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E2.1 (a) R2, R3, and R4 are in parallel. Furthermore R1 is in series with the
combination of the other resistors. Thus we have:
1
Req = R1 + =3
1 / R2 + 1 / R3 + 1 / R4
E2.2 (a) First we combine R2, R3, and R4 in parallel. Then R1 is in series with
the parallel combination.
1 20 V 20
Req = = 9.231 i1 = = = 1.04 A
1 / R2 + 1 / R3 + 1 / R4 R1 + Req 10 + 9.231
v eq = Req i1 = 9.600 V i2 = v eq / R2 = 0.480 A i3 = v eq / R3 = 0.320 A
i4 = v eq / R4 = 0.240 A
22
(b) R1 and R2 are in series. Furthermore, R3, and R4 are in series.
Finally, the two series combinations are in parallel.
1
Req 1 = R1 + R2 = 20 Req 2 = R3 + R4 = 20 Req = = 10
1 / Req 1 + 1 / Req 2
v eq = 2 Req = 20 V i1 = v eq / Req 1 = 1 A i2 = v eq / Req 2 = 1 A
1 vs
Req 1 = R3 + R4 = 40 Req 2 = = 20 i1 = =1A
1 / Req 1 + 1 / R2 R1 + Req 2
v 2 = i1Req 2 = 20 V i2 = v 2 / R2 = 0.5 A i3 = v 2 / Req 1 = 0.5 A
R1 R2
E2.3 (a) v 1 = v s = 10 V . v 2 = v s = 20 V .
R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 R1 + R2 + R3 + R4
Similarly, we find v 3 = 30 V and v 4 = 60 V .
23
(b) First combine R2 and R3 in parallel: Req = 1 (1 / R2 + 1 R3 ) = 2.917 .
R1
Then we have v 1 = v s = 6.05 V . Similarly, we find
R1 + Req + R4
Req
v2 = vs = 5.88 V and v 4 = 8.07 V .
R1 + Req + R4
E2.5 Write KVL for the loop consisting of v1, vy , and v2. The result is -v1 - vy +
v2 = 0 from which we obtain vy = v2 - v1. Similarly we obtain vz = v3 - v1.
v1 v3 v1 v2 v v1 v2 v2 v3
E2.6 Node 1: + = ia Node 2: 2 + + =0
R1 R2 R2 R3 R4
v v v2 v3 v1
Node 3: 3 + 3 + + ib = 0
R5 R4 R1
E2.7 Using determinants we can solve for the unknown voltages as follows:
6 0. 2
1 0. 5 3 + 0. 2
v1 = = = 10.32 V
0.7 0.2 0.35 0.04
0 . 2 0. 5
0. 7 6
0. 2 1 0 . 7 + 1. 2
v2 = = = 6.129 V
0.7 0.2 0.35 0.04
0. 2 0. 5
24
E2.8 First write KCL equations at nodes 1 and 2:
v 1 10 v 1 v1 v2
Node 1: + =0 +
2 5 10
v 10 v 2 v 2 v 1
Node 2: 2 + + =0
10 5 10
v1 v3 v1 v1 v2
Node 1: + =0 +
20 5 10
v v1 v v3
Node 2: 2 + 10 + 2 =0
10 5
v v1 v3 v3 v2
Node 3: 3 + + =0
20 10 5
E2.10 The equation for the supernode enclosing the 15-V source is:
v3 v2 v3 v1 v1 v2
+ = +
R3 R1 R2 R4
This equation can be readily shown to be equivalent to Equation 2.34 in
the book. (Keep in mind that v3 = -15 V.)
25
E2.11 Write KVL from the reference to node 1 then through the 10 V source to
node 2 then back to the reference node:
v 1 + 10 + v 2 = 0
Then write KCL equations. First for a supernode enclosing the 10-V
source we have:
v1 v1 v3 v2 v3
+ + =1
R1 R2 R3
Node 3:
v3 v3 v1 v3 v2
+ + =0
R4 R2 R3
Reference node:
v1 v3
+ =1
R1 R4
An independent set consists of the KVL equation and any two of the KCL
equations.
