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Research findings from the Memories

of Nursing oral history project


Gail Thomas and Elizabeth Rosser

team wanted to capture stories from the professional lives


ABSTRACT of the group of ageing nurses, many of whom had practised
Capturing the stories of nurses who practised in the past offers the before and during the Second World War and remembered
opportunity to reflect on the changes in practice over time to determine the early days of the NHS, in order to identify the changes
lessons for the future. This article shares some of the memories of a group that had taken place in practice and, possibly most importantly,
of 16 nurses who were interviewed in Bournemouth, UK, between 2009 and learn from their experiences and consider the importance for
2016. Thematic analysis of the interview transcripts identified a number contemporary practice.
of themes, three of which are presented: defining moments, hygiene and
hierarchy. The similarities and differences between their experiences and Importance of history to nursing
contemporary nursing practice are discussed to highlight how it may be timely Oral history is a:
to think back in order to take practice forward positively in the future.
Crucial methodology in capturing nursings
Key words: Memories History of nursing Oral history Infection past ... [however] its potential for exploring
prevention changes in nursing and health care practice ... is
only in a very early stage.

L
Boschma et al, 2008: 83
earning from history is often discussed but rarely
undertaken meaningfully; we can frequently spend Beidermann (2001) argued that nursing has struggled for
time recreating wheels, ignoring the achievements acceptance and legitimacy as a profession in its own right;
and failures of others who went before us. However, reflecting on the changes in practice and status over time can
if we take the time to listen, capturing and hearing confirm its alignment with the characteristics of a profession
stories of the lived history of individuals we can be amazed, (Blane, 1991). Oral histories, and the project described in
inspired and stimulated by experiences from the past. this article, explore and record the lives of nurses, having the
potential to promote greater understanding, acceptance and
Insight into what nursing is and what nursing
legitimacy of nursing practice. Recording an understanding
can be will come from knowledge of what
of nursing heritage helps to avoid the risk of the profession
nursing has been.
being adrift without memory (Cushing, 1996) or in a state of
Kalisch and Kalisch 1976: 362
rupture and dislocation (Nelson and Gordon, 2004); it allows
This article highlights the value of oral history as a research us to recognise that knowledge of nursings past can contribute
method and provides the findings from Memories of Nursing to present and future practice (Lait, 2000; Furness, 2002). As
(MoN), a joint project by nurse academics from Bournemouth so eloquently expressed by Birchenall (2003: 324), history
University and a volunteer (a retired nurse academic, previous signposts the path of change, showing footprints left by those
trustee at the Retired Nurses National Home) who came who were in the vanguard.
together to record some of the residents stories. Although a number of relevant oral history accounts
The aim of the project was to produce rich and detailed exist (for example Leap and Hunter, 1993; Hemmings, 1996;
accounts of non-elite nurses who have no record of their Hopton 1997), the number of autobiographical oral histories
lives in historical documents (Beidermann, 2001: 61). The (Gluck, 2011) of nursing that exist is more limited. However,
these would include the Nurses Voices project at St Georges
Hospital in London (http://www.healthcare.ac.uk/nurses-
Gail Thomas, Professor and Head of the Centre for Excellence in voices-st-georges-hospital/), the account of nursing during
Learning, Bournemouth University, gthomas@bournemouth.ac.uk the Northern Ireland crisis (Manzoor, et al, 2007) and the
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Elizabeth Rosser, Professor of Nursing, Deputy Dean of work of Mitchell and Rafferty (2005), Gates and Moore (2002)
Education and Professional Practice, Faculty of Health and Social and Furness (2002).The MoN project intended to contribute
Sciences, Bournemouth University to this growing body of work and act as an avenue for the
Accepted for publication: January 2017 integration of the past and the future (Church and Johnson
1995: 30).

