
and therefore will be charging Rs. 10 p.m per family. initiatives be sustained with its depencdence on NSDF
Demand from other settlements and I~4MP's for fundls? C4n NSDF continue to provide financial
Demand from other settlements and KNMP's Isupport forever?
ii response
15. KNM s contribution (50 percent subsidy)
11. Considering the success of KSDF's Sangam toward capital (construction) costs comes as
experiment and demand from other poor settlements, reimbursemint of expenses incurred by KSDF to a
KNMP decicded to support KSDF's initiatives by (i) maximum o Rs. 25,000 per toilet. As a result, KSDF
allotting municipal land for construction of seven ten- fully depends on NSDF for toilet construction funds.
!;1 seat community toilets; (ii) subsidizing the How can th is be sustained in the long run? One
construction costs, by reimbursinig 50 percent of the possible approach could be to set up a revolving fund
cost subject to a maximum of Rs. 25,000 per toilet for commun ty toilet construction, to be managed by
(KNMP changed its earlier position not to extend KSDF. This und could then be used to extend loans
l; financial assistance to KESDF as they are not a to cover the 40 percent subsidy from NSDF (which
registered society); and (iii) agreeing to provide could be r covered as part of monthly household
!i. water and sewer connections to all future toilet contributioi s) to communities wanting to have toilets.
constructions by charging a one-time fee of Rs. 6,000 Will KNMP or the government of UP or NSDF be
per toilet. KSDF has started working in all the seven interested n setting up such a fund? Will the
settlements. While construction is almost complete commuLnity e willing to pay 50 percent of construction
in two settlements (Shiv Hatra and Burma Shell), costs? Wha are their incentives?
community mobilization is taking place in other five
settlements. In all these cases, communities are 16. KSDF is active in other areas of development
!., willing to fully bear operation and maintenance costs also. How riuch of their resources are now spent for
but not capital costs. They are willing to pay only 10 mobilizing he community for construction, operation
percent of toilet construction costs (Rs. 50 per and maint nance of toilets? When we add these
;lj tamily) and the rest 90 percent comes as subsidy transaction costs, will construction costs still be
from KNMP (50 percent) and NSDF (40 percent). lower than KNMP's costs?
48
Annex 16
3. Filling in the plinth with fine sand under the floor. 6.52 cum
;-,:
4. Carriage of surplus earth and its disposal at a proper place. 17.89 cum
11. Centering and shuttering including removal of the form work for:
i) Slabs 93.91 sqmn
ii) Lintels, beams and cantilevers 4.60 sqm
iii) Walls 70.22 sqm
49
I,_
25. Provide and fix steel glazed windows including glam s panes
and a coat of steel primer 3.59 sqm
26. Provide and fix mild steel T. iron frames for doors and
windows including a coat of steel primer 31.78 kg
31. 6 mm cement plaster 1:3 on the ceiling and the wa ter tank of walls 132.39 sqm
32. Colour washing with a base coat of white washing 171.05 sqm
50
S. No. Item Qty.
36. Provide and fix ceramic squatting pans as per the PF toilet design 11 Nos.
42. Provide and fix 50 mm thick pre-cast cement concrete jali 1:2:4 6.84 sqm
43. Provide and fix fan clamp of 16 mm dia M.S. bars 2 Nos.
44. Provide and fix 100 mm dia A.C. rain water pipe with M.S.
clamps including all necessary accessories 7.10 m
45. Provide and fix 40mm wide and 6 mm thick glass strips in
joints of floor 36.15 m
47. Supply and fix rolling shutters made of 80 x 1.25 mm M.S. laths 4.41 sqm
51. Provide and fix C.I. foot steps in water reservoirs 5 Nos.
52. Provide and fix C.I. manhole cover (light duty) with
frame 600 mm dia 2 Nos.