26
v 1 25 v 1 v 1 v 2
+ + =0
R2 R4 R3
v 2 25 v 2 v 1 v 2
+ + =0
R1 R3 R5
v1 v 1 2i y v2 v 2 2i y
+ +3= 0 + =3
5 2 5 10
27
Finally use i y = v 2 / 5 to substitute and solve. This yields v 2 = 11.54 V and
i y = 2.31 A.
E2.14 Refer to Figure 2.32b in the book. (a) Two mesh currents flow through
R2: i1 flows downward and i4 flows upward. Thus the current flowing in R2
referenced upward is i4 - i1. (b) Similarly, mesh current i1 flows to the
left through R4 and mesh current i2 flows to the right, so the total
current referenced to the right is i2 - i1. (c) Mesh current i3 flows
downward through R8 and mesh current i4 flows upward, so the total
current referenced downward is i3 - i4. (d) Finally, the total current
referenced upward through R8 is i4 - i3.
E2.15 Refer to Figure 2.32b in the book. Following each mesh current we have
To solve by node voltages, we select the reference node and node voltage
shown. (We do not need to assign a node voltage to the connection
28
between the 7- resistance and the 3- resistance because we can
treat the series combination as a single 10- resistance.)
2(i1 i3 ) + 5(i1 i2 ) = 10
5i2 + 5(i2 i1 ) + 10(i2 i3 ) = 0
10i3 + 10(i3 i2 ) + 2(i3 i1 ) = 0
29
Simplifying and solving, we find that i1 = 2.194 A, i2 = 0.839 A, and i3 =
0.581 A. Thus the current in the 2- resistance referenced to the right
is i1 - i3 = 2.194 - 0.581 = 1.613 A.
E2.18 Refer to Figure 2.37 in the book. In terms of the mesh currents the
current directed to the right in the 5-A current source is i1, however by
the definition of the current source, the current is 5 A directed to the
left. Thus we conclude that i1 = -5 A. Then we write a KVL equation
following i2, which results in 10(i2 i1 ) + 5i2 = 100.
E2.19 Refer to Figure 2.38 in the book. First, for the current source, we have
i2 i1 = 1
Then we write a KVL equation going around the perimeter of the entire
circuit:
5i1 + 10i2 + 20 10 = 0
30
(b) As usual, we select
the mesh currents
flowing clockwise
around the meshes as
shown.
Then we write a KVL
equation for each mesh.
25 + 10(i1 i3 ) + 10(i1 i2 ) = 0
10(i2 i1 ) + 20(i2 i3 ) + 20i2 = 0
10(i3 i1 ) + 5i3 + 20(i3 i2 ) = 0
2(i2 i1 ) + 2i y + 5i2 = 0
10(i3 i1 ) + 5i3 2i y = 0
31
E2.22 Under open-circuit conditions, 5 A circulates clockwise through the
current source and the 10- resistance. The voltage across the 10-
resistance is 50 V. No current flows through the 40- resistance so the
open circuit voltage is Vt = 50 V.
With the output shorted, the 5 A divides between the two resistances in
parallel. The short-circuit current is the current through the 40-
10
resistance, which is isc = 5 = 1 A. Then the Thvenin resistance is
10 + 40
Rt = v oc / isc = 50 .
E2.23 Choose the reference node at the bottom of the circuit as shown:
Notice that the node voltage is the open-circuit voltage. Then write a
KCL equation:
v oc 20 v oc
+ =2
5 20
Solving we find that voc = 24 V which agrees with the value found in
Example 2.15.
E2.23 To zero the sources, the voltage sources become short circuits and the
current sources become open circuits. The resulting circuits are :
32
1
(a) Rt = 10 + = 14 (b) Rt = 10 + 20 = 30
1 / 5 + 1 / 20
1
(c) Rt = =5
1 1
+
10 6 + 1
(1 / 5 + 1 / 20)
I n = isc = 10 / 15 + 1 = 1.67 A
33
(b) We cannot find the Thvenin resistance by zeroing the sources
because we have a controlled source. Thus we find the open-circuit
voltage and the short-circuit current.
v oc 2v x v oc
=2
+ v oc = 3v x
10 30
Solving we find Vt = v oc = 30 V.