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RESEARCH

Context Nurses National Home accommodation. Using a flexible topic


The Retired Nurses National Home in Bournemouth is a home guide that covered areas around motivation to become a nurse,
that provides residential care primarily for retired nurses and experiences in training, after qualification while in practice and
other health professionals. It was established in 1937 specifically in further education, and particular memories of note, semi-
for nurses as a result of the recognition that many of them in structured interviews were undertaken, lasted approximately
the first half of the 20th century dedicated their lives primarily 1hour and were transcribed in full. The interviews were
to their work, living in hospital accommodation, earning small conducted between 2009 and 2016 and then thematic analysis
salaries and not owning their own property. On retirement, was undertaken.
with fairly meagre pensions, many nurses struggled to pay rent
as well as buying food and covering other expenses; this home Research method
provided a welcome haven for many.Times have changed and Oral history is a research method in which the stories, narratives
the rationale for living in the home is now different but it and/or experiences of individuals with something interesting
continues to provide a good standard of accommodation and to say (Abrams 2016: 1) are captured in recordings and then
friendly support. It is based near Bournemouth University and analysed.Abrams (2016) highlighted that the term oral history
has had a link there for a number of years; it provided a natural refers to both the process of capturing the data and the product
environment in which to capture oral nursing histories as many of the interview, that is the narrative of past events. Oral history
residents were very willing to share their experiences from the can be regarded as a method that creates a new social history
past, often enjoying the opportunity to tell their stories. that can counter the [dominant] hegemonic record (Boschma
et al, 2008: 81) by empowering the narrator to freely express
Ethical considerations thoughts and ideas in a way that may not have previously been
Engaging in such a project raised a range of potentially recorded (Reinharz, 1992). It is increasingly a method popular
controversial issues as the participants could be considered as in social sciences and health care, as well as in historical research
a vulnerable group on the basis of age and health. Considerations (Abrams, 2016).
included the need to avoid coercive recruitment and protecting
the best interests of the participant by recruiting only residents Analysis and findings
who were fully able, physically and mentally, to participate in The analysis approach in oral history research will depend on
the interview process and by keeping interview episodes brief the form of data collected, for example, a life story from one
enough not to tire the participant. individual, narratives from a group or using texts from the
Participants were invited to be involved as a result of a past. Yow (2005) highlighted the value of identifying classes
suggestion by the home manager, who acted as gatekeeper or categories of people, events, and/or the properties that
and was aware of the capacity and resilience of each resident. characterise them in the analysis; a variety of analytic frameworks
Residents who were approached welcomed the opportunity are implemented based on the disciplinary background of the
to tell their story and were delighted for it to be disseminated. researcher. In this project, each interview transcript was analysed
The intention of the project was always to make the data using thematic analysis (Braun and Clarke, 2006), highlighting
available to researchers in the future, housing it in public patterns through a rigorous process of data familiarisation, data
archives accessible to interested parties. Therefore carefully coding, theme development and revision.An inductive approach
considered procedures were developed in order to guide the was used to interpret the content of the data, building themes
project, including risk assessment, intellectual property right based on frequency, emphasis and depth of discussion.
assignment and the opportunity to either give permission to Analysis of the interviews has led to a number of themes
make their names available or not. For the purposes of this emerging, three of which will be discussed in this article: defining
article, interview numbers rather than individual names have moments, hygiene and hierarchy.These are the most relevant to
been used to protect the few who preferred not to be named. nursing practice.The transcriptions provided rich descriptions
Ethics approval was granted by the Bournemouth University from the participants' wealth of experiences that cannot be
Research Ethics Committee originally in 2009 and was re- fully captured in this article. More details can be found at the
approved in 2015 when interviewing began in the second Memories of Nursing website (www.memoriesofnursing.uk).
phase. All participants were invited to be involved, were given
a participant information sheet to explain the study and were Defining moments
asked to sign a consent form with the opportunity to withdraw Many interviewees highlighted how things that happened in
at any time. their early years had helped them to feel that nursing was their
career of choice, defining their direction for the future. These
The participants could be personal experiences, observing role models or as
In total there were sixteen participants (15female and 1male). a result of family influence. The moments were described as
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They completed their training between 1939 and 1978. Eleven coat hangers as subsequent life events hang from them.Their
trained in London, two in Scotland, two in Yorkshire and early years in training also influenced them once qualified,
one in Birmingham. Although all of the participants lived in contributing to their values and approaches to practice.
Bournemouth at the time of the interviews, few practised in One participant had her imagination captured through
the town but had relocated in order to benefit from the Retired hearing stories and seeing photographs as a child:

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My mother had been a nurse and my father And there was no treatment, (but) you know
a teacher. I was drawn to nursing and with we were encouraged to spend any time we
wartime Britains needs this was strengthened. could in with him in between visitors because
MoN 5 obviously he was a frightened young man just
Some had personal experience of being a patient that waiting for this thing to burst. And so you know
influenced their decision to become a nurse, while others you did have the compassion amongst some of
observed nurses caring for family members and this had a them and that was lovely.
significant impact, turning their attention to the profession as MoN 8
an opportunity for the future: Other memories were owing to emotional impact:
I spent a lot of my younger days in hospitals, If there was a terminal side to what you saw
my father was a coal miner and he also rode a was happening, you made that extra effort. I
motorbike, so he spent a lot of time in hospital suppose getting to sit with dying patients was a
and I used to visit him. And Id look at those huge privilege and also when people had died
nurses. you went afterwards to see the family, you didnt
MoN 11 just leave them high and dry, that was the sort
of relationship you had.
When I was 14, I went into Aberdeen Royal to MoN 17
have my appendectomy and the nurses were
There were also success stories, for example, when a new
so lovely to me. I said to myself, Oh, I think I
drug was released and the doctor admitted:
know what Im going to doI would love to
be a nurse, I would love to do what they are Theres only one thing I can try, he said,
doing. Ive never used it before, and he explained to
MoN 13 them about vincristine and said it would work
in 48 hours or it wouldnt work and it was just
Many recalled their early years in training and being thrust
before Christmas. And I went in on Christmas
into positions of responsibility, often being thrown in at the
morning and the night staff nurse had a long
deep end and just being hurled into it, and you just had to get
face and said come and see [the patient]. And
on with it (MoN 14); this was sometimes seen as frightening
I went along to her bed and the curtains were
especially in the early days of a persons career:
drawn round and the sheet was over her and of
I went on the medical ward and I was just course my heart sank and all of a sudden there
seventeen and a half and I sort of remember was a boo! it was wonderful; you know we
walking down the wards, you know rather in just hugged.
fear and trepidation. MoN 8
MoN 10
These memories focus on how the participants chose to
Others remember taking responsibility early in their careers become nurses and how there were times in their careers that
particularly on night duty: made a significant impact. They talked about many of these
experiences as though they had happened yesterday.They were
[It was] night duty. But I was given
fresh in their minds, focused on people important to them and
responsibility; I felt I was given responsibility
many had been very influential in the satisfaction they derived
very early I was trusted.
from nursing.
MoN 9
As a result of responsibility being thrust on them early, the Hygiene
transition from student to qualified nurse was manageable: Many of the participants trained and practised before the routine
use of antibiotics and therefore the importance of hygiene was
It was not too difficult at all because you
discussed frequently. The impact of contagious diseases in the
were looking forward to wearing your long
era before antibiotics featured significantly as they saw children
cape and feeling more like the bees knees
and adults dying of infection and this clearly had a considerable
all the way through, we were taking, obviously
impact.The importance of hand washing and hygiene came early
we were supervised, but we were taking a lot
on in training and cleaning was seen as part of nurses duties;
of responsibility. So you grew into it, which
many described in detail how they learned to damp dust, deep
wasokay.
clean and disinfect bins. Learning the importance of hygiene at
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MoN 4
an environmental level was also part of their training; this quote
Some also remembered particular patients who had made includes both the environmental and ward-based issues:
an impact on them. Some of these were because the clinical
situation was unusual, for example one participant nursed a In PTS [preliminary training school] we
20-year-old man with an aortic aneurysm: went out on trips so they took us to places