53. Provision of the water supply installation job
55. Provision for the development of site and plantation of trees job
and shrubs
51
I,
Annex 17
~~~~~~~~Item Qty.
ii
I.
52
Annex 18
Item Qty.
7. 12 mm cement plaster of mix 1:3 finished with cement punning 0.80 sqm
53
Item Qty.
l1.16.
I f Provide and fix 150 mm dia C.I. bend 2 Nos.
18. Provide and fix 100 mm dia C.I. ventilating pipe 7.2 m
:I5
;'I
54
Annex 19
Item Qty.
4. Carriage of surplus earth and its disposal at a proper place 20.56 cum
10. Centering and shuttering including removal of the form work for:
(i) Suspended floors, roofs and slabs 4.91 sqm
(ii) Circular work. 1.26 sqm
55
- . -;
r4 ,,, -
Annex 20
56
Annex 21
..
.....
,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5
Annex 22
MONTHLY PASS
1. House No.
3. Address
58
(ON BACK PAGE)
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
59
:
S~~~~~
DRAWVING
61
List of Drawings*
Drg. Sheet
No. No Description
1. 1/3 11-Seat Community Toilet with Bathing, Washing and Urinal Facilities -
Front & Side Elevations
1. 2/3 11-Seat Community Toilet with Bathing, Washing and Urinal Facilities -
Ground Floor Plan
1. 3/3 11-Seat Community Toilet with Bathing, Washing and Urinal Facilities -
Sectional Details including Founidation Details
5. 1/1 Chamber
9. 1/1 Conceptual Design of an Eight Seat Community Toilet Block with Bathing
and Urinal Facilities - Front Elevation and Plan
10. 1/4 Conceptual Design of a Two Storey 11-Seat Community Toilet Block with
Bathing, Washing and Urinal Facilities - Front Elevation
10. 2/4 Conceptual Design of a Two Storey 11-Seat Community Toilet Block with
Bathing, Washing and Urinal Facilities - Ground Floor Plan
10. 3/4 Conceptual Design of a Two Storey 11-Seat Community Toilet Block with
Bathithg, Washing and Urinal Facilities - First Floor Plan
10. 4/4 Conceptual Design of a Two Storey 11-Seat Community Toilet Block with
Bathing, Washing and Urinal Facilities - Terrace Plan
11 1/2 Conceptual Floor Plan of a Double Storey 14-Seat Community Toilet with
Bathing and Urinal Facilities - Front Elevation
11. 2/2 Conceptual Floor Plan of a Double Storey 14-Seat Community Toilet with
Bathing and Urinal Facilities - Ground and First Floor Plans.
12. 1/4 Conceptual Design of a Two Storey 22-Seat Community Toilet Block with
Bathing, Washing and Urinal Facilities - Section and Side Elevation
62
Drg. Sheet
No. No Description
12. 2/4 Conceptual Design of a Two Storey 22-Seat C mmunity Toilet Block with
Bathing, Washing and Urinal Facilities - GrouL d Floor Plan and