2v x + v x = 0 vx = 0
Therefore isc = 2 A. Then we have Rt = v oc / isc = 15 .
E2.26 First we transform the 2-A source and the 5- resistance into a voltage
source and a series resistance:
34
10 + 10
Then we have i2 = = 1.333 A.
15
From the original circuit, we have i1 = i2 2, from which we find
i1 = 0.667 A.
The other approach is to start from the original circuit and transform
the 10- resistance and the 10-V voltage source into a current source
and parallel resistance:
1
Then we combine the resistances in parallel. Req = = 3.333 .
1 / 5 + 1 / 10
The current flowing upward through this resistance is 1 A. Thus the
voltage across Req referenced positive at the bottom is
3.333 V and i1 = 3.333 / 5 = 0.667 A. Then from the original circuit we
have i2 = 2 + i1 = 1.333 A, as before.
35
Thus, i1 = 20 / 13.75 = 1.455 A, and v 1 = 3.75i1 = 5.45 V.
10 1
vx = I
10 + 20 1 / 30 + 1 /(20 + 10) 1
= 5I 1
36
10
v x = 30 = 5
10 + 20 + 30
1
vx = 3 = 25
1 / 10 + 1 /(20 + 30)
Problems
37
P2.3 (a) Req = 25 (b) Req = 24
1
P2.4* We have 4 + = 8 which yields Rx = 5 .
1 / 20 + 1 / Rx
1
P2.5 We have = 48 which yields Rx = 80 .
1 / 120 + 1 / Rx
R (3R ) 3R
P2.6 We have Req = = . Clearly, for Req to be an integer, R must be
R + 3R 4
an integer multiple of 4.
P2.7 Rab = 6
P2.8 Because the resistances are in parallel, the same voltage v appears across
both of them. The current through R1 is i1 = v/100. The current through
R2 is i2 = 2i1 = 2v/100. Finally we have R2 = v/i2 = v/(2v/100) = 50 .
38
and have an equivalent resistance of 6 . Finally, the two parallel
combinations are in series, and we have
Rab = 4 + 6 = 10
1 1 1000
P2.11 Req = = =
1 1 1 n n
+ + + ...
1000 1000 1000 1000
P2.12*
1202
P2.13 In the lowest power mode, the power is Plowest = = 83.33 W.
R1 + R2
For the highest power mode, the two elements should be in parallel with
an applied voltage of 240 V. The resulting power is
2402 2402
Phighest = + = 1000 + 500 = 1500 W.
R1 R2
Some other modes and resulting powers are:
R1 operated separately from 240 V yielding 1000 W
R2 operated separately from 240 V yielding 500 W
R1 in series with R2 operated from 240 V yielding 333.3 W
R1 operated separately from 120 V yielding 250 W
39
Solving these equations we find R1 = R2 = 24 .
P2.16* The 20- and 30- resistances are in parallel and have an equivalent
resistance of Req1 = 12 . Also the 40- and 60- resistances are in
parallel with an equivalent resistance of Req2 = 24 . Next we see that
Req1 and the 4- resistor are in series and have an equivalent resistance
of Req3 = 4 + Req1 = 16 . Finally Req3 and Req2 are in parallel and the overall
equivalent resistance is
1
Rab = = 9.6
1 / Req 1 + 1 / Req 2
P2.17 The 20- and 30- resistances are in parallel and have an equivalent
resistance of Req1 = 12 which in turn is in series with the 8-
resistance resulting in an equivalent resistance of Req2 = Req1 + 8 = 20 .
Next Req2 is in parallel with the 60- resistance resulting in an equivalent
resistance Req3 = 15 which in turn is in series with the 7- resistance
resulting in an overall equivalent resistance of Rab = 22 .
40
1 G1G2
P2.18 (a) For a series combination Geq = =
1 / G1 + 1 / G2 G1 + G2
(b) For a parallel combination of conductances Geq = G1 + G2
P2.19 To supply the loads in such a way that turning one load on or off does not
affect the other loads, we must connect the loads in series with a switch
in parallel with each load:
To turn a load on, we open the corresponding switch, and to turn a load
off, we close the switch.