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RESEARCH

like sewage farms, water purification plants, always are, thought they were the bees knees,
so we had to understand the whole sort of you know.
background of health, the whole concept was MoN 16
of understanding what contributed towards The relatively lowly position of student nurses was highlighted:
healthit was hygiene, it was learning also as
Well we were student nurses, we were down
we went on to the wards as a junior nurse that it
here, so it didnt affect us at all, you hardly
was very important for cleanliness and cleaning
ever spoke to a doctor. You were just too busy
and laying the dust. [Putting damp tea leaves on
doing all your routine stuff. When the consultant
the floor to then sweep up all the dust with the
came in, the ward was closed, and you had to
tealeaves]
tippy toe around. You still had to work, but you
MoN 17
mustnt make any noise at all, you mustnt drop
One participant described the anxiety that infection caused
anything or you were terrified, you know?
in the ward setting before antibiotics:
MoN 14
If by any chance you had an infection on
A nurse who trained in London in 1941 described her
your ward and certainly if somebody had had
memories of hierarchy where there was a tremendous reverence
straightforward surgery and by any chance
about doctors who were always called sir and you always
they got a bit of an infection in their wound,
put your hands behind your back when you saw a doctor
well really just about the heavens fell in, it was
(MoN3). She went on to describe how matron was respected
terrible, it was dreadful.
but also feared, especially if you were found to have broken a
MoN 10
thermometer. She developed a creative way of dealing with
Another returned to nursing practice later in her life and this when called to the matrons office:
found things were not always at the same standard as she recalled
I developed a scheme that when I went in,
from her training days, identifying the need for safe practice
knock, knock, knock, come in nurse, you
in terms of hygiene:
know and I used to mentally, as she was
When I returned to nursing I was so haranguing me about my ineffective ways of
surprised with the lack of attention and the dealing with things, I would mentally, I have to
hygiene and even with less respect for the tell you, strip her nude in my imagination and
patient in times such as washing and dressing. plonk her in a bath with five inches of water
MoN 5 as we all only had. And she used to have me
staring at her, not knowing that I was getting
Finally, a participant recalled her first exposure to penicillin:
over this amazing situation in this manner.
Amazingly, when I was up in Durham, the MoN 3
very first penicillin was allowed to be allocated
Hierarchy wasnt only on the wards but existed in the
to our hospital for children. And we had a
arrangements in the dining room:
wonderful paediatrician. It was rare this stuff,
you know I can remember the smell of it, very, The sisters were up one end and the staff
very smelly stuff this penicillin. It was a sort of nurses were in another bit and the PTS [nurses]
goldencolour. were all down the one little bit all huddled up
MoN 3 together so very much a hierarchy.
MoN 10
Capturing these memories of nursing practice in a very
different time provides opportunities to reflect on the changes The status increased as they progressed in their careers but
that have taken place in treatment over the years and to consider the picture painted through the participants words remained
whether or not they have led to improved outcomes. a hierarchical one, aligned to a military approach of command
and control.
Hierarchy
Status and the hierarchy that existed in the NHS was raised in Discussion
a number of interviews. This related to students/staff nurses/ Although this study is not a comparative project, with no
sisters/matrons within the nursing community and between attempt being made to explicitly link the experiences of
doctors and nurses. For example I mean doctors were doctors the participants to those prevalent in contemporary practice,
and nurses were nurses, you know (MoN 8) was a common there are some aspects from the themes that align with
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comment. It is worthy of note that other groups of health modern nursing. These will be discussed under the headings
professionals were largely absent from the discussions. compassion, safe practice and roles and relationships and will
The doctors self-perception of status was described succinctly: identify some of the concepts currently being highlighted in
the nursing literature that have similarities or contrast with
It was a bit different but ... doctors, like doctors earlier times.