Foundation Details
* .: 12. 3/4 Conceptual Design of a Two Storey 22-Seat C mmunity Toilet Block with
Bathing, Washing and Urinal Facilities - First Floor Plan
12. 4/4 Conceptual Design of a Two Storey 22-Seat C mmunity Toilet Block with
Bathing, Washing and Urinal Facilities - 2nd Floor/Terrace Plan
13. 1/1 Conceptual Layout of a Community Toilet Blo k with Septic Tank and
Soakage Pit
63
SCHEDULE OF DOORS & WINDOWS
D e76 x 1500 WOODEN DOOR
Di 876 x 1800 -DITIO-
ALL DIYENSIONS IN mm
1 1/3 1:75
(n3ELWT) j68
TO SEPTIC TANK
PLANFLOOR
GROUND CIT
-~~~~~~T DRAIN K DA
AE
ErFl W~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~RIN~RTST
r F4 D D~~~~N UIALFAIITE
Mv_ 27OOx3450 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 23 :7
MOC WRKIN CM14 -
D,CJ O Win
40 D.P.C.1:t4 wrm g0
C. 1:0
PXLQ 4mrwz TMi
IeRZCOAT:
,im
10 L C 4
1:13
OH cam! 6000c~~
WATER TANK
100 mUDPHISKA
- uyKROfBTO
FOUNDATION DETAIL
B00C.mm
- kc.cx"L
1 WC BATH
BATH E
PEN weC
g f
5x_ ES_ 1F= ____ L- -,
LVL
LYL
SECTION A-A
ALL DEYlNSIONS IN mm
}1 } 3/3 1:75
-~~~~~~~~
70~~~~~~~~~~
L 475 L
5 425
70
\ \ ~~~~~~~~~~N
DIA
SECTION A-B
PLAN
SQ rATTING PAN AND TRAP
FOf POUR FLUSH LATRINE
DRG . SHEET NO. SCALE
1 / 1 2 .5
1 :7
___ ______ _______ ______ ______ ______ _
INHOL
- -5mm WITH PERFORATION
WHEEL VALVE GLAZED TILES
FROM OVERHEAD |
_ _ -- | r WHITE:GLAZEO TILES -WHITE
WATERSTORAGE TA4;
/ B,W.iN CM 1:6
14 K S T6,X
< 4 0 0 0 X
_ 11- 1-1--'S115
,rl 'L-
TO SEWER7GLYTA
OR SEPTIC TANK
I . . 1 1~~~~~~~~~~~~R~7150
I I
~~~~~~~~~~~~100!
. W
1
'<P.C.C.2:2:5:10
B
i3 300
STONEWARE
B
FOUNDATION FOR
SCREEN W
DETAILS OF URINAL
SHEET NO. SCALE
675 675 DRG.NO.
675
1 l 675
2775 1/1 1:20
3
A SEl PLAN
PRECAST R.C.C.SLAB 1:2:4
GROUND ___________,- _______ IEVEL
L
BRICK W RK IN CEMENT
MORTAR 1:6
SECTION B-B
B B
G-ROUND
6-RT
T
4
H
2
1:2:4
~~~~~~~~~~~~~R.C.C-sLAB
ILUNG
l nCE)jIM~f~
PT.PSrER
1:4
/
CEMEL
WORK IN
XBRICK
aCIKX
lia W
/
BENCMNG :51
E- X RETA 1OCR:6
:
SMOOT
PFIMSHED
LOPEITOP lWITH CEENE
SECTION A-A
pIPE
CEMENT CONCREE
A
A
'0 0~~~~~~
*
1
ko
226>z5 IN( mmz
60
2254~~~~~ sL
ALo Dl3fpiON
X k05
X~~~~~~~4 CHAMBER
PLAN NO,
:RG.NC
1-2-
------
0000
I
I I
_ t :~~~~~~~~~~~t
3000 3000
1
I
I
, . .. . . . . . .:
Cil~~~~~~~~~L
C 1 C.C: SUB 1:2:41._ 12R 3
GROUND 'L + -1PWR o zLE-|EL
D-OPYNING OPENG OP
DE-PNSTAILC
CPEN-E PETAIL
S~~ 1:75
|S--R ~~~~~~~~~
. CA. =-.
_.C.C. 125 1:1.:3 ~~~~~ -E -< SW.
t w
f E ~~GL_ ..
~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~~~10 OUTlT
F PIPE2 XJ2ETL-AI
DE,TAILzIE
]
- - - - - - - - - - -S 't -
/....