P2.22* We combine resistances in series and parallel until the circuit becomes an
equivalent resistance across the voltage source. Then, we solve the
simplified circuit and transfer information back along the chain of
equivalents until we have found the desired results.
41
P2.23 Using Ohm's and Kirchhoff's laws, we work from right to left resulting in
P2.25* Combining resistors in series and parallel, we find that the equivalent
resistance seen by the current source is Req = 17.5 . Thus,
v = 8 17.5 = 140 V. Also, i = 1 A.
42
10 10
P2.26* i1 = = = 1A
Req 10
vx = 4 V
v
i2 = x = 0.5 A
8
P2.28 The currents through the 3- resistance and the 4- resistance are
zero because they are series with an open circuit. Similiarly, the 6-
resistance is also in series with the open circuit, and its current is zero.
Thus, we can consider the 10- and the 5- resistances to be in series.
The current circulating clockwise in the left-hand loop is given by
9
i1 = , and we have v 1 = 5i1 = 3 V. The current circulating
10 + 5
counterclockwise in the right hand loop is 1 A. By Ohm's law, we have
v 2 = 2 V. Then, using KVL we have v ab = v 1 v 2 = 1 V.
P2.30 In a similar fashion to the solution for Problem P2.9, we can write the
following expression for the resistance seen by the 2-V source.
1
Req = 1 +
1 / Req + 1 / 2
The solutions to this equation are Req = 2 and Req = -1 . However, we
reason that the resistance must be positive and discard the negative
43
2V Req i
root. Then, we have i1 = = 1 A, i2 = i1
= 1 = 0.5 A, and
Req 2 + Req 2
i i i i
i3 = 1 = 0.5 A. Similarly, i4 = 3 = 12 = 0.25 A and i18 = 19 = 1.953 mA.
2 2 2 2
20 V
P2.31 i2 = = 4A i1 = i 2 3 = 1 A
5
Pcurrent source = 3 A 20 V = 60 W Pvoltage source = 20i1 = 20 W
Power is delivered by both sources.
P2.32 With the switch open, the current flowing clockwise in the circuit is given
10 10R2
by i = , and we have v 2 = R2i = = 5. Solving we find R2 = 6 .
6 + R2 6 + R2
With the switch closed, R2 and RL are in parallel with an equivalent
1 1
resistance given by Req = = . The current through
1 / R2 + 1 / RL 1 / 6 + 1 / RL
10 10Req
Req is given by i = and we have v 2 = Req i = = 4. Solving, we
6 + Req 6 + Req
1
find Req = 4 . Then, we can write Req = = 4. Solving, we find
1 / 6 + 1 / RL
RL = 12 .
1
P2.33* Req = = 3.75 v x = 2 A Req = 7.5 V
1 5 + 1 15
i1 = v x 5 = 1.5 A i2 = v x 15 = 0.5 A
44
P 27 W 1
P2.34 i = = = 3A Req = R + = 1.5R
v 9V 1 R +1 R
9 9
i =3= = R =2
Req 1.5R
P2.35*
1 20 V
Req = =4 i1 = = 2. 5 A
1 6 + 1 12 2Req
v 1 = v 2 = Req i1 = 10 V i3 = 10 6 = 1.667 A
i4 = 10 12 = 0.8333 A i2 = i3 i4 = 0.8333 A
R1 R2
P2.36* v1 = vs = 5 V v2 = vs = 7 V
R1 + R2 + R3 R1 + R2 + R3
R3
v3 = v s = 13 V
R1 + R2 + R3
R2 R1
P2.37* i1 = is = 1 A i2 = is = 2 A
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
5
P2.38 We have 120 = 20, which yields Rx = 15 .
10 + 5 + Rx
which yields Rx = 30 .
45
12 V R2
P2.40 (a) R1 + R2 = = 120 12 = 5
0. 1 A R1 + R2
Solving, we find R2 = 50 and R1 = 70 .