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Compassion infections (HAIs) as infections developing after 48 hours of
The participants highlighted how early life experiences had admission in any healthcare facility that were not present
influenced their choices to become a nurse, especially at a time or incubating at the time of admission. HAIs have been
when career opportunities for young women were somewhat associated with increased medical costs, increased length of stay,
limited (just one interviewee was male and he trained later increased complication rates, and worsening overall morbidity
than all the other participants).They appeared as compassionate and mortality (De Angelis et al, 2010; Allegranzi et al, 2011).
and empathetic individuals who were affected by the plight Research has yet to find the solution to prevent HAIs, although
of their patients. basic hygiene is seen as an important aspect with good hand
Although not always expressed as compassion, participants washing and clean environments essential features. In relation
recalled the important relationship they developed with their to antibiotic resistance, the World Heath Organization (2016)
patients and commitment they felt to them and to their families suggested that this happens when microorganisms change when
as defining moments. More recently, and following the focus they are exposed to antimicrobial drugs, often attributed to
on quantitative targets as identified by Francis (2013), the overuse or misuse of antibiotics. Ventola (2015) highlighted that
return of compassion and the qualitative characteristics of the rapid emergence of resistant bacteria is occurring worldwide,
excellence in care has emerged as critically important. Indeed endangering the efficacy of antibiotics, which have transformed
the Chief Nursing Officer for England developed a strategy medicine and saved millions of lives.Therefore, despite having
that included care, compassion and commitment (Cummings, made significant progress in therapy, bacterial infections have
2013), highlighting the continued importance of these values again become a threat.
in nursing. The NHS has responded to these challenges by creating
However, some suggest that nurses lack the caring approaches a specialist, the infection control nurse, whose role it is to
of those in the past and that it is essential that nurses start to prevent infection rather than to cure (Cooper, 2004: Ward,
revisit it as a central focus for practice (Chambers and Ryder, 2011). During the time many of the participants trained and
2009). Curtis (2015) confirmed the importance of compassion practised, preventing infection was a priority and much time
in contemporary nursing practice and proposed that small acts and effort was devoted to cleaning the clinical environment,
of kindness can make all the difference.This begs the question so similarities remain despite a divergence of emphasis in the
as to whether there are aspects of care today that make it more intervening period.Therefore, although there has been apparent
difficult to maintain the level of kindness that was described by progress with the use of antibiotics, it could be argued that by
the participants in this research. There can be little doubt that introducing specialist infection control nurses, responsibility is
the conditions in hospital have changed dramatically over the seen as being transferred to the specialist and away from those
past half-century.Acuity levels have increased, throughput is very on the front line. All nurses delivering direct patient care have
rapid, the interplay of long-term conditions as a result of people a responsibility for safe, effective and evidence-based practice
living longer have added complexity, and the use of technology in their engagement with patients, families and relatives; this
to record events, both in detail and contemporaneously in a remains a priority for high-quality care and is a key part of the
litigious society, all mean that pressure has increased considerably. Nursing and Midwifery Councils Code (NMC, 2015).
The participants in this study, in some respects, practised in a
simpler environment of care, although pressures would have Roles and relationships
existed in relation to differing elements of the context, especially Many participants were given responsibility early on in their
for those who were active during the war. Have we maintained training and careers and generally they accepted and even
compassion effectively or is this something we need to revisit embraced this, although at times it was seen as frightening; their
to learn from the past? relative status was low in the early stages of their careers. The
status of nurses has increased over the years generally but many
Safe practice would argue that hierarchy still exists in the NHS. From the
The MoN participants had a real sense of duty in protecting experience of the researchers, it appears nurses have just moved
their patients and took this seriously, having been schooled up a few rungs beyond the care assistant and domestic staff levels.
thoroughly in the importance of cleanliness from the start of Responsibility levels have greatly increased in certain spheres
training. Ensuring the environment of care was clean and safe of nursing practice; Triggle (2015), asked Are nurses the new
was something introduced very early in training to many. The doctors? and highlighted that medicine has been revolutionised
issue of protecting patients, especially in relation to infection/ over the years with new drugs and treatments, leading to an
communicable diseases, continues to be as important in nursing overhaul in the functions of health professionals, in particular,
practice now as then but the world has changed with the advent the demarcation between doctors and nurses.
of antibiotics and improved quality of life and infrastructure.
Nevertheless, with the arrival of healthcare-associated infections What was once the preserve of doctors
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and antibiotic resistance, and the challenge for science to produce prescribing drugs, ordering X-rays, referring
creative ways of addressing this, hygiene and safety has changed patients and diagnosingis now also done
from worrying about tea leaves on the floor and damp dusting by many senior nurses who have had extra
to much more sophisticated ways of maintaining safe practice. training.
Kirstin and Monson (2012) defined hospital-acquired Triggle, 2015

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RESEARCH

As the law does not prescribe which tasks are suitable for
particular healthcare personnel (Scrivener et al, 2011), there KEY POINTS
is much scope for extended practice and, together with this, This article explores the memories of 16 nurses who trained between
perceived higher status. Much basic nursing care is now devolved 1939 and 1978
to care assistants and the nurse is often responsible for overseeing A thematic analysis of the data was undertaken and three emergent
the quality of care rather than delivering it directly. Specialist themes are discussed: defining moments, hygiene and hierarchy
nursing roles, advanced and consultant practitioners have
Points of discussion that consider similarities and differences between
extended the level of responsibility and authority for a section
historic and contemporary practice include compassion, safe practice and
of the nursing workforce, perhaps similar to the status the ward
roles and relationships
sister had in the past. However, the profession seems to have
learned from its mistakes. Senior nurses were promoted away Some of the challenges facing nurses have changed, with, for example, the
from the bedside making it was more difficult to ensure people development of antibiotics and subsequent antibiotic resistance, but many
were cared for kindly and treated with the respect they deserve. aspects of contemporary nursing practice are similar to those remembered
With the introduction of the consultant nurse role in 1999, by the participants
McSherry et al (2005) recognised the groundbreaking move to
return the highest level of clinical nurse to the world of direct in practice both strategically and on the front line, and learn
patient care, for 50% of their role, challenging previous practice. from our predecessors how to uphold a strong commitment
In ideal practice environments, the most senior clinical nurse to safe, high-quality care. BJN
leads from the front, with leadership, education and research as
key dimensions of the role (McSherry et al, 2005). Declaration of interest: none