-.//I
/, */ i PRECASr 75 mmSLAB
R.C.C. CC. 1:2:1:2:4 INVER'r~~~1 2 DMENIONSIN
ALL.C m
/\ 1K ccL 3J GL<, =
|-/0faEi /,//X//0't
| <~~~~~~~~OY rc,,
100t 5
c.clct LX SEPTIC TANK
BRICK WOaRKLNF1\l (600 USERS)
CEILEN4TYiORTA 1:3
.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ / 17,/3
__ _ __ __ _ _l_l _
a50
16 ~
- - -
,
f~~~~ ~ ~ ~ Z600. I ;
I
cJl~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~, .~
2500~~~~~~~
n~~~~~~I25
5 q
c~~~~~~~~~~~J~~~~W
Q~~~~~~~~~~~~~N3 K
-~~~~~~
2700 "220l
______ _____2140 22a
FEMALE MALE
D D D
N D ONTE
WC eWCm1
WC WC
l Xc
1 RS .RS -c IYsiTh
226 900
11 2td0 750 l1Q ALL DIMENSIONS IN mm
2700
Io
116
225
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF A
7430 TWO STOREY 4 SEAT COMMUNITY
TOILET BLOCK WITH URINAL FACILITIES
. .
. , _ NO. ,
GROUND FLOOR PLAN DRG.N0. | | SCALE:
SHaISIT
8 1/1 1:50
. ' t ,~~~~~
- I.,m * , s - -
1'~~~~~~~~- ------ 1
I/
aq~~~~~~~~~~'
FRONT ELEVATION
___ 1-00 RS RS
ALL DIILENSIONS IN mm
PLAN CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF AN EIGHT
SEAT COMMUNITY TOILET BLOCK
WITH BATHING & URINAL FACILITIES
DRG.NO. SHE1T NO. SCALE
9 1/1 1:75
1!_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
FRONT ELEVATION
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF A
TWO STOREY 11 SEAT COMMUNITY
TOILET BLOCK WITH BATHING,
WASHING & URINAL FACILITIES
DRG.NO. SHEET NO. SCALE
10 1/4 1:75
10500
' ~~ ~ ~ F
rl_
D _I~~~~
l
41 ~
EG[COUNTR
~~~~~
E TOP 900
11 =
2
i . LS DIESADIESTTOILE
I~~~~~~~
,,~~~~~~~~ t
E-
CONC. OLOCKWrAUCrA'
ALL DIMENSIONS IN m m
Is ________________________________________T W
l
CONCEPTUAL
O ST O R E Y
ESIGN OF A
11 SEA T C O_N U NIT Y
~~~~~~TOILET BLOCK WITH BATHING,
i ~~~~~~~~~~WASHING & U IAL FACILlTIES
l ~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~DRG.NO.
| HEET NO. | CALE
10 2/4 1-175
is
CCD WC D BEAN D O A
i WC
O X ~~GENTS TOILET M _N CARETE
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF A
TWO STOREY 11 SEATCOMMfUNITY
TOILET BLOCK WITH BATHING,
WASHING & URINAL FACILITIES
DRG.NO. SHEET NO. SCALE
__ _ _ 10
_ __ __ _ 3/4 1:75
l
TERRACE PLAN
CONCEPTU DESIGN OF A
TWO STOREY 11 SEAT COMMUNITY
TOILET BLOC K WITH BATING,
WASHING & JRINAL FACILITIES
DRG.NO. SHEET NO. SCALE
_ ______________ __ __ _ __ __ _ ________ i ll I i L
-Trig~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
LHi~~- HI 1-
HIIHI HI II IH II t '3
FRONT ELEVATION
ALL DIMENSIONS IN mm
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF A