(b)
The equivalent resistance for the parallel combination of R2 and the load
is
1
Req = = 40
1 50 + 1 200
Then using the voltage division principle, we have
Req
vo = 12 V = 4.364 V
R1 + Req
P2.41* v = 0.1 mA Rw = 50 mV
50 mV
Rg = = 25 m
2 A 0.1 mA
R2
With iL = 0 and v L = 5 V , we must have 9 = 5 V . Rearranging,
R1 + R2
this gives
R1
= 0. 8 (1)
R2
With iL = 25 mA and v L = 4.5 V , we have 9 R1 (4.5 R2 + 25 mA) = 4.5 .
46
Rearranging, this gives
R1
4.5 + R1 0.025 = 4.5 . (2)
R2
Using Equation (1) to substitute into Equation (2) and solving, we obtain
R1 = 36 and R2 = 45 .
R2 15
P2.44 i3 = is = 8 = 6A
R2 + R3 15 + 5
P2.45 We need to place a resistor in series with the load and the voltage source
as shown
30
Applying the voltage-division principle, we have 12 = 4. Solving, we
30 + R
find R = 60 .
47
P2.46 We have P = 32 = I L2RL = I L2 8. Solving, we find that the current through
the load is I L = 2 A. Thus, we must place a resistor in parallel with the
current source and the load.
v1 v1 v2
P2.47* At node 1 we have: + =1
20 10
v v v1
At node 2 we have: 2 + 2 =2
5 10
In standard form, the equations become
0.15v 1 0.1v 2 = 1
0.1v 1 + 0.3v 2 = 2
Solving, we find v 1 = 14.29 V and v 2 = 11.43 V .
v v2
Then we have i1 = 1 = 0.2857 A.
10
48
0.3333v 1 0.06667v 2 0.06667v 3 = 0
0.06667v 1 + 0.1333v 2 0.06667v 3 = 4
0.06667v 1 0.06667v 2 + 0.1733v 3 = 0
Solving, we find
v1 = 15.0 v2 = 50.0 v3 = 25.0
49
v 1 20 v1 v2 v2 v1 v 2 20
+ =2 + = 3
5 2 2 10
P2.53 We must not use all of the nodes (including those that are inside
supernodes) in writing KCL equations. Otherwise, dependent equations
result.
v1 v2 v1 v3
+ =1
10 20
v2 v2 v1 v2 v3
+ + =0
10 10 10
50
v3 v3 v1 v3 v2
+ + =0
20 20 10
v1 v2
P2.55* First, we can write: ix = .
5
Then, writing KCL equations at nodes 1 and 2, we have:
v1 v2
+ ix = 1 and + 0.5ix ix = 0
10 20
Substituting for ix and simplifying, we have
0.3v 1 0.2v 2 = 1
0.1v 1 + 0.15v 2 = 0
Solving, we have v 1 = 6 and v 2 = 4 .
v v2
Then, we have ix = 1 = 0. 4 A .
5
v1
P2.56 First, we can write ix = . Then writing KVL, we have v 1 5ix v 2 = 0 .
10
v2
Writing KCL at the reference node, we have ix + = 8 . Using the first
20
equation to substitute for ix and simplifying, we have
0.5v 1 v 2 = 0
2v 1 + v 2 = 160
v1
Solving, we find v 1 = 64 , v 2 = 32 , and ix =
= 6.4 A . Finally, the power
10
(v v 2 ) 2
delivered to the 16- resistance is P = 1 = 64 W.
16
P2.57* v x = v2 v1
Writing KCL at nodes 1 and 2:
v1 v 1 2v x v1 v2
+ + =1
5 15 10
v2 v 2 2v x v2 v1
+ + =2
5 10 10
51
Substituting and simplifying, we have
15v 1 7v 2 = 30 and v 1 + 2v 2 = 20 .
v x = v1 v2
v1 v1 v2
+ =1
20 10
v2 v1 v2 v x
+ + =0
10 5 5
Using the first equation to substitute for vx and simplifying, we have
0 . 15 v 1 0 . 1v 2 = 1
0.1v 1 + 0.1v 2 = 0
Solving we find v 1 = 4 . However, the equivalent resistance is equal in
value to v1 so we have Req = 4 .
ix = v 1 v 2
v1 v1 v2
+ =1
5 1
v2 v1 v2
+ 2ix = 0
1 2
Using the first equation to substitute for ix and simplifying, we have
52
1.2v 1 v 2 = 1
3v 1 + 3.5v 2 = 0
Solving we find v 1 = 2.917 V. However, the equivalent resistance is equal
in value to v1 so we have Req = 2.917 .