Limitations Acknowledgements: this project received funding from the Heritage


This qualitative study was conducted on only one site, the Lottery Fund
Retired Nurses National Home in Bournemouth, although the
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to Professional Midwife. Scarlet Press, London org/10.7748/ns2011.03.25.29.35.c8400
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sort of stuff and then we have to look after them? The ethical http://tinyurl.com/nlatdka (accessed 26 January 2017)
dilemmas of nursing in the Northern Ireland conflict. Oral History 35(2): Ventola CL (2015) The antibiotic resistance crisis part 1: causes and threats.
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Mitchell D, Rafferty A-M (2005) I dont think they ever really wanted to World Health Organization (2016) Antimicrobial resistance fact sheet. http://
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nurses. Oral History 33(1): 77-87 Yow VR (2005) Recording Oral History: A Guide for the Humanities and Social
Nelson S, Gordon S (2004) The rhetoric of rupture: nursing as a practice with Sciences. Rowman & Littlefield, Walnut Creek

CPD reflective questions


Have health professionals maintained the compassionate basis of nursing or is this something we need to revisit in
order to learn from the past?
With hospital-acquired infection and antibiotic resistance being ongoing problems in contemporary practice, reflect on
how safe practice is, and think about what steps can be taken to improve patient safety
Has the distance from the direct care of the patient by some senior nurses made it more difficult to ensure people are
cared for kindly and treated with respect?

Autism and Aspergers Conditions


Autism and Aspergers Conditions covers a wide range of issues relating
to the care and support of those with autism and Aspergers syndrome.
About this book
Autism and
Aspergers Conditions
Autism and Aspergers Conditions

Autism and Aspergers Conditions covers


This book aims to improve nurses professional interactions with those
care and support of those with autism
improve nurses professional interactio
a wide range of issues relating to the
and Aspergers syndrome. This book
aims to
with autism spectrum disorders through improved awareness, knowledge
ns with those with autism spectrum
through improved awareness, knowledg disorders
conditions are and what they are not,

and understanding of what these conditions are and what they are not,
interventions, the history of autism,
e and understanding of what these
possible causes, diagnostic issues, nursing
and issues that affect children, adolesce
nts and
A practical guide for nurses
adults with these conditions and their
families. A highly practical and accessibl
autism spectrum conditions are covered e text,
possible causes, diagnostic issues, nursing interventions, the history of from a variety of perspectives, both
and outside of a learning disability setting. within
Christopher Barber
autism, and issues that affect children, adolescents and adults with these
About the author
conditions and their families. Christopher Barber is an agency registered nurse who has worked in a variety
A practical guide for nurses

clinical settings including learning disability of


, autism, mental health and forensic/
secure units. He is currently serving on
editorial boards for the British Journal
A highly practical and accessible text, autism spectrum conditions
Nursing, British Journal of Health Care of
Assistants and the Journal of Psychiatr
Mental Health Nursing. He is the parent ic and
of a child with Aspergers syndrome
was himself recently diagnosed with and
are covered from a variety of perspectives, both within and outside high functioning autism.

of a learning disability setting.

Christopher Barber is an agency registered nurse who has worked in


a variety of clinical settings including learning disability, autism, mental health
*Low cost for landlines and mobiles

and forensic/secure units. He is currently serving on editorial boards for the


British Journal of Nursing, British Journal of Health Care Assistants and the
Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.
Christopher Barber

ISBN 1-85642-411-1

ISBN: 978-1-85642-411-0; 234x156mm; 200 pages; publication date: 2011; 22.50


2017 MA Healthcare Ltd

9 781856 424110

www.quaybooks.co.uk
Order your copies by visiting or call our Hotline
www.quaybooks.co.uk +44 (0) 333 800 1900*
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Use for licensed purposes only. No other uses without permission. All rights reserved.

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