DOUBLE STOREY 14 SEAT COMMUNITY
TOILET BLOCK WITH BATHING,
WASHING & ULRINAL FACILITIES
DRG.NO. SHEET NO. SCALE
11 1/2 1:75
7 -
TATAH TANK
2S26 x 265a x 1060
BATB 0
,.~ ~ ~~~W ~~ -D ~~DFD f-D WC
WCW
MALE D
D D D D D _
WC WC WC STOE CAR TAKER
FEMALE D
WC WWC WC
0ENT. HAND \
BATH URINALS
:1 =L R.S
900
ALL DIMENSIONS IN
CONCEPTUAL ESIGN OF A
DOUBLE STO Y 14 SEAT COMMUNITY
TOILET BLOCK WITH BATHING,
WASHING & AL FACILITIES
DRG.NO. HEET NO. SCAL
11 2/2 1:75
LLYE Or BITuw]Di
100 WmDPHLX_
VIM~ SOR1VRAtl
TAlK
a LOBBEa
l 1 t . . ~~AROOETAKER .-
PLlNTlXI>J LEVE
|GROUN
12 1/4 1:75
.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ,, -(
BmCX WRX IN CM III
40 D.P.C. 1:24 WIrM 40mm YODIC FLO1O0N
BITIJ1lI COAT 100mm P C.CI.105 40 D.P.C.1L2;4 WMT
7100mm SiND 7fljff / BDTrUMEN COLT
PC.C.1:6:10
FOUNDATION DETAIL
15 _ 2I75 s 9D 1 goo 99DC w M g 15 _
.S-_
l_-JX
-E
_
__
t___-_
El__L~~W
<Wk _ 4---XC
v
+ I 0 r- -_7; D ---
1 1
. SAOH OEN
rS | WC
D__GEi IDlE C 0
TH Ii' SCHEDULE OF DOORS & WINDOWS
TOI~~~~T ~ir ~W:c
- --- 875
D~~~~~~~ x 1600 WOODEN DOOR
_ ,
OPEN $ l j 900: X 3 17 - FHILDRENL OPEN l |l : Dl 900 x 1800 -D=O-
TOl l LD :_EU:L
. rDRt |DPrC SOC f CE < n D
lrl2 x 1950
900 -DrrO-
L- 800 x 1350 GLAZEID WINDOW
T~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
VDRX 'al rlill ~~~~~~~~~~~~I
900 z10 -D0-
__ ,. N |:3| |+c)OO | HAND 1 '
R.S 1060_x_2100 ROLING_SHJUTMR
VASH i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
800 HIGH CELXFNT CONC.IAU
~<
ENT.LOBBY
Jf
>th
| > jV
300 x 2550 GLAZED VENTILATOR
N ?URINAL I
t2 t-ubo ssH iA
I l | ALL DIMENSIONS IN mm
L
GENTS TENT. LADIES ENT. CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF A
TWO STOREY 22 SEAT
COMMUNITY TOILET BLOCK WITH
GROUND____
FLOR LA |BATHING, WASHING & URINAL FACILITIES
GROUND FLOOR PLAN DRGCNO. SHEET NO. SCALE
12 2/4 1:75
D: I
Dc A D O
DWBATORY22SA
HANDWASH IN,WRHG&
HAND W~~~ASH JAIFCLTE
FIRST'FLOOR PLA
< D | 12 | 3/4 | 1:75 fi~~~~~~~~~~
- AL -~~~~~~~CNET
DEIG
* C. -.
F E D '* eq f
WATER TANK
R tP i
PE c
; g/11 Wl2 X DS 1\
\ CARETAW
R 2 S
WORKT6p S l
*. X1] r
L D2 = < COCEPTAL DSIGNOF
ALL DDIENSJONS IN mm
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF A
TWO STOREY 22 SEAT
COMM-UNITY TOILET BLOCK WITH
BATHING, WASHIfNG & LTINAL FACILITIES
DRG.NO. SHEET NO. SCALE
12 -4/4 1 :75
SOAKAGE PIT
CHAMBER CHAMBER
9EWX4E AND
JRIAL WASTE
COMMUNITY TOILET
COMPLEX
CONCEPTUAL LAYOUT OF A
COMMUNITY TOILET BLOCK WITH
SEPTIC TANK & SOAKAGE PIT
DRG.NO. SHEET NO. SCALE
13 1/1 N.T.S