53
P2.63*
P2.64 First, we select the mesh currents and then write three equations.
54
Finally, the power delivered by the source is P = 10i1 = 10 W.
P2.66
4iA + 28(iA iB ) = 16
28(iB iA ) + 7iB + 14iB = 0
Solving we find iA = 1 A and iB = 0.5714 A. Then we have i1 = iA = 1 A and
i2 = iA iB = 0.4286 A.
55
(Rw + Rn + R1 )i1 Rn i2 R1i3 = 120
Rn i1 + (Rw + Rn + R2 )i2 R2i3 = 120
R1i1 R2i2 + (R1 + R2 + R3 )i3 = 0
Substituting values for the resistances and solving we find
i1 = i2 = 40.58 A and i3 = 28.99 A. Then, the voltages across R1 and R2 are
both 10(i1 i3 ) = 115.9 V and the voltage across R3 is 8i3 =231.9 V. The
current through the neutral wire is i1 i2 = 0.
P2.69
i1 = 8 A 15(i2 i1 ) + 5i2 = 0
Solving, we find i2 = 6 A .
However, i3 shown in Figure P2.44 is the same as i2, so the answer is i3 = 6
A.
P2.71* Because of the current sources, two of the mesh currents are known.
56
Writing a KVL equation around the middle loop we have
20(i1 1) + 10i1 + 5(i1 + 2) = 0
Solving, we find i1 = 0.2857 A.
P2.72
57
P2.74
1
Thus, Rt = = 3.333 . The Thvenin and Norton equivalents are:
1 10 + 1 5
58
P2.76 First, we solve the network with a short circuit:
1
Req = 10 + = 14
1 20 + 1 5
i10 = 24 Req = 1.714 A
20
i5 = i10 = 1.371
20 + 5
isc = i5 = 1.371
Zeroing the source, we have:
P2.77* The equivalent circuit of the battery with the resistance connected is
96
i = 6 100 = 0.06 A Rt = = 50
0.06
59
P2.78 With open-circuit conditions:
Solving, we find v ab = 5 V .
With the source zeroed:
1
Rt = = 3.75
1 5 + 1 (5 + 10 )
The equivalent circuits are:
P2.79 The 10- resistor has no effect on the equivalent circuits because the
voltage across the 12-V source is independent of the resistor value.
P2.80 The Thvenin voltage is equal to the open-circuit voltage which is 12.6 V.
The equivalent circuit with the 0.1- load connected is:
60
We have 12.6 /(Rt + 0.1) = 100 from which we find Rt = 0.026 . The
Thvenin and Norton equivalent circuits are:
5
We have iL = = 5 mA and v x = Vt 5 = 15 V. Thus, the Thvenin
1000
15 V
resistance is Rt = = 3 k.
5 mA
61
P2.83 Open-circuit conditions:
20 v oc
ix =
5
v oc
ix + 0.5ix = 0 Solving,
10
we find v oc = 10 V .
Short-circuit conditions:
ix = 20 5 = 4 A
isc = ix 0.5ix = 2 A
Then, we have
Rt = v oc isc = 5 . Thus
the equivalents are:
Pmax =
(
vt 2)2
= 3.333 W
Rt
62
Then, maximum power is obtained for a load resistance equal to the
Thvenin resistance.
Pmax =
(vt 2)2 = 1.667 W
Rt
P2.86* To maximize the power to RL , we must maximize the voltage across it.
Thus we need to have Rt = 0 . The maximum power is
202
Pmax = = 80 W
5
which yields RL = Rt .
The maximum power is PL max = (I n )2 Rt 4 .
63
P2.88 For maximum power conditions, we have RL = Rt . The power taken from
the voltage source is
(Vt )2 (Vt )2
Ps = =
Rt + RL 2Rt
Then half of Vt appears across the load and the power delivered to the
load is
(0.5Vt )2
PL =
Rt
Thus the percentage of the power taken from the source that is
delivered to the load is
PL
100% = 50%
=
Ps
On the other hand, for RL = 9Rt , we have
(Vt )2 (Vt )2
Ps = =
Rt + RL 10Rt
(0.9Vt )2
PL =
9Rt
PL
= 100% = 90%
Ps
Thus, design for maximum power transfer is relatively inefficient. Thus,
systems in which power efficiency is important are almost never designed
for maximum power transfer.
P2.89* First, we zero the current source and find the current due to the voltage
source.
iv = 30 15 = 2 A
Then, we zero the voltage source and use the current-division principle to
find the current due to the current source.
64
10
ic = 3 = 2A
5 + 10
Finally, the total current is the sum of the contributions from each
source.
i = iv + ic = 4 A
20
i1,1A = 1 = 0.5714 A
15 + 20
5
i1,2A = 2 = 0.2857 A
5 + 30
Finally,
i1 = i1,1A + i1,2A = 0.2857 A
P2.91 The circuits with only one source active at a time are:
65
15 15
i1.4A = 4 i1,2A = 2
15 + 5 15 + 5
= 3A = 1.5
Finally, we add the components to find the current with both sources
active.
i1 = i1, 4A + i1,2A = 1.5 A
P2.92* The circuits with only one source active at a time are:
1 10
Req = = 3.75 is ,c = 1 = 0.667 A
1 5 + 1 15 10 + 5
10 V
is ,v = = 2.667 A
Req
Then the total current due to both sources is is = is ,v + is ,c = 3.333 A .
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i2 = (v 2 5) = 0.2 A
v1 = 30i2 = 6 V
i10 = v 1 10 = 0.6 A
i30 = v 1 30 = 0.2 A
is = i2 + i10 + i30 = 1 A
v s = 12is + v 1 + 6is = 24 V
10
(1 A) = 0.5 A.
20
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P2.96 (a) With only the 2-A source activated, we have
i2 = 2 and v 2 = 2(i2 )3 = 16 V
3. Subsititute the expression for the value of contolled source for the
unknown dependent source and solve for the controlling current or
voltage. Then, compute the value for unknown independent source.
10
i xa = 1 = 0.2857 v 1a = 25i xa = 7.143
10 + 25
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20
i xb = I = 0.5714I v 1b = 10I = 5.714I
20 + 15
Adding the results from the two analyses, we have
ix = ixa + ixb = 0.2857 + 0.5714I
Now, we substitute I = 0.5i x which yields
i x = 0.2857 + 0.5714(0.5ix )
Solving, we find i x = 0.4000 A. Then, we have I = 0.5i x = 0.2 and
v 1 = v 1a + v 1b = 7.143 5.714I = 6.000 V.
R2 1 k
(a) Rx = R3 = 3419 = 341.9
R1 10 k
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R2 100 k
(b) Rx = R3 = 3419 = 34.19 k
R1 10 k
R1 10 4
R3 = Rx = 4 5932 = 5932
R2 10
1 1
Rt = + = 7447
1 R3 + 1 R1 1 R2 + 1 Rx
The Thvenin voltage is
R3 Rx
vt = v s vs
R1 + R3 Rx + R2
= 0.3939 mV
Thus, the equivalent circuit is:
Vt
idetector = = 31.65 10 9 A
Rt + Rdetector
Thus, the detector must be sensitive to very small currents if the bridge
is to be accurately balanced.
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P2.103 If R1 and R3 are too small, large currents are drawn from the source. If
the source were a battery, it would need to be replaced frequently.
Large power dissipation could occur, leading to heating of the components
and inaccuracy due to changes in resistance values with temperature.
If R1 and R3 are too large, we would have very small detector current
when the bridge is not balanced, and it would be difficult to balance the
bridge accurately.
P2.104 With the source replaced by a short circuit and the detector removed,
the Wheatstone bridge circuit becomes
The Thvenin resistance seen looking back into the detector terminals is
1 1
Rt = +
1 R3 + 1 R1 1 R2 + 1 Rx